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Shame on China:Chinese children endure 'world's most dangerous school run'

After the news was broadcasted,the local government got bombarded by the angry public.soon after that,a road was put under construction and it's scheduled to be finished by now or early this year.A dozen of new school buese were purchased and donated ,the officials promised no more tough trips for the students.

Watch Video:[video]http://english.cntv.cn/program/china24/20120326/122499.shtml[/video]

New school buses in place, no more tough journeys to school

03-27-2012 08:29 BJT
As campus safety is gaining more attention, school bus safety has also been at the forefront of the national consciousness. Good news arrived as the first batch of school buses was donated to schools in need on Monday during a public welfare ceremony.

You might still remember this group of students from one of our previous programs. They are the students who often are forced to trek for days to school. Surrounded by a harsh natural environment in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, students from Pili Village have to face difficulties like rough cliffs, mountains and rapids.

But fortunately, their journey to school will be a smooth ride soon as four new school buses were given to this village at a donation ceremony on Monday.Noted for their "long-nose" design, the yellow school bus is 6.6 meters long with a capacity of 30 students. About ten school buses will be donated to schools in rural areas among the first batch of donations, to make school classes more accessible for these students.

The buses are also equipped with special designs that could improve the safety of the bus.Wang Wenbing, department general manager in Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co. Ltd, said, "Each bus has a chassis that protrudes forward from the carriage and extends over the wheels, which could improve the safety of each bus. We also optimize our buses based on the climate features of certain areas. We will do everything we can to ensure the safety of students. It’s a long-term project, and we will focus on all aspects including management, drivers and maintenance."Since last July, a road has been under construction to reach the remote Pili village.

The project is expected to be finished at the end of this year. With school buses also on the way, the journey to school will no longer be so difficult.
 
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a responsible and highly efficient government should be like this,no talking but action,problems found,address them squarely and get them fixed fast.
 
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Thanks. I will once read about those dynasties. But I heard some emperors in the Ming Dynasty were not that open, and even banned shipping (or large ships)? A pity, because China had the best shipping industry of the world in those times.

This is incorrect. The Ming dynasty indeed banned across the sea trade...for private individuals. Essentially, the idea is that the government will be doing all the oversea trading and keep the profits. In return, the tax rate on the people is kept low and the government is sustained by oversea trade. In fact, during Ming dynasty, silver (Chinese currency at the time) as far as Spain is flowing into the Chinese coffer.

However, by the time Qing dynasty takes over, they actually started to pursue an isolationist policy. This is because the Qing ruler are from a minor ethnic group and in effort to keep the Han Chinese in line, they kept the population dumbed down and removing outside stimulus is just one of the things they did. This is what created the technological gaps between China and the European powers in the last century.
 
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This is incorrect. The Ming dynasty indeed banned across the sea trade...for private individuals. Essentially, the idea is that the government will be doing all the oversea trading and keep the profits. In return, the tax rate on the people is kept low and the government is sustained by oversea trade. In fact, during Ming dynasty, silver (Chinese currency at the time) as far as Spain is flowing into the Chinese coffer.

However, by the time Qing dynasty takes over, they actually started to pursue an isolationist policy. This is because the Qing ruler are from a minor ethnic group and in effort to keep the Han Chinese in line, they kept the population dumbed down and removing outside stimulus is just one of the things they did. This is what created the technological gaps between China and the European powers in the last century.
This is BS,all rulers are about the same,the zhu family aren't any saner than the eight banners.
 
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This is BS,all rulers are about the same,the zhu family aren't any saner than the eight banners.
No, not really. Why would the rulers be the same? Aside from obviously things like personality differences, personal expertise, level of skill as well as having group of subjects and administrators, fundamentally, Ming dynasty's government structure is different from Qing dynasty. Ming dynasty, especially towards the end, places more government functions and decision making on the shoulder of the chancellor and his administrative assistance while Qing dynasty emphasize much more on the emperor itself. Ethnic conflicts and barriers in Qing dynasty is also significantly bigger. There are about a million different things between Ming and Qing dynasties, so why would they be the same?
In most situations, a decision is made with reasons and motivations behind it, especially national level decisions and long term policies.
 
