World Intellectual Prop Org: Rise of China as World's Largest IP Powerhouse

[beijingwalker]

China is rapidly closing the innovation gap, European firms say

• A newly released survey from the EU Chamber of Commerce in China found that 60 percent of European firms in China expect domestic firms to close the innovation gap by 2020.
• China's rapid innovation is just the latest headwind for foreign firms.
• More than half of the companies surveyed clocked higher sales in 2016 compared to the year prior.

Forget the "copycat China" stereotype: The world's second-largest economy is quickly shedding that image as domestic firms innovate rapidly.

By 2020, 60 percent of European companies in China expect Chinese firms to have closed the innovation gap, according to the EU Chamber of Commerce in China's annual business confidence survey.

"This should serve as a wake-up call for European companies," the report said. "While this catching up is most likely to occur in services, with breakthroughs in industrial goods taking longer, European business needs to plan accordingly."

China's rapid innovation is the latest headwind for foreign firms doing business in the country. International companies have long complained about the difficulties of operating within Chinese borders, given a murky regulatory environment, and perceived favorable treatment for domestic firms. But the prospect of finding growth in the world's second-largest economy is too great to ignore for many companies.

The EU Chamber's latest findings again underscore those same issues, with half of its member firms saying that conducting business in China became more difficult in 2016. Within that, more than 70 percent in hospitality and civil engineering and construction say doing business has grown more difficult, while in aerospace and aviation, the majority say things have stayed roughly the same.

"Respondents' doubts over whether China is truly committed to creating a simpler administrative environment and ensuring a level playing field continue to deepen," said the report. "Cumbersome regulations and vaguely-worded laws — often subject to arbitrary interpretation — continue to pose a range of challenges."

There is also still a bilateral trade and investment gap between the EU and China given the challenging regulatory environment and barriers to entry, the report finds. Chinese investment into Europe jumped 77 percent to 35 billion euros in 2016 compared to the prior year, but investment in the other direction fell 23 percent to 8 billion euros.

Although more than half of the companies surveyed clocked higher sales in 2016 compared to the year prior, it was largely attributed to large-scale financial stimulus that the Chinese government had unleashed in the first half of the year.

That means the bounce is not here to stay, and as such, the top concern for European firms in China remains the health of the economy — especially as the country's debt levels have continued to rise.

"How sustainable is the growth model? Isn't it time for China to go from talk to action?" said Mats Harborn, president of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, in an interview with CNBC. "We would want to see China go to more organically driven growth."

Following that is an "ongoing struggle to find and retain qualified employees, a problem aggravated by demands for higher compensation among local hires." The main challenge in attracting and keeping foreign employees is the issue of air pollution and an unwillingness to live in China.

Harborn said his organization was making proposals that China "deepen and speed up reform," which "should be beneficial also for the Chinese economy."

The study had 570 respondents from a wide range of sectors, with 35 percent in professional services, 35 percent in industrial goods and services, 18 percent in consumer goods and services and the remaining 12 percent in other sectors. About half were small and medium-sized enterprises with fewer than 250 employees, 19 percent had up to 1,000 employees, and nearly one-third reported more than 1,000 employees.

http://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/30/china-is-rapidly-closing-the-innovation-gap-european-firms-say.html

 

[AndrewJin]

Innovative designs highlight industrial design week
chinadaily.com.cn | 2017-05-24 14:39

China Railway Rolling Stock Corp (CRRC) Sifang Co Ltd showcases an ICON series aerial work vehicle, which can be used for both highways and railways, at the Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

China Railway Rolling Stock Corp (CRRC) Sifang Co Ltd showcases a "Harmony" high-speed vehicle at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

An "Eagle Eye" long flight fixed wing drone from Shandong Eagle Wings Aviation Technology Co Ltd is on display at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

An "Eagle Eye" long flight fixed wing drone from Shandong Eagle Wings Aviation Technology Co Ltd is on display at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

A multi-rotor smart drone from Pinke Design is on display at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

