Before you read this article, I would request you to act on the wise principle of examining and concentrating on WHAT is being said rather than WHO is saying it. Even though I am not a religious scholar and neither do I claim to have any authority over religious matters, but as a Muslim and a Pakistani I feel compelled to write this as the Islamic Ideology Council of Pakistan, supposedly the best Islamic scholarly minds my country has to offer, have given divine permission to husbands to beat their rebellious wives as long as “it doesn’t cause bruising and doesn’t break bones”. Who will decide if the wife is rebellious or not? Can you slap your wife a 100 times and punch her in the stomach as its unlikely both of these methods of beating will not leave a mark nor break a bone. Is it an integral pillar of belief or Iman in Islam to believe that a husband can beat his wife? If not, then why are we so reluctant to talk about it or change, what in my mind, is a misinterpretation of the word of Allah? Is it that we are not willing to re examine the interpretation of previous scholars because now we value the word of men more than the word of Allah and are committing the same mistake that Kufaar of Makkah made as they considered the words of their scholars and ancestors to be indisputable? Before
I start with elaborating the chronic and historically persistent misinterpretation of the concerned verse of the Quran and Ahadith, I want to ask the scholars one thing. Even if you want to continue to believe Allah authorized husbands to beat their wives, considering that domestic violence against women has become a norm in Pakistan, its impossible for a woman to get justice in the Police and Judicial system of Pakistan and righteousness in men is a scarce trait to find, why cant this so called commandment be suspended keeping the dire state of our society in mind? We can learn from Hazrat Ummar Khattab (RZ) in this case as he suspended the clear Quranic punishment of “Cutting hands of a thief” when Medina was struck by famine stating that how can he cut hands of a thief who steals food when he as Amir ul Momineen can not feed his people.
Anyhow, lets look at the Quran and Hadith which have been misinterpreted over the centuries and why they need to be re examined. The first part of verse 34 of chapter 4 of Quran states:
Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are sincere with their husbands, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard.
Please lets first be clear about the misconception that Men are superior to women. Quran has stated in multiple places that men and women are equal, for example : Quran 3:135 "I your lord, shall not lose sight of the labor of any of you who labors in My way, be it man or woman; each of you is equal to the other in the sight of your lord” However, as Quran treats a “Family” as an institution, the Husband has been given an upper hand as he is also given to sole responsibility to financially support his family and has placed no financial burden on the wife. So if the husband cannot fulfill his financial obligations to his wife and family, then he is no longer the head of family. In the same family institution, the Mother is given an upper hand over the father when it comes to children, as the responsibility of upbringing the child is with the mother. So in essence, men and women are absolutely equal in Islam, but in Family institution, roles are defined and hierarchy is established for the family members to build a strong family institution.
The next part of verse 34 of Chapter 4 states:
But those [wives] from whom you fear betrayal - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], leave them alone in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they mend their ways, seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted. (Quran 4:34) Similar commandment is also sent for women that if they see betrayal from their husbands, they can seek separation or divorce from their husbands (Quran 4:128). However, in both cases, Allah advises men and women to try their utmost best to make the marriage work. In the case of 4:34, As i searched more, i found that the word translated as “to strike” is “Idriboo-hunn” from the root word “Daraabaa”. This one word in Arabic has multiple meanings and is used in Quran many times with different meanings, such as·
-To travel, to get out: 3:156; 4:101; 38:44; 73:20; 2:273·
-To strike: 2:60,73; 7:160; 8:12; 20:77; 24:31; 26:63; 37:93; 47:4·
-To beat: 8:50; 47:27·
-To set up: 43:58; 57:13·
-To give (examples): 14:24,45; 16:75,76,112; 18:32,45; 24:35; 30:28,58; 36:78; 39:27,29; 43:17; 59:21; 66:10,11·
-To separate, to ignore: 43:5·
-To condemn: 2:61·
-To seal, to draw over: 18:11·
-To cover: 24:31·
-To explain: 13:17.
To my horror, most of the renowned scholars have translated this word to mean “to strike” even though it goes against the spirit of the Quranic use of the word “Idriboo”. Whenever Idriboo is used in a way of telling anyone “to strike” anything, the object of hitting or which body part to hit is also always described:· 2:60 Strike the rock with your staff· 8:012 Strike off their heads and strike off every fingertip of them· 20:77 Strike the sea with your staffSo in essence, Allah can never give permission to a Husband “to strike” or “Idriboo-hunn” his wife without specifying the object to hit with or the body part hence giving the Husband unhindered permission to hit the wife in whatever way he wants. This is NOT POSSIBLE especially when Allah tells Husbands to treat their wives with “extreme kindness” (Quran 4:19).
I fail to understand that why most scholars did not translate this word to simply mean “To Separate”. Hence, with this meaning, the verse 4:34 becomes clear and logical.
But those [wives] from whom you fear betrayal - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], leave them alone in bed; and [finally], separate from them. But if they mend their ways, seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted. (Al Quran 4:34)
This makes more sense as Allah tells in the very next verse that what to do incase of separation:And if you fear dissension between the two, send an arbitrator from his people and an arbitrator from her people. If they both desire reconciliation, Allah will cause it between them. Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing and Acquainted [with all things]. (Quran 4:35)
Contrary to popular belief that Quran discriminates against women, Quran in various places has ordered husbands to be kind to their wives (Quran 2:231, 4:19, 30:21). Even for divorced women, Quran makes sure their rights are protected, “"For divorced women Maintenance (should be provided) On a reasonable (scale). This is a duty On the righteous men.” Quran 2:241
As far as Hadith is concerned, there is not even a single Sahih Hadith that gives permission to a husband to beat his wife. Scholars opinion that “lightly beating your wife with a stick not bigger than a miswaak and it shouldnt leave a bruise is permissible” is based on sayings of the Prophet (PBUH) in matters that have nothing to do with the relationship of a husband and wife. For example, beating with a miswaak is based on the hadith where a servant in Umm Salama’s house disobeyed the Prophet (PBUH) and in anger the Prophet (PBUH) said “Had i not been fearful of being answerable on the day of judgment, i would have beaten you with this miswaak”. As reported by Ibn e Majah and Ibn e Hibban in their Sahih and cited by Al-Muttaqi in Kanz al-`Ummal (#39820, 39821, 39829).
Another example of scholar’s desperate attempt to justify their cruel interpretation of the word of Allah are the ahadith where the Prophet (PBUH) prohibited hitting on the face incase an unavoidable fight erupts between 2 people as reported in Sahih Bukhari, Hunting, Slaughtering, Volume 7, Book 67, Number 449 and Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 38, Prescribed Punishments (Kitab Al-Hudud), Number 4478. Indirect ahadith are also cited where the Prophet (PBUH) observed cases of people hitting their servants on the face and he strictly disapproved of it as cited in Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bukhari.
Few ahadith that seem to authorize wife beating are all classified as weak/daif by scholars. For example, “Abu Dawud, Book 11, Number 2142 Narrated Umar ibn al-Khattab:The Prophet said: A man will not be asked as to why he beat his wife.”This Hadith has been classified as weak/daif by Al Albaani and many other renowned scholars.
All the above mentioned and similar ahadith which have nothing to do with matters of a husband and wife, have been considered to formulate the “kind of beating” a rebellious wife can receive. I repeat, no scholar can present even a single Sahih hadith where the Prophet has authorized a husband to beat his wife, on the contrary, there are Sahih ahadith which very clearly prohibit a husband from beating his wife:
- Abu Dawud, Book 11, Number 2137:
Narrated Mu'awiyah al-Qushayri:
Mu'awiyah asked: Apostle of Allah, what is the right of the wife of one of us over him? He replied: That you should give her food as you eat, clothe her as you clothe yourself, do not strike her, do not revile her or separate yourself from her except in the house.
- Abu Dawud, Book 11, Number 2138:
Narrated Mu'awiyah ibn Haydah:
I said: Apostle of Allah, how should we approach our wives and how should we leave them? He replied: Approach your wife when or how you will, give her (your wife) food as you take food, clothe as you clothe yourself, be kind to her and do not beat her.
- Tafsir Ibn Kathir, chapter 68:Imam Ahmad recorded that `Aishah said, "The Messenger of Allah never struck a servant of his with his hand, nor did he ever hit a woman. He never hit anyone, except for when he was fighting Jihad in the cause of Allah.
- Abu Dawud, Book 1, Number 0142:
Narrated Laqit ibn Sabirah:
I (the narrator Laqit) then said: Messenger of Allah, I have a wife who has something (wrong) in her tongue, i.e. she is rebellious. He said: Then divorce her. I said: Messenger of Allah, I have children from her. He said: Then ask her (to obey you). If there is something good in her, she will do so (obey); be gentle to her and do not beat your wife.
- Hadith quoted in Imam Ghazzali's Ihya Ulum-Id-Din, Marriage section:
“The most perfect of believers in faith are those who are the finest in manners and most gentle towards their wives.”
In conclusion, Quran is the word of Allah which can be interpreted in many ways as to fit the social norms of the time and this is one of the biggest miracles of Quran. I fail to understand why scholars are so touchy on the matter of a husband beating his wife and why cant we use a different translation of the word which suggests “separation” rather than “beating”, especially at a time when domestic violence against women is at an all time high. Is wife beating an integral part of taqwa and belief ? Is it one of the fundamental principles of Islam? Is it really a pillar of Islam to believe that Allah authorized a man to beat his wife? If not, then why are our scholars so reluctant to accept a different translation of the word “Idribuhoon”. As far as this argument goes that great scholars before us translated the word as to “strike” and we cannot challenge their interpretation, well then I guess we are becoming exactly like the Kufaar of Makkah at the time of the Prophet (PBUH) who believed that the words of their ancestors and scholars are the final authority and unchallengeable. Maybe now we Muslims like to prefer the word of men over the word of Allah.
“Why do they not reflect upon the Quran, the word of Allah. Is it that there are locks placed upon their hearts?” Al Quran 47:24
Hamza Ali Abbasi (30th May, 2016)
