The one child policy, or more accurately, the family planning policy extend to minority groups. It is, however, more lenient. The specific policy will depend on the region.
For example, in inner Mongolia:
"内蒙古自治区规定:蒙古族公民,一对夫妻可以生育两个子女。非城镇户籍的蒙古族公民,经批准可以生育第三胎。达斡尔族、鄂温克族、鄂伦春族公民,提倡优生,适当少生;要求节育的,给予技术服务。蒙古族、达斡尔族、鄂温克族、鄂伦春族以外的其他少数民族公民,一对夫妻只可生育两个子女,不准生育第三胎。"
translation: In inner Mongolia autonomous region, for citizens of Mongolian ethnicity, a family may have two children. The non-city/town dwelling Mongolian (ethnicity) citizens may have a third child depending on approval. Citizens of Daur, Evenks and Oroqen ethnicity are encouraged to limit number of children. Technical support will be provided to those who require anti-preganacy aid. Other ethnic minors outside Mongolian, Daur, Evenks and Orogen are allowed two children. No third child is allowed.
Let's also take a look at Tibet:
"西藏自治区规定:藏族和其他少数民族干部、职工和城镇居民,提倡一对夫妇生育2个孩子。对农牧区的少数民族农牧民只提倡优生优育、晚婚晚育,不限定生育胎数;如有自愿实行计划生育的,给予技术指导。 "
In Tibet autonomous region: Tibetans and administrative personnel , civil servants and other city/town dwellers of other ethnicity are encouraged to have two children. The farmers in farming/free range husbandry regions will only be encouraged to improve birth quality, delay marriage age and delay birthing age. The specific number of children is not limited. If the individual wishes to practice family planning, technical support will be given.
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The fact is, as long as there is racial difference, conflict will inevitably occur. The main difference is that successful countries will minimize the resulting conflict and unsuccessful countries will let it escalate out of control. The Chinese policy on the subject has always been to use carrot and stick. As far as result goes, I would say the racial conflicts in China is fairly small comparing to the rest of the world. Of course, if US and Turkey would be kind enough to stop messing with internal affairs of China, then things will be even better. (Hey, I am allowed to dream.)
Current earth population is 7 billion. 1/4 of that is 1.75 billion. Chinese population is 1.3 billion. Where did the other 450 million people come from?