Says Pakistan facing high inflation due to under-utilisation of domestic resources, fiscal restraint is the wrong recipe for its woes
Thursday, June 04, 2009
By Khalid Mustafa
ISLAMABAD: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has surprised the economists of the country, saying that the IMF programme loan of $7.6 billion under Stand By Arrangement with its conditions is not the right recipe for Pakistans economic ills.
Indeed, we believe that the IMF conditions will reduce the capacity to engineer a solution to the problems of inflation and falling foreign currency reserves without increasing the unemployed buffer stock, said Jesus Felipe, William Mitchell and L. Randall Wray, the authors of the ADBs report titled A Reinterpretation of Pakistans Economic Crisis and Options for Policymakers released here on Wednesday.
While the IMF statement suggested it is keenly aware of the need to deploy a socially acceptable solution, we consider that a policy strategy based on fiscal austerity will create unacceptable levels of socio-economic hardship in Pakistan, the report said.
The report was written at the time when agreement with IMF for the 23-month stand-by arrangement amounting to $7.6 billion was reached to support economic stabilisation programme and the first tranche of $3.1 billion was released to Pakistan.
There existed two key objectives of the IMF loan that included I) restoration of macroeconomic stability and confidence through a tightening of macroeconomic policies; and ii) to ensure social stability and adequate support for the poor and vulnerable in Pakistan.
Under the loan terms the external balance is to be targeted via a fiscal tightening from a deficit of 7.4 per cent of GDP for the fiscal year 2007-2008, to 4.2 per cent in 2008-2009, and then 3.3 per cent in 2009-2010.
The tightening is to be achieved by phasing out energy subsidies, better prioritising development spending and implementing strong tax policy and administration measures, interest rate hike to contain inflation, offload central bank borrowings, and build reserves.
As per loan terms the social assistance is to be strengthened but better targeted such that spending on the social safety net will be increased to 0.9 per cent of GDP in 2008-09, an increase of 0.6 percentage point of GDP.
The authors of the report criticised the said covenants of the Funds programme loan saying it would not help bail out Pakistans economy. The Fund is less than clear on; (i) the nature of currency sovereignty; (ii) the nature and financing of budget deficits; and (iii) the nature and financing of trade deficits.
Although Pakistans problems are result of misguided policies, it does not mean that the only solution available is to subject the economy to an austerity programme. In the words of Joseph Stiglitz renowned economist and former SVP of World Bank, Stabilisation policy cannot be separated from growth policy. Failure to stabilise may hurt growth, but stabilisation, in the traditional sense of the term (price stability and fiscal adjustment), does not necessarily lead to economic growth.
Architects of the ADB report believe that the IMF programme does not correctly portray the sources of inflation pressures, or the constraints on economic development. Pakistan faces high inflation and insufficient progress toward development, the report points out and says that the country is not fully utilising its domestic resources.
Pakistan in order to achieve sustainable development should mobilise domestic resources to improve incomes and reduce supply bottlenecks through expansion of domestic capabilities, the ADB report suggests.
Given substantial levels of redundant resources, they say, it should have been obvious that Pakistans inflationary bias could not be a simple matter of excessive demand. Thus, in appraising the inflationary impact it is incorrect to presume that fiscal policy has been excessively expansionary.
Using budget deficits as evidence of excessive expansionary policy is therefore erroneous, unless the deficits have pushed the economy beyond full capacity use of its resources. For this reason, fiscal restraint may not be the medicine that is required in a situation in which a country is actually living below its means - as indicated by idle or under-utilised resources, they concluded.
We do recognise that Pakistans current situation is one in which robust growth over 5 per cent will tend to generate a current account deficit. They explained further saying that: From the orthodox perspective the consequences for Pakistan of having balance of payments (BOP) problems are straightforward. When Pakistan encounters a BOP problem before short-term capacity utilization is reached, demand is curtailed, disguised and open unemployment increase, and capital accumulation has to be reduced. This leads, in the long run, to a relative deterioration of the countrys export potential compared with that of its main competitors. This situation tends to lead to a vicious circle with further BOP problems.
They said: We do not endorse the orthodox solution. Given that Pakistan operates with what we define below as a modern money regime that includes flexible exchange rates, we consider it has sufficient domestic policy space to pursue an alternative, sustainable growth path. It can make use of this space to pursue economic growth and raising living standards, even if this means expansion of the current account deficit and depreciation of the currency.
They also criticise the orthodox solution to a current account deficit saying it will actually make it more difficult for Pakistan to reduce dependence on imports.
The report is of the view that the IMF programme does not address the failures in the policies of the previous government, largely focused on a consumer-driven growth strategy despite the import dependent nature of the economy.
It is clear that while the country enjoyed very high levels of FDI the funds were largely concentrated in the consumer sector. This had two consequences: (i) it increased demand for foreign exchange; and (ii) it created a foreign exchange liability. The other significant point is that this investment did not generate corresponding amounts of foreign exchange revenue because it did not improve export capacity.
The policy emphasis on fiscal restraint is also fraught with problems, the report said saying the targets to reduce the budget deficit as required by the IMF agreement may help lower inflation, but only because the fiscal drag acts as a deflationary mechanism that forces the economy to operate under conditions of excess capacity and unemployment. This type of deflationary strategy does not build productive capacity and the related supporting infrastructure, thus offers no growth solution.
Likewise, fiscal restraint may not be successful in lowering budget deficits for the simple reason that tax revenue can fall as the taxable base shrinks because economic activity is curtailed.
