This result reflects today's level of technology, in which the within-visual-range (WVR) and beyond-visual-range (BVR) envelopes are separate. A BAE Systems paper from 1996 -- reflecting the UK thinking that led to the adoption of the BAE Systems Meteor AAM for the Typhoon -- points out that a target beyond 40km range "can feel free to maneuver without fear of engagement". This is echoed by Robert Shaw, former US Navy fighter pilot and author of Fighter Combat Tactics. "There is virtually no missile that you can't outmaneuver at maximum range." With today's weapons -- the BAE paper notes -- most MRAMM engagements will take place between 15-40 km range. Older short-range AAMs "lack not only total energy but also missile speed" and are most lethal at ranges under 8 km, according to BAE. Between 8-and-15 km, therefore, there is a "commit zone" where the target can still avoid a merge into close combat if the odds are unfavorable.