More about LAPAN
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
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National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (
Indonesian:
Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional/
LAPAN) is the
Indonesian government
space agency. It was established on November 27, 1963 by former Indonesian president
Sukarno after one year's existence of an informal space agency organization. LAPAN is responsible for long-term civilian and military aerospace research. For over two decades, it has managed
satellites^ domain-developed small scientific-technology satellites
Lapan and telecommunication satellites
Palapa, which were built by Hughes (now
Boeing Satellite Systems) and launched from the US on
Deltarockets or from
French Guiana using
Ariane 4 and
Ariane 5 rockets. It has also developed
sounding rockets and has been developing small orbital
space launchers that will allow Indonesia to join the
space power's club within the 2012-2014 time frame. It has also been reported that LAPAN plans to launch its first indigenous space launcher with a satellite payload some time in November 2013.
[1]
History[edit]
On May 31, 1962, Indonesia commenced aeronautics exploration when the Aeronautics Committee was established by the Indonesian Prime Minister,
Juanda, who was also the head of Indonesian Aeronautics. The secretary of Indonesian Aeronautics,
RJ Salatun, was also involved in the establishment.[
citation needed]
On September 22, 1962, the Initial Scientific and Military Rocket Project (known in Indonesia as
Proyek Roket Ilmiah dan Militer Awal or "
PRIMA") was formed as an affiliation of AURI (Indonesian Air Force) and
ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology). The outcome of the project was the launching of two "Kartika"("star") series rockets and their telemetric ordnances.
After two informal projects, which had no national contribution, the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) was established in 1963 by Presidential Decree 236.[
citation needed]
Programmes[edit]
For more than 20 years, LAPAN doing in research on Rocket, Remote Sensing, Satellites and Space Sciences.
Satellites[edit]
Palapa A1 and A2[edit]
The first program was the Palapa A1 (launched August 7, 1976) and A2 (launched October 3, 1977). The satellites were almost identical to Canada's
Anik and Western Union's
Westars although the Indonesian variants had larger parabolic reflectors suited to the large area of the
archipelago. Although the satellites belonged to the government-owned company Perumtel, the spacecraft were made in the
United States.[
citation needed]
LAPAN Satellites[edit]
The development of
microsatellites has become an opportunity for LAPAN in developing its space program. The development of such satellites requires only limited budget and facilities, compared to the development of big satellites. Meanwhile, the capability to develop micro-satellite will brings LAPAN to the readiness state to implement a future space program that will have measureable economic impact, and therefore contribute to the country’s sustainable development effort.
LAPAN-A1[edit]
Lapan-A1 or
Lapan-Tubsat is designed to transfer of knowledge, skill and experience on micro-satellite technology development from Technische Universität Berlin, Germany to LAPAN. The spacecraft is based the German DLR-Tubsat, but includes a new star sensor and features a new 45 × 45 × 27 cm structure. The satellite payload is a COTS video camera with 1000 mm lens, resulting into nadir resolution of 5 m and nadir swath of 3,5 km from 650 km altitude. In addition to that the satellite carries another video camera with 50 mm lens, resulting into 200 m resolution video image with swath of 80 km at nadir. The uplink and downlink for telemetry, tracking and command (TTC) is done in UHF and downlink for video is done in S-band analog. The satellite is successfully launched to SSO of 635 km as auxiliary payload in Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C7 from Sriharikota, India on January 10, 2007. LAPAN Tubsat performed technological experiments, earth observation and attitude control experiments. Google reference:
[2]
LAPAN-A2[edit]
The mission for LAPAN-A2 or LAPAN-ORARI is Earth observation using RGB camera, maritime traffic monitoring using Automatic Identification System (AIS) which can know about name and flag of the ship registered, ship type, physical and tonnage of the ship, correct and current route, departure and arrival port, and amateur radio communication (text & voice; ORARI is Indonesian Amateur Radio Organization). The satellite will be launched as auxiliary payloads for ASTROSAT mission which has orbit of be 650 km circular at inclination of 8 degree. The purpose of the project is to develop capability to design, Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) process of micro-satellite in Indonesia. The satelitte will be launched in first half of 2015 through Indian PSLV and will monitor Indonesia every 97 minutes or 14 times a day.