An "Observer" unmanned helicopter by Shandong Eagle Wings Aviation Technology Co Ltd is on display at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

A SU-H2M industrial grade unmanned aerial vehicles from Qingdao Sen System Technology Co Ltd is on display at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

A "Million yuan mini" metal 3D printer from Shandong Sandi Shikong 3D Technology Co Ltd is on display at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]


A Haier SWR-T320S sweeping robot from Qingdao Tuling Design is on display at Qingdao Industrial Design Week in Qingdao, East China's Shandong province, on May 23, 2017. [Photo/VCG]

I have a sweeping robot, extremely useful for those hidden space under sofa and likes

 

[TaiShang]

I have a sweeping robot, extremely useful for those hidden space under sofa and likes

Xiaomi?

 

[AndrewJin]

Xiaomi?

Hai'er.
I bought a Hai'er fridge, they gave me a free cleaning robot.

 

[Shotgunner51]

Identifying and Ranking the World’s Largest Clusters of Inventive Activity
Kyle Bergquist, Carsten Fink, and Julio Raffo
Forthcoming in the 2017 edition of the Global Innovation Index
May 3, 2017

The study comes from the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), based in Geneva, which analysed the addresses of inventors named in all 950,000 international patent applications published between 2011 and 2015 under the Patent Cooperation Treaty.

“This is a pioneering attempt to identify the world’s innovation hotspots on a globally consistent basis through patent filings,” said Francis Gurry, Wipo director-general. “It goes beyond our Global Innovation Index which has traditionally focused on the innovation performance of countries rather than localities.”​

The top 100 clusters account for 59.0% of all PCT filings in the period under consideration.

Cluster Ranking

Inventors in the Tokyo–Yokohama cluster had 94,079 patent filings, emerges as the top-ranking cluster with a wide margin. Followed by Shenzhen-Hong Kong with 41,218 and San Jose-San Francisco (Silicon Valley) with 34,324. Seoul and Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto came in 4th and 5th places respectively. These five clusters alone account for 23.9% of all PCT filings.

Citation:
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_econstat_wp_34.pdf
https://www.ft.com/content/dbb3bc26-413b-11e7-9d56-25f963e998b2
http://sciencebusiness.net/news/80303/New-analysis-of-tech-clusters-puts-Europe-in-the-shade

 

[bobsm]

June 13, 2017 9:00 am JST
China joins US as top influencer in science
Heavy spending and hunt for talent rapidly raising nation's profile

China has come to the fore in computer science research.

TOKYO -- China now ranks as the most influential country in four of eight core scientific fields, tying with the U.S., according to the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

The agency took the top 10% of the most referenced studies in each field, and determined the number of authors who were affiliated with the U.S., the U.K., Germany, France, China or Japan. China ranked first in computer science, mathematics, materials science and engineering. The U.S., on the other hand, led the way in physics, environmental and earth sciences, basic life science and clinical medicine.

Despite winning Nobel Prizes for three straight years, Japan came in at fifth or sixth place in many fields.

China's progress was especially pronounced in computer science. While the country accounted for only 3% of the most referenced studies in 2000, the figure had surged to 21% by 2015. It has also had the fastest supercomputer in the world since 2013, and the two fastest in 2016.

China is also rapidly catching up in physics, where the U.S. has long dominated. It is spending more than $6 billion to build the world's largest particle accelerator, which could put it at the forefront of particle physics.

These advances were made on heavy spending by Beijing and an extensive campaign to attract talent. China's public and private spending on research was double Japan's in 2014, and is fast approaching the American tally of $460 billion. It is making efforts to bring home Chinese researchers who trained abroad, and to connect with overseas talent through study abroad programs and temporary placements.