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This is incorrect. The Ming dynasty indeed banned across the sea trade...for private individuals. Essentially, the idea is that the government will be doing all the oversea trading and keep the profits. In return, the tax rate on the people is kept low and the government is sustained by oversea trade. In fact, during Ming dynasty, silver (Chinese currency at the time) as far as Spain is flowing into the Chinese coffer.

However, by the time Qing dynasty takes over, they actually started to pursue an isolationist policy. This is because the Qing ruler are from a minor ethnic group and in effort to keep the Han Chinese in line, they kept the population dumbed down and removing outside stimulus is just one of the things they did. This is what created the technological gaps between China and the European powers in the last century.

With respect, but your are totally wrong.

The amount of the foreign trade during Qing Yongzheng Era are 10 times more than Ming Dynasty in a year;
During the Qianlong Era, even the trade volume of a port in Guangzhou is 50 times more than Ming Dynasty;
Here are the ports that were opened during the Qing Dynasty:
Dengzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Niuzhuang and Tianjin
How many port did Ming Dynasty actually open?

Reference:
[清代前期海外貿易的發展 -黄啟臣]

How Ming Government banned sea trade:

永樂二年正月,禁民下海。時福建瀕海居民,私載海舡,交通外國,因以為寇。郡縣以聞,逐下令禁民間海船。原有海船者,悉改為平頭船,所在有司防其出入。

[永樂實錄 卷二十七]


“若姦豪勢要及軍民人等,擅造三桅以上違式大船,將帶違禁貨物下海,前往番國買賣,潛通海賊,同謀結聚,及為嚮導劫掠良民者,正犯比照己行律處斬,仍梟首示眾,全家發邊衛充軍。其打造前項海船,賣與夷人圖利者,比照將應禁軍器下海者,因而走洩軍情律,為首者處斬,為從者發邊充軍”

[大明律]


Kept the population dumbed down you said? Then what are these:

四元玉鑑細草
數理精蘊
輯古算經考注
籌算淺說
加減乘除釋
割圓密率捷法
聊齋誌異
夜譚隨錄
紅樓夢
說岳全傳
儒林外史
鏡花緣


In contrast, Qing actually restore a large number of ancient books destroyed by Ming.

Reference:
[清代輯佚學研究]


I suggest you to read this book [中國古代科學家傳記], there are lots of researches and studies during the Qing Dynasty.
 
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No, not really. Why would the rulers be the same? Aside from obviously things like personality differences, personal expertise, level of skill as well as having group of subjects and administrators, fundamentally, Ming dynasty's government structure is different from Qing dynasty. Ming dynasty, especially towards the end, places more government functions and decision making on the shoulder of the chancellor and his administrative assistance while Qing dynasty emphasize much more on the emperor itself. Ethnic conflicts and barriers in Qing dynasty is also significantly bigger. There are about a million different things between Ming and Qing dynasties, so why would they be the same?
In most situations, a decision is made with reasons and motivations behind it, especially national level decisions and long term policies.
No,no and no,totally wrong,I don't even know how to start.ming emperors are as dictatorial as qing emperors.
 
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永樂二年正月,禁民下海。時福建瀕海居民,私載海舡,交通外國,因以為寇。郡縣以聞,逐下令禁民間海船。原有海船者,悉改為平頭船,所在有司防其出入。
[永樂實錄 卷二十七]
“若姦豪勢要及軍民人等,擅造三桅以上違式大船,將帶違禁貨物下海,前往番國買賣,潛通海賊,同謀結聚,及為嚮導劫掠良民者,正犯比照己行律處斬,仍梟首示眾,全家發邊衛充軍。其打造前項海船,賣與夷人圖利者,比照將應禁軍器下海者,因而走洩軍情律,為首者處斬,為從者發邊充軍”
[大明律]

With due respect, I don't think you understand Chinese. The bolded part clearly stated that this applies to CIVILIANS, not government.

Let me translate what you posted to English:
永樂二年正月,禁民下海。時福建瀕海居民,私載海舡,交通外國,因以為寇。郡縣以聞,逐下令禁民間海船。原有海船者,悉改為平頭船,所在有司防其出入。
First month of the second year of Rongle, the civilians are forbid to trade overseas: The coastal civilians in Fujian province are discovered supplying foreign pirates using private ships. The province is made aware of this fact and consequently ordered all civilian sea-borne ships to be grounded. The old sea vessels will be reduced to flat boats and the coastal guard shall take alert to prevent farther sea access.