[2][3][4]
LAPAN-A3[edit]
LAPAN-A3 or LAPAN-IPB will perform experimental remote sensing mission. In addition to that, the satellite will support global AIS mission and amateur radio communication. The satellite payload is a 4-bands push broom multi-spectral imaging camera (Landsat band : B, G, R, NIR), which will give resolution of 18 m and coverage of 120 km from 650 km altitude. The satelitte will be launched in second half of 2015.
[4]
International cooperation[edit]
In 2008 Indonesia signed an agreement with the
Ukrainian National Space Agency (NSAU) that will allow access to rocket and satellite technologies.
Spaceport Development Plan[edit]
Biak Spaceport Plan (2006)[edit]
Since 2006 Indonesia and Russia have been discussing the possibility of launching satellite from Biak island using Air Launch technology. LAPAN and
Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA) have worked on a Government-to-Government agreement in Space Cooperation in order to enable such activities in Indonesia. It is planned that
Antonov An-124aircraft will deliver a Polyot space launch vehicle to the new Indonesian
spaceport on
Biak island (
West Papua province). This spaceport is well suited to commercial launches as it sits almost exactly on the
equator - any space vehicle launched at the
equator has a greater initial velocity imparted to it, making higher velocity or heavier payloads possible. In the spaceport, the launch vehicle will be fuelled and the satellites will be loaded on it. The Antonov An-124 carrying the launch vehicle is to fly at 10 km altitude above the ocean East of Biak island to jettison the launch vehicle
[5][6] In 2012, discussions resumed. The main stumbling block is Russian concerns over compliance with the terms of the
Missile Technology Control Regime; Russia is a co-signatory, Indonesia is not.
[7]
Enggano Launchpad Plan (2011)[edit]
In 2011, LAPAN plans to build a satellite launchpad at
Enggano Island,
Bengkulu province. It is located at the westernmost part of Indonesia at the
Indian Ocean coast. There are three possible locations, two in Kioyo Natural Park and one in Gunung Nanua Bird Park. The most strategic site for this launchpad is inside Nanua Bird Park, a place called Tanjung Laboko which is 20 meters above sea level and far from residential areas.
[8] The satellite launch pad requires area only one hectare, but the safety zone requires 200 hectares. The cost to be disbursed is Rp.40 trillion (around $4.5 billion). The location is also available for assembly of the rockets and launch preparations for satellites of up to 3.8 tonnes.
[9] The plan has concerned from the Bengkulu Natural Resources Conservation Agency because both parks are habitat for a number of bird species native to Enggano Island, which ended by rejetion by Bengkulu Province government.
[10]
Morotai Spaceport Plan (2012)[edit]
After studying the surrounding environment in 3 potential spaceport island sites (
Enggano-
Bengkulu,
Morotai-
North Maluku, and
Biak-
Papua), LAPAN (21/11) announced Morotai Island as a future spaceport site.
[11] Planning ensued starting in December 2012. The launch site's completion is expected in 2025. In 2013, LAPAN will launch an RX-550 experimental satellite launcher from some point in Morotai to decided.
[12] This island was selected according to the following criteria::
- Morotai Island's location near the equator, which makes the launch more economical.
- The island has 7 runways, one of them 2,400 meters, easily extended to 3,000 meters.
- The ease of building on Morotai, which is not densely populated and little potential for social conflict with native inhabitants.
- Morotai Island's east side faces the Pacific Ocean directly, reducing downrange risks to other island populations.