"I was not expecting China to overtake the U.S. in many fields," said Yuko Ito at the Japan Science and Technology Agency. With U.S. President Donald Trump planning a major spending cut for the sciences, China is expected to become an even larger player.


http://asia.nikkei.com/Tech-Science/Science/China-joins-US-as-top-influencer-in-science

 

[AndrewJin]

Identifying and Ranking the World’s Largest Clusters of Inventive Activity
Kyle Bergquist, Carsten Fink, and Julio Raffo
Forthcoming in the 2017 edition of the Global Innovation Index
May 3, 2017

The study comes from the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), based in Geneva, which analysed the addresses of inventors named in all 950,000 international patent applications published between 2011 and 2015 under the Patent Cooperation Treaty.

“This is a pioneering attempt to identify the world’s innovation hotspots on a globally consistent basis through patent filings,” said Francis Gurry, Wipo director-general. “It goes beyond our Global Innovation Index which has traditionally focused on the innovation performance of countries rather than localities.”​

The top 100 clusters account for 59.0% of all PCT filings in the period under consideration.

Cluster Ranking

View attachment 400434​

Inventors in the Tokyo–Yokohama cluster had 94,079 patent filings, emerges as the top-ranking cluster with a wide margin. Followed by Shenzhen-Hong Kong with 41,218 and San Jose-San Francisco (Silicon Valley) with 34,324. Seoul and Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto came in 4th and 5th places respectively. These five clusters alone account for 23.9% of all PCT filings.

View attachment 400435 View attachment 400436 View attachment 400437​

Citation:
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_econstat_wp_34.pdf
https://www.ft.com/content/dbb3bc26-413b-11e7-9d56-25f963e998b2
http://sciencebusiness.net/news/80303/New-analysis-of-tech-clusters-puts-Europe-in-the-shade

Need more medium-size ones in the interior like Chengdu/Xi'an/Wuhan/Harbin/Hefei etc

 

[Shotgunner51]

Need more medium-size ones in the interior like Chengdu/Xi'an/Wuhan/Harbin/Hefei etc

Yes, now R&D innovation is still concentrated in eastern seaboard, there's another reason: eastern seaboard companies are more exports oriented hence they use PCT more than inland corporations. With the economic rise of mid-west, and north-east, I do see more science & tech talents going to these regions and build innovation clusters. I think Wuhan (光谷), Chengdu and Harbin will lead the pack.

 

[onebyone]

Those who live in the Western world often feel as though their civilization is, and always was, the most technologically advanced (and maybe even most important) in the world. However, that is not necessarily true. Many important inventions that we once used, or even still use today, saw their advent in the mysterious Eastern “Orient,” as the Europeans once called it. These inventions were not only revolutionary but also markers of one of the most advanced societies in our history, perhaps second only to modern day, industrial cultures. So, here we will look through ten important things that the Chinese invented first, that are still important to us today.

10Booze

What is more important than the invention of alcohol? While the substance was certainly useful for tolerating the brutal conditions of the ancient world, it also had another, nearly miraculous effect. It was a sterilizer in an age when Purell and hand soap were distant dreams in the eyes of the OCD. It is arguable that booze is the very thing that made civilization possible, giving people clean drinking water and a way to sanitize wounds, foods, and pretty much anything else that they poured their liquor on.

And of course, it was first invented in China. Nearly nine thousand years ago, as far as we can tell. In the late 1990s, archeologists uncovered shards of broken pottery in Northern China which had on them a strange residue. Upon further examination, the residue was determined to be left over fermented juices from rice, honey, and fruit, essentially giving us history’s first mead.[1]

What makes the whole thing even better is that this Stone Age archeological site also revealed some of the oldest playable instruments ever found, in the form of flutes made of bone. So chances are, those ancient folk were doing the same thing we still do, listening to music and get smashed with our friends.

9Printing

Everyone knows Gutenberg right? From the famous Bible to the project trying to spread free textbooks, the man behind this name is one of the most important figures in the development of modern European culture. Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press helped shape modern Europe, and by extension, a great deal of the world. But guess what, the Chinese did it first, and they did it way earlier.

During the reign of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), Chinese engineers began using wood blocks to print designs onto silk and other fabrics. This would soon transition into reproducing short Buddhist texts so people could carry their mantras with them. Finally, by 868, the first dated, printed book was published. It was a translated Indian Buddhist text called the Diamond Sutra.[2] Oh, and for a little perspective, Gutenberg was born around 1400, nearly 540 years after the publishing of the Diamond Sutra.

8Banknotes

Not long after coming up with an efficient printing press, the Chinese invented banknotes. Now, one might ask, why are banknotes interesting? They’re just lame pieces of paper! Well, they are important because we still use them today. Nearly all modern currency comes in the form of banknotes, pieces of colored paper that are given value by the very people who use them.

Banknotes began to emerge in China, even before the publication of the previously mentioned Sutra, in the 700s, as inflation and devaluation made Chinese currency inefficient and even annoying to use in bartering.[3] So, they did the obvious thing and converted those gold coins into green Benjamins.

7Paper Making

Now, how could a group of people invent printing and banknotes, if they didn’t also create something for that ink to get stamped on! Around A.D. 100, the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.–A.D. 220) figured out how to make material on which they could write by using old rags, bamboo, hemp, and other fibrous plants and materials to make pulp. This pulp would then be filtered through a screen and allowed to dry, creating paper.[4]

While the rest of the world had things like parchment and papyrus before then, this paper would ultimately win out as the world’s preferred method of recording information. It does not require specific storage conditions like papyrus, or specifically prepared animal hide, like parchment.

6Rudder

Ah, the rudder. Probably amongst the most underappreciated part of any boat. While the rest of the world used steering oars in lieu of built-in rudders, the ancient Chinese were one step ahead, inventing the stern-mounted rudder around A.D. 100.[5]

This useful implement allowed for careful and precise turning, something that the steering oar was not quite as capable of, considering the oar had to rely on one strong man not getting too tired to steer the boat. With a rudder attached, all it would take to turn the boat was the moving of a lever. Oh, and just for a little more perspective, the oldest recorded use of stern-mounted rudders in Europe was about a thousand years later, in southern England. It looks like the Saxons got tired of having to turn their boats themselves!

5Toothbrush

While things called chew-sticks were prevalent in the world’s other ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt, the first familiar, bristle toothbrush was invented by the Chinese.

These useful tools first appeared in the 1400s in China, made from (not-so-kosher) bristles from the back of pig’s necks and attached to bamboo (or ivory if you were fancy) sticks.[6] Whereas chew-sticks were meant more for knocking bits of food from between teeth and freshening your breath (these sticks were often from fragrant trees), the bristle brush was explicitly for scrubbing teeth with the hopes of further preventing tooth decay. It’s a shame some people still seem to struggle with using this important invention.

4Compass

While this is certainly not an invention we use every day, like the toothbrush, the first magnetic compasses were invented in China during the Han Dynasty. They used magnetite ore to create a sort of spiked bowl looking thing that always pointed north.

While initially, they used this invention to divine proper times for burials and other rituals, they would soon discover its use in navigating across the globe, both on land and water.[7] By the time the Tang Dynasty rolled around, they had refined the compass into a more familiar, iron needle based tool.

3Crossbow

Is any picture of medieval Europe complete without the gallant crossbowman, defending his city’s walls from invaders? Well, chivalrous romantics have the Chinese to thank for that image! The crossbow was invented during a chaotic and violent era called the Warring States period, which began around 480 B.C. and ended in 221 B.C. with the creation of the first Chinese empire.

Crossbows were valued thanks to their ease of use and the fact that one did not have to rely on having a strong archer to use the weapon properly. The Chinese even took it a step further around A.D. 200, when a military strategist called Zhuge Liang created a “Repeating” crossbow; one of humanity’s early attempts at creating an automatic weapon.[8]

2Gunpowder

Here is another important weapon that Europeans love! By A.D. 300, Chinese scientists were putting down on paper that certain ingredients, including sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter, when mixed together and ignited, would produce sparks and even explosions. This would rapidly develop into a tool both for ceremony and for war, with some of the first inventions based around this explosive powder being colorful fireworks.