[永樂實錄 卷二十七]
“若姦豪勢要及軍民人等,擅造三桅以上違式大船,將帶違禁貨物下海,前往番國買賣,潛通海賊,同謀結聚,及為嚮導劫掠良民者,正犯比照己行律處斬,仍梟首示眾,全家發邊衛充軍。其打造前項海船,賣與夷人圖利者,比照將應禁軍器下海者,因而走洩軍情律,為首者處斬,為從者發邊充軍”
[大明律]
Several criminals (implied to be powerful and influential individuals) forcefully coerce soldiers and civilians into making ship(s) with more than three masts. They are planning to ferry forbidden goods (implied to be weapons) over to foreign countries and sell them to pirates, as well as collaborating with pirate, so (the pirate) can attack the civilians. The main criminal is beheaded and the head is displayed to the populace according to the law, the family of the criminal is exiled (to serve in the army). Those who assisted in the construction of the ship in order to sell (weapons) to the foreigners for the profit, are punished under the crime of: selling restricted weapons and leak of military intelligence. The head criminal is beheaded and the rest are exiled.

So, I fail to see counter point to my post from these information.

Kept the population dumbed down you said? Then what are these:
四元玉鑑細草
數理精蘊
輯古算經考注
籌算淺說
加減乘除釋
割圓密率捷法
In contrast, Qing actually restore a large number of ancient books destroyed by Ming.
Reference:
[清代輯佚學研究]
I suggest you to read this book [中國古代科學家傳記], there are lots of researches and studies during the Qing Dynasty.

Quoting from wikipedia, under the term literary inquisition:
"Qing Dynasty
The rulers of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty are particularly notorious for their use of literary inquisitions. The Manchus were an ethnic minority who had defeated the Han Chinese-led Ming Dynasty; as such, they were sensitive to public sentiments towards them.[3] Writers and officials usually took the stance of drawing distinctions between the Han Chinese and the Manchus; the latter were traditionally viewed as barbarians in Han Chinese culture. However, while the Manchus were in charge, writers resorted to veiled satire.[4] According to Gu Mingdong, a specialist in Chinese literature and intellectual thought,[5] the Manchus became almost paranoid about the meanings associated with the Chinese characters for 'bright' and 'clear', 'Ming' and 'Qing' respectively.[3] One inquisition was the "Case of the History of the Ming Dynasty" (明史案) in 1661–1662 under the direction of regents (before the Kangxi Emperor came in power in 1669) in which about 70 were killed and more exiled.[6]

Under the Qing Dynasty, literary inquisition began with isolated cases during the reigns of the Shunzhi and Kangxi emperors, and then evolved into a pattern. There were 53 cases of literary persecution during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.[7] Between 1772 and 1793, there was an effort by the Qianlong Emperor to purge "evil" books, poems, and plays. He set out to get rid of works by Ming loyalists whom he believed were writing subversive anti-Qing histories of the Manchu conquest. The scale of the destruction cause by this "literary holocaust" is uncertain due to gaps in the imperial archives, however as many as 3,000 works may have been lost. An estimated 151,723 volumes were destroyed by the inquisition in this period. Amongst the works subject to this treatment were books considered disrespectful towards the Qing emperors or previous ethnic minority dynasties that could be viewed as analogous to the Qing. From 1780 onwards, plays could also be destroyed if they were vulgar or contained anti-Manchu material. Writers who criticised the Qing dynasty could expect to have their entire work erased, regardless of content.[8] The inquisition was often used to express local ambitions and rivalries that had little to do with the ruler's own political interests. It thus generated interclass, as well as intraclass, warfare. For example, commoners could lay charges against scholars.[9]

1753: The Qianlong Emperor's frequent tours of Jiangnan were partly funded by local governments, and therefore indirectly by the local people. One local official by the name of Lu Lusen, using a higher ranking minister's name, Sun Jiajin, sent a memorial to the emperor, pleading with him to stop the tour for the sake of the local people. The text achieved widespread popular support. Eventually Lu Lusen was sentenced to death by slow slicing for sedition, his two sons were beheaded, and more than a thousand relatives and acquaintances were either executed, exiled, or thrown into jail according to the notion of "collective responsibility" that automatically applied in cases of sedition.[10]

1755: A Provincial Education Commissioner named Hu Zhongzao (胡中藻) wrote a poem in which the character qing 清, the name of the dynasty, was preceded by zhuo (浊), which means "murky" or "muddy". The Qianlong Emperor saw this and many other formulations as the taking of a position in the factional struggle that was taking place at the time between the Han Chinese official Zhang Tingyu and the Manchu official Ertai, who had been Hu's mentor. Hu was eventually beheaded.[11]

1778: The son of a poet from Jiangsu called Xu Shukui (徐述夔) had written a poem to celebrate his late father. The Qianlong Emperor decided that the poem was derogatory towards the Manchus, and ordered that Xu Shukui's coffin be unearthed, his corpse mutilated, all his children and grandchildren beheaded.[12]

Cai Xian (蔡顯) wrote a poem No colour is true except for red, alien flowers have become the kings of flowers to show that he preferred red peonies over purple peonies, and stated that the 'red peony is the king of peonies' and 'peonies of other colours are aliens'. The family name of the Ming Dynasty emperors is Zhū (朱), which also means 'red' in Chinese. The Qianlong Emperor then accused Cai Xian of attempting to attack the Manchus by innuendo and ordered Cai's execution."


On the off-chance you do understand Chinese, you may also search "文字狱", for much more detailed Chinese record on the matter.
 
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No,no and no,totally wrong,I don't even know how to start.ming emperors are as dictatorial as qing emperors.
Dictatorship refers to an aspect of the government where the power is concentrated on a single individual. It is not a form of government. Ming and Qing dynasty are both absolute monarchies. Typically absolute monarchies automatically has the dictator aspect, but the key difference is that Ming dynasty belongs to the enlightened absolutism sub-branch and the Qing dynasty belongs to the oligarchy sub-branch, as a result, the two government works quite differently.

Every dynasties of China are dictatorial, even the "Red Dynasty".

By definition, the PRC is not a dictatorship since the power of the state does not rest with a single individual.
The PRC government is best described as authoritarian. The time period from 50s to late 70s is closest to totalitarian.
China never established true communism, at least not what Marx or Lenin envisioned. It is a authoritarianism state with economic policy that is communism with some capitalism elements mixed in. For those who didn't pay attention in history class, communism and capitalism represent economic system, it is not a definition for the government (though many ideologies of communism, such as COMPLETE center-planning of the state economy, require totalitarianism to function). China is closest to totalitarianism from 50s to late 70s due to higher emphasis on center planning. From 80s onward China is best described as a republic with authoritarian tendencies. However, the totalitarian aspect is gone. Nowadays China is just socialist.

Fun fact, USA started out as a timocracy, a form of Oligarchy. After the civil war, universal suffrage and the civil rights movement it became a federal nation with a representative government, a sub-branch of democracy.
In comparison, Russia Federation right now is also a democracy, only it belongs to the direct democracy branch.
 
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With due respect, I don't think you understand Chinese. The bolded part clearly stated that this applies to CIVILIANS, not government.

Let me translate what you posted to English:
永樂二年正月,禁民下海。時福建瀕海居民,私載海舡,交通外國,因以為寇。郡縣以聞,逐下令禁民間海船。原有海船者,悉改為平頭船,所在有司防其出入。
First month of the second year of Rongle, the civilians are forbid to trade overseas: The coastal civilians in Fujian province are discovered supplying foreign pirates using private ships. The province is made aware of this fact and consequently ordered all civilian sea-borne ships to be grounded. The old sea vessels will be reduced to flat boats and the coastal guard shall take alert to prevent farther sea access.

[永樂實錄 卷二十七]
“若姦豪勢要及軍民人等,擅造三桅以上違式大船,將帶違禁貨物下海,前往番國買賣,潛通海賊,同謀結聚,及為嚮導劫掠良民者,正犯比照己行律處斬,仍梟首示眾,全家發邊衛充軍。其打造前項海船,賣與夷人圖利者,比照將應禁軍器下海者,因而走洩軍情律,為首者處斬,為從者發邊充軍”
[大明律]
Several criminals (implied to be powerful and influential individuals) forcefully coerce soldiers and civilians into making ship(s) with more than three masts. They are planning to ferry forbidden goods (implied to be weapons) over to foreign countries and sell them to pirates, as well as collaborating with pirate, so (the pirate) can attack the civilians. The main criminal is beheaded and the head is displayed to the populace according to the law, the family of the criminal is exiled (to serve in the army). Those who assisted in the construction of the ship in order to sell (weapons) to the foreigners for the profit, are punished under the crime of: selling restricted weapons and leak of military intelligence. The head criminal is beheaded and the rest are exiled.