Field Installations[edit]
Ground Station[edit]
Remote Sensing Satellites Ground Station[edit]
The
Stasiun Bumi Satelit Penginderaan Jauh ("EO Satellite Ground Station") is located at
Parepare,
South Sulawesi. Its main functions include receiving and recording data from
earth observation satellites such as
Landsat,
SPOT,
ERS-1,
JERS-1,
Terra/Aqua MODIS, and
NPP operation since 1993.[
citation needed]
Weather Satellites Ground Station[edit]
These ground stations, located at
Pekayon,
Jakarta and
Biak, receive, record, and process data from
NOAA,
MetOp, and
Himawari weather satellite 24 times a day since 1982.[
citation needed]
LAPAN-TUBSAT was the first Indonesian surveillance micro-satellite, launched on 10 January 2007 by ISRO PSLV-C7 with Cartosat-2 developed with Technical University (TU) Berlin, where the satellite was manufactured. It circles the earth 14.5 times a day at an altitude of 630 km, in a polar orbit with an inclination of 97.60° and a period of 99.039 minutes. The longitude shift per orbit is about 24.828° with a ground track velocity of 6.744 km/s with an angular velocity of 3.635 deg/s, and a circular velocity of 7.542 km/s.
Rocket Flight Test Station[edit]
The LAPAN Rocket Launching Station is located at Pameungpeuk Beach Garut West Java (
7.646643°S 107.689018°E) and built from 1963 through cooperation between Indonesia and Japan, where the station is designed by Prof. Dr. Hideo Itokawa with the aim to support high atmospheric research using rocket Kappa - 8. Currently, this installation is equipped with facilities Motor Assembly Building, Launch Control Center Building, Meteorological Sounding System Building, Rocket Motor Storage Building and Dormitory.
Radar[edit]
Koto Tabang Equator Atmospheric Radar[edit]
The
Radar Atmosfer Khatulistiwa Koto Tabang is a
radar facility located at
Koto Tabang,
West Sumatra. It commenced operations in 2001. This facility is used for
atmosphericdynamics research, especially areas concerning global climate change, such as
El Niño and
La Niña climate anomalies.
[13]
Laboratory[edit]
Remote Sensing Technology and Data Laboratory[edit]
The
Remote Sensing Technology and Data Laboratory is located at
Pekayon in
Jakarta. Its functions include: data acquisition systems development, satellite payload imager systems development, satellite ground station system development, preliminary
satellite imagery image processing, such as
geometric correction,
radiometric correction and
National Remote sensing Data Bank.
Remote Sensing Applications Laboratory[edit]
The
Remote Sensing Applications Laboratory at
Pekayon,
Jakarta, has main function works with
remote sensing satellite data applications for
Land Resource,
Coastal-Marine Resources,
Environment Monitoring and
Disaster Mitigation.
Rocket Motor Laboratory[edit]
The
Laboratorium Motor Roket is located at
Tarogong,
West Java. It designs and produces
rocket propulsion systems.
Propellant Laboratory[edit]
The 'Laboratorium Bahan Baku Propelan
("Combustion Propellant Laboratory") researches propellant, such as oxidizer Ammonium perchlorate and Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene.
Satellite Technology Laboratory[edit]
The
Satellite Technology Laboratory is located at
Bogor,
West Java. Its functions include: research, development and engineering of the satellite payload, the satellite bus and facilities of the ground segment.
Aviation Technology Laboratory[edit]
The
Aviation Technology Laboratory is located at
Rumpin,
West Java. Its functions include: research, development and engineering of aerodynamics, flight mechanics technology, propulsion technology, avionics technology and aerostructure.
Observatories[edit]
Equatorial Atmosphere Observatory[edit]
The Equatorial Atmosphere Observatory of LAPAN are located at
Koto Tabang, West Sumatera, has a function for research on, (1) High-resolution observations of wind vectors will make it possible to study the detailed structure of the equatorial atmosphere that is related to the growth and decay of cumulus convection; (2) From long-term continuous observations, relationships between atmospheric waves and global atmospheric circulation will be clarified; (3) By conducting observations from near the surface to the ionosphere, it will be possible to reveal dynamical couplings between the equatorial atmosphere and ionosphere. (4) Based on these results, transports of atmospheric constituents such as ozone and greenhouse gases, and the variations of the Earth's atmosphere that lead to climatic change such as El-Nino and La-Nina, will be revealed.
Solar Radiation Observatory[edit]
The 'Stasiun Pengamat Radiasi Matahari
(Monitoring Stations [for] Solar Radