Poverty in Pakistan: Causes and Cures
Poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, which encompasses economic, political and social deprivations of the people in a country. The denial of basic and essential needs to the population gives rise to the concept of poverty.
The recent global trends of poverty suggest that rapid economic growth over a prolonged period is essential for its reduction. At the macro level, economic growth implies greater availability of public resources to improve the quantity and quality of education, health and other services. At the micro level, economic growth creates employment opportunities, increases the income of the people and therefore reduces poverty.
In Pakistan, Poverty Reduction Strategy was launched by the government in 2001 in response to the rising trend in poverty during 1990s. It consisted of the following five elements:-
(a) Accelerating economic growth and maintaining macroeconomic stability,
(b) Investing in human capital,
(c) Augmenting targeted interventions;
(d) Expanding social safety nets; and
(e) Improving governance.
The net outcome of interactions among these five elements would be the expected reduction in transitory and chronic poverty on a sustained basis. The reduction in poverty and improvement in social indicators and living conditions of the society are being monitored frequently through large- scale household surveys in order to gauge their progress in meeting the targets set by Pakistan for achieving the seven UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. According to MDGs, Pakistan is required to reduce poverty by half by 2015 from the level of 1990. To assess the state of poverty, Planning Commission, has already notified an official poverty line based on caloric norm of 2,350 calories per adult equivalence per day. This poverty line is approximately equivalent to Rs 748.56 per month per adult equivalence. in 2000-2001 (Pakistan Econmic Survey 2004-05). According to Pakistan Economic Survey, the growth oriented government policies and foreign remittances have reduced poverty significantly. At the national level, headcount decreased from 34.46 percent in 2000-01 to 23.9 percent in 2004-05 showing a reduction of 10.5 percentage point over this period of time. Annual growth of 21 percent in pro-poor expenditures during the period of 2000-01 and 2004-05 contributed to approximately 13 million people moving out of poverty. Since FY 02, the economy created 10.62 million jobs, thereby reducing the open unemployment rate to 6.2 percent by FY 05-06. Income and consumption based measures reflects only one dimension of poverty; lack of opportunity due to poor information, education and health are some dimensions in which poverty manifest itself.
According to a UNDP report, 65.5 percent population of Pakistan earns less than two dollars per day. According to the Social Policy Development Centre (SPDC), 88 percent of Balochistans population, 51 percent of NWFP, 21 percent of Sindh and 25 percent of Punjabs population is prey to poverty and deprivation.
According to the ADB report, poverty is spreading in Pakistan due to the rising population, Pakistans internal situation, agriculture backwardness, unequal income distribution, defence expenditure, increase in utility charges and rise in unproductive activities.
Due to rapid growth of population, the number of dependents is increasing; earners have to carry the burden of the increasing number of dependents. This situation is leading to decrease in the per capita income of the people of the country.
The largest sector of the economy, the agri sector, is heading towards backwardness as 93 per cent of the farmers are concerned with small farms whose per capita land is less then 10 acres.
Some options for poverty alleviations are:
The poor in Pakistan cannot simply be seen (as much of the literature does) as free individuals suffering from merely adverse resource endowments, and making choices in more or less free markets. It is such a paradigm, which induces the government to think that all it needs to do to reduce poverty is to allocate more resources to the poor or to the local governments who are supposed to represent them.
Similarly some of the large NGOs operating in many different districts pursue poverty alleviation by trying to provide micro credit to the poor. Increased resources by the government or micro credit by NGOs may be a necessary but is not a sufficient condition for overcoming poverty. Thus the analysis and evidence within this new poverty paradigm suggest that the key to overcoming poverty is to empower the poor to get better access over markets, governance, and the institutions that provide public services such as health care, education and justice.
The new survey evidence shows that the poor lose as much as one-third of their income due to unequal access over input and output markets and extortions by the local administration. For example, as much as 51 percent of the extremely poor tenants borrow money from the landlord.
Focus should be given to boost agriculture (agro-industry, agri-business and live stocks) to reduce poverty. It is recommended that incentives and subsidies should be given to the farmers to produce more output. It promotes jobs, increases income of the farmers, creates domestic demand for goods and services, help for controlling food inflation and improve the life of vulnerable segments of the society.
The Construction industry is the driving force of an economy because it accommodates skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled work force and contributes through a higher multiplier effect with the forward and backward linkages in the economy. The construction industry through linkages effect, with about 40 building material industries, support investment and growth climate and help reducing poverty by generating income opportunity for poor household.
The role of microfinance should be strengthened. The poor use financial services not only for business purpose but also invest in health and education to manage household emergencies. The evidence shows that health is a major trigger that pushes people into poverty and the poor into deeper poverty. Due to the inadequacy of the governments health facilities, as many as 85 percent of the poor go to private allopathic medical practitioners for treatment.
The expenditures on such treatment are so high that poor households are obliged to borrow mostly from informal sources to finance the medical expenses of their families. Targeted poverty alleviation programmes, for instance direct transfers, such as Zakat, nutritional programs for children, employment generation through infrastructure development projects and credit based self employment program, are helpful to reduce poverty.
Many studies have shown that economic growth is a necessary, not sufficient condition to reduce poverty. A higher and sustained economic growth must be accompanied by other poverty alleviation measures such as investment in human capital like education, health and other human development activities, like safety net measures, are essential to reduce poverty. Education is considered a key to change and progress, therefore focus should be given to produce human capital that is best suited to the needs of society.
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