So, I fail to see counter point to my post from these information.



Quoting from wikipedia, under the term literary inquisition:
"Qing Dynasty
The rulers of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty are particularly notorious for their use of literary inquisitions. The Manchus were an ethnic minority who had defeated the Han Chinese-led Ming Dynasty; as such, they were sensitive to public sentiments towards them.[3] Writers and officials usually took the stance of drawing distinctions between the Han Chinese and the Manchus; the latter were traditionally viewed as barbarians in Han Chinese culture. However, while the Manchus were in charge, writers resorted to veiled satire.[4] According to Gu Mingdong, a specialist in Chinese literature and intellectual thought,[5] the Manchus became almost paranoid about the meanings associated with the Chinese characters for 'bright' and 'clear', 'Ming' and 'Qing' respectively.[3] One inquisition was the "Case of the History of the Ming Dynasty" (明史案) in 1661–1662 under the direction of regents (before the Kangxi Emperor came in power in 1669) in which about 70 were killed and more exiled.[6]

Under the Qing Dynasty, literary inquisition began with isolated cases during the reigns of the Shunzhi and Kangxi emperors, and then evolved into a pattern. There were 53 cases of literary persecution during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.[7] Between 1772 and 1793, there was an effort by the Qianlong Emperor to purge "evil" books, poems, and plays. He set out to get rid of works by Ming loyalists whom he believed were writing subversive anti-Qing histories of the Manchu conquest. The scale of the destruction cause by this "literary holocaust" is uncertain due to gaps in the imperial archives, however as many as 3,000 works may have been lost. An estimated 151,723 volumes were destroyed by the inquisition in this period. Amongst the works subject to this treatment were books considered disrespectful towards the Qing emperors or previous ethnic minority dynasties that could be viewed as analogous to the Qing. From 1780 onwards, plays could also be destroyed if they were vulgar or contained anti-Manchu material. Writers who criticised the Qing dynasty could expect to have their entire work erased, regardless of content.[8] The inquisition was often used to express local ambitions and rivalries that had little to do with the ruler's own political interests. It thus generated interclass, as well as intraclass, warfare. For example, commoners could lay charges against scholars.[9]

1753: The Qianlong Emperor's frequent tours of Jiangnan were partly funded by local governments, and therefore indirectly by the local people. One local official by the name of Lu Lusen, using a higher ranking minister's name, Sun Jiajin, sent a memorial to the emperor, pleading with him to stop the tour for the sake of the local people. The text achieved widespread popular support. Eventually Lu Lusen was sentenced to death by slow slicing for sedition, his two sons were beheaded, and more than a thousand relatives and acquaintances were either executed, exiled, or thrown into jail according to the notion of "collective responsibility" that automatically applied in cases of sedition.[10]

1755: A Provincial Education Commissioner named Hu Zhongzao (胡中藻) wrote a poem in which the character qing 清, the name of the dynasty, was preceded by zhuo (浊), which means "murky" or "muddy". The Qianlong Emperor saw this and many other formulations as the taking of a position in the factional struggle that was taking place at the time between the Han Chinese official Zhang Tingyu and the Manchu official Ertai, who had been Hu's mentor. Hu was eventually beheaded.[11]

1778: The son of a poet from Jiangsu called Xu Shukui (徐述夔) had written a poem to celebrate his late father. The Qianlong Emperor decided that the poem was derogatory towards the Manchus, and ordered that Xu Shukui's coffin be unearthed, his corpse mutilated, all his children and grandchildren beheaded.[12]

Cai Xian (蔡顯) wrote a poem No colour is true except for red, alien flowers have become the kings of flowers to show that he preferred red peonies over purple peonies, and stated that the 'red peony is the king of peonies' and 'peonies of other colours are aliens'. The family name of the Ming Dynasty emperors is Zhū (朱), which also means 'red' in Chinese. The Qianlong Emperor then accused Cai Xian of attempting to attack the Manchus by innuendo and ordered Cai's execution."


On the off-chance you do understand Chinese, you may also search "文字狱", for much more detailed Chinese record on the matter.