By A.D. 900, the Chinese would be using this powder to fire balls of iron at city walls and propel rudimentary rockets at tightly massed formations of enemies.[9] This is in contrast to the West, which only began describing gunpowder around A.D. 1200. Likely as a result of hearing of the technology during the Crusades, when Europeans would have their first glimpses into the world of the East.

1Noodles

While Italians have long claimed that they were the ones who invented the noodle, evidence that archeologists have found in China, suggests otherwise. In 2005, a sealed, preserved bowl of yellow noodles was found in Lajia, in northwestern China, underneath ten feet (3 m) of dirt.

This bowl of noodles is estimated to have been buried about 4000 years ago, while the kinds of grain used in this type of noodle had been cultivated in China for at least the last 7000 years. That means that while 4000-year-old noodles seem to be the oldest we have found definitive proof of, it is highly possible that the ancient Chinese were preparing this dish for far longer.[10]

While the Italians may have come up with this type of food on their own, it seems like the Chinese are winning the argument about who it was that made the first steamy, delicious bowl of noodles.

http://listverse.com/2017/06/17/10-important-things-china-invented-first/

 

[AndrewJin]

Yes, now R&D innovation is still concentrated in eastern seaboard, there's another reason: eastern seaboard companies are more exports oriented hence they use PCT more than inland corporations. With the economic rise of mid-west, and north-east, I do see more science & tech talents going to these regions and build innovation clusters. I think Wuhan (光谷), Chengdu and Harbin will lead the pack.

Optics Valley!
Very likely!

 

[Grevion]

Congratulations China.

 

[Shotgunner51]

Xiaomei has been a system integrator which heavily relies on hi-tech supply chain (IP are owned by suppliers), it significantly lags behind peers like Huawei, ZTE and BBK (owner of VIVO, OPPO) in in-house R&D hence IP reserves. As a stop gap measure it's essential for Xiaomi to buy IP from some established pools.
______________________________________________________________________________

China's Xiaomi Snaps Up Nokia Patents to Galvanize Global Drive
Bloomberg News July 5, 2017, 1:00 PM GMT+8

Xiaomi Corp. has acquired a swathe of patents from Nokia Oyj, making its latest acquisition of technology to drive a global expansion.

The Chinese smartphone maker is getting its hands on a trove of intellectual property from the Finnish company that once led the world in phone sales before Apple Inc. ushered in the smartphone era. The deal expands a portfolio augmented last year by the purchase of some 1,500 patents from Microsoft Corp., and may help smooth over potential legal tangles abroad. Under their agreement, Xiaomi will buy patents from Nokia for an undisclosed sum, while the two companies have agreed to share essential licensing rights.

Xiaomi, which has slipped in global smartphone rankings since 2014, is angling to make a comeback through investments in retail stores at home while fine-tuning an overseas expansion that’s slowed with the departure of former international honcho Hugo Barra. For now, it’s focusing on a selection of emerging markets including India, Russia and Indonesia. But the company has said it intends to establish a presence in the U.S., where it’s held off on selling phones in favor of cheaper devices such as fitness bands.

“We only want good assets. So both parties can get what they want,” Wang Xiang, who’s replaced Barra as the chief steward of Xiaomi’s international efforts, said in an interview.​

Once the biggest smartphone vendor in China, Xiaomi’s shipments plunged in 2016 and the company was ranked by IDC just fifth in Chinese phone shipments in the first quarter, lagging local players like Huawei Technologies Co. It’s going through a major transformation anchored in part by a major push into old-fashioned retail: it plans to build 1,000 “Mi Home” stores by 2019 -- about twice Apple’s global store count -- targeting 70 billion yuan ($10 billion) of retail sales by 2021.

The other plank of its envisioned comeback is investments in technology. Its Pinecone smartphone processor debuted in February in a mid-tier phone available only in China, but is expected to expand to other models in time. It’s investing more heavily in research as well as building its ecosystem, a network of abut 100 companies it’s invested in that produce products from earbuds to robot vacuums bearing the Mi brand.