You do realize that 文字獄 held in every dynasties (except for Yuan dynasty) don't you. Even in the Mainland China you will "be disappeared" from telling something bad to the rulers (can someone even hail the ROC and swear at Mr.Xi in the public). There is nothing to do with "ethnics" and "race", this is the way how the rulers follow.

Besides, Qing is much better than Ming:

Ming:

[明代海禁與海外貿易]by晁中辰 p20-

Unable to quote, you can just download the PDF. from Google.

Qing:


寬文網之禁,成了對漢族知識分子新政策的一個重要內容,自康熙清除鰲拜,到康熙五十年(1711)《南山集》案勃發,這四十幾年中間,雖在二十一年(1682)發生過一起比較著名的朱方旦案,把一個以神仙家面目出現、卻極有真知灼見的朱方旦殺掉了,但對知識界似乎沒有什麼震動,懷柔和寬容知識分子的政策也仍在繼續貫徹之中。當時的思想界相當活躍,不少被稱道為“勝國(指明朝)遺民”的著作都陸續結集出版了,上面提到的僧函可《千山詩集》就是一例。此外,康熙年間刊行的顧炎武詩文集中所謂“違礙”之處可以說觸目皆是。顧炎武記了莊氏《明史》案,記了自己如何以死相拒參加官修《明史》,他的“北去(按原抄本作“胡裝”)三百舸,舸舸好紅顏”之類的詩句更是對清初滿洲貴族暴行的無情鞭撻。王夫之的民族情緒較之顧炎武猶有甚者,他在《讀通鑑論》中說,天下之大防有二,首先就是“華夏”和“夷狄”。在他看來,“夷狄”乃“異類”,“殲之不為不仁,奪之不為不義,誘之不為不信”,這簡直在公然號召漢族人起來造滿洲的反。然而在當時都未予追究。再看看清初以來十分敏感的學術領域——歷史吧:經過了函可《變紀》案和莊氏《明史》案,有志於著述故明歷史的人都屏息以待,到這時感到文禁已開,又重新活躍了起來。計六奇的《明季南略》、《明季北略》成書於康熙十年(1671),溫睿臨的《南疆逸史》成書於康熙四十年(1701)。為打消人們的顧慮,規定了十分明確的政策:“凡舊刻文卷,有國諱勿禁;其清、明、夷、虜等字,則在史館奉上諭,無避忌者”。由此可見,康熙帝的開明和寬容在清朝諸帝中真可說是絕無僅有的。

Anti Qing writings can even be published legally during the Qing Dynasty.
But of course, there are still stains.

不過,康熙帝的晚年還是發生了震驚朝野的戴名世《南山集》大獄。戴名世是安徽桐城人,對官修《明史》有所不滿,想獨力私撰一部《明史》,他的才識也足以擔當此任。梁啟超講過,有清一代史家作者如林,令他頫首者就只有戴名世和章學誠二人而已。然而,戴名世還沒有著手寫明史,大禍就突然臨頭了。康熙五十年十月左都御史趙申喬參劾戴名世身為翰林編修,而所著《南山集》“語多狂悖”,康熙帝命“嚴察審明具奏”。這件大案的背景很複雜,雍、乾之際的蕭奭說:“舊東宮(指太子胤礽)摘其語進之,申喬遂起此獄”。這樣說來,《南山集》案與當時諸王競爭儲位,太子胤礽二次被廢不無關係。在此案的審理過程中,江南總督噶禮與江蘇巡撫張鵬翮互相攻訐正趨於白熱化,噶禮借《南山集》案興風作浪,以傾陷政敵,也起了火上澆油的作用。噶禮又與趙申喬暗結黨援,他之所以擴大《南山集》案的株連範圍是否也有與趙桴鼓相應之意?再者,當時“朱三太子案”甫結,民族矛盾有呈現緊張之跡象。這些因素錯綜複雜地交織在一起,所以結案時刑部等衙門的判決十分嚴厲:戴名世應照大逆律凌遲處死,已故的方孝標所著《滇黔紀聞》有“大逆”語,亦應照大逆律銼屍,戴、方兩族俱照律緣坐,為《南山集》寫序、刊刻以至販賣者均依律治罪……。看來,法司要興動有如莊氏史案那樣的大獄了,幸虧康熙帝很慎重,據說刑部的讞詞“五上五折本”,最終除戴名世處斬之外,康熙帝對受株連者都做了從寬處置。平心而論,戴名世以南明弘光、隆武、永曆三朝應有其歷史地位的觀點雖不無道理,卻對清朝的正統地位構成了威脅,康熙帝批准刑部追究戴名世等人的文字之責, 最後竟將戴名世處死, 其背後的原因固然值得探究,但畢竟是他晚年的一個污點。
總的說來,順、康兩朝八十年,除四輔臣擅政的短短幾年外,清統治者還沒有借助文字獄鎮壓反清知識分子的政治意識,不少案件還是起於漢人之間構陷和傾軋。康熙帝曾對親信侍臣李光地說過: “你們相傾相害,滿洲誰害汝?”這話說得很刻薄,卻發人深省。