Nokia will also provide networking gear to Xiaomi as part of their agreement.

https://www.bloomberg.com/technology

 

[CriticalThought]

http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170531-chinas-impossible-engineering-feat

 

[JSCh]

Friday, September 08, 2017, 11:09
Payments for China IP boom as service sector picks up pace
By Jing Shuiyu and Zhong Nan

Visitors examine porcelain products made in Luoyang, Henan province, during an international fair for trade in services held in Beijing. (CHEN XIAOGEN / FOR CHINA DAILY)

Payment for the use of China's intellectual property by overseas economies skyrocketed nearly 500 percent in the first seven months, as the country's service export improves, data from the Ministry of Commerce indicated on Thursday.

China's service trade deficit has narrowed significantly, according to Gao Feng, the ministry's spokesman. In July, the figure decreased 30 percent month-on-month and 1.8 percent year-on-year to 141.5 billion yuan (US$21.8 billion).

The structure of service trade has been optimized, with exports of the emerging sectors' services racking up the biggest increase, Gao said.

In the first seven months, exports of emerging sectors' services totaled 405.6 billion yuan, up 8.3 percent year-on-year. This was 3.9 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate, accounting for over half of total service export.

Specifically, exports of culture and entertainment services surged 20.4 percent year-on-year, and those of maintenance services by 14.4 percent year-on-year.

Liu Chao, deputy director-general of legal affairs at the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, said: "China has made reasonable changes in response to foreign companies' opinions especially in areas such as IPR protection, foreign investment categories and the labor environment, as these elements connect directly with the country's foreign direct investment flows."

"In addition, all the free trade agreements, such as China-South Korea FTA or China-Australia FTA China signed with partner countries, have stipulated clear policies and measures in tackling crimes regarding the protection of intellectual property rights," said Liu.

Guo Xiaojun, deputy director of the CCPIT Patent and Trademark Law Office, said the rising payments for the use of China's intellectual property by overseas economies indicated that the patent market is "quite lively" and "on a trajectory toward maturity."

"In the past, China urged companies to apply for high-quality patents. Now the country is encouraging them to use patented technologies and copyrights in a lawful way, which helps them better realize their business value."

Earlier this year, China pledged a further opening up of services and industries related to healthcare, finance, insurance, telecommunications, technical service, energy-saving and environmental protection.

The government has also increased its supervision of daily necessities, electronics, cosmetics, garments and pharmaceutical products being exported to overseas markets, and cracked down on illegal activities such as forged export certificates and official seals.

Between January and July, China's total imports and exports of services reached 2.65 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 10.6 percent, according to the ministry.

Service imports showed a similar uptrend. The country's imports of telecommunication, computer and information services surged by 74.2 percent to 71.8 billion yuan. The figure for intellectual property costs rose by 25.8 percent to 112.6 billion yuan.

 

[Adam WANG SHANGHAI MEGA]

WIPO names Huawei #1 filer of international patents

Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), an agreement that gives a filer patent protection in 148 countries with a single application.

International patent applications filed under the PCT grew by 1.7% to 218,000 in 2015, a new annual record. “Global intellectual property applications, like those for patents, trademarks and industrial designs, provide a good indication of the incidence and location of innovation,” said WIPO Director General Francis Gurry.

In addition to the global WIPO filing, this month Chinese Huawei rose to fourth place among companies filing patents with the European Patent Office (EPO). Huawei filed a total of 1,953 applications with EPO in 2015. For the second year in a row, it was the top filer in the digital communications sector, with 1,197 filings in that sector alone.

Top PCT applicants, based on published applications


Rank Applicant's name Origin Number of PCT applications 2015



1 Huawei Technologies Co., LTD. China 3,898
2 Qualcomm Incorporated United States of America 2,442
3 ZTE Corporation China 2,155
4 Samsung Electronics Co., LTD. Republic of Korea 1,683
5 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Japan 1,593
6 Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (Publ) Sweden 1,481
7 LG Electronics Inc. Republic of Korea 1,457
8 Sony Corporation Japan 1,381
9 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Netherlands 1,378
10 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. United States of America 1,310