---- [ 清朝文字獄 -- by 郭成康 & 林鐵均]


Moreover,
These great Chinese literatures are published legally during Qing dynasty:

紅樓夢 A Dream of Red Mansions 
儒林外史 The Scholars 

While 水滸傳 Water Margin is banned by Ming government.


And those reference from [大明律] [永樂實錄] are not "counter point" to your post, these are just supportive information to MY other reference[清代前期海外貿易的發展]. I didn't mention that clearly.


As for the Silver:
Essentially, the idea is that the government will be doing all the oversea trading and keep the profits. In return, the tax rate on the people is kept low and the government is sustained by oversea trade.In fact, during Ming dynasty, silver (Chinese currency at the time) as far as Spain is flowing into the Chinese coffer

The fact is, silvers in Ming Dynasty is not even for civil circulation.

http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/19448070.html
[明清社會經濟變遷論 by傅衣凌 ] p17
 
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No, not really. Why would the rulers be the same? Aside from obviously things like personality differences, personal expertise, level of skill as well as having group of subjects and administrators, fundamentally, Ming dynasty's government structure is different from Qing dynasty. Ming dynasty, especially towards the end, places more government functions and decision making on the shoulder of the chancellor and his administrative assistance while Qing dynasty emphasize much more on the emperor itself. Ethnic conflicts and barriers in Qing dynasty is also significantly bigger. There are about a million different things between Ming and Qing dynasties, so why would they be the same?
In most situations, a decision is made with reasons and motivations behind it, especially national level decisions and long term policies.

I can't really see the "administrative assistance":


洪武六年,工部尚書王肅坐法當笞,太祖曰:『六卿貴重,不宜以細故辱,命以俸贖罪。』後羣臣罣誤許以俸償始此。然永嘉侯朱亮祖父子皆鞭死,工部尚書夏祥斃杖下,…廷杖之刑,自太祖始矣。
(卷九五,刑法志三)

至英宗時,宦官王振僭越相權,公卿多辱於廷杖,其甚者,立斃杖下。

明英宗景泰六年,南京大理寺少卿廖莊請復皇儲,其言激切忤旨,…命杖八十於陛前,…時禮部尚書章倫、監察御史鐘同,亦先言皇儲繫錦衣衛獄,因命就獄併杖之,倫幾死,同竟死焉。
(明英宗實錄卷二五七)

及明代中葉,廷杖亦施行於南京。明史云:

南京行杖,始於成化十八年。南京御史李珊等,以歲祲請振,帝摘其疏中訛字,令錦衣衛詣南京午門前,人杖三十 (Oh meu deus...),守備太監監之。至正德間,御史李熙劾貪吏,觸怒劉瑾,矯旨杖三十。時南京禁衛久不行刑,選卒習數日乃杖之,幾斃。
(明史,刑法志三)

熹宗時,宦官劉瑾專權,廷杖愈益慘酷。明史云:「天啟時,太監王體乾奉敕大審,重笞戚畹,李承恩以悅魏忠賢,於是萬燝、吳裕中斃於杖下。臺省力爭不得,閣臣葉向高言,數十年不行之敝政三見於旬日,萬萬不可再行,忠賢乃罷廷杖。」

¤¤µØ¦Ê¬ì¥þ®Ñ
 
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That could be the case. If I'm right, Persians and Chinese never clashed with each other, in despite of having centuries of relations. Diplomatic relations were always good.

exactly. to persians even we had border dispute.such like china and tajikstan border dispute in pamir mountains..
we solved the problem peacefully in 2011.
 
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Their handwriting really needs to be improved.
IM0499_zps2b9be162.jpg
 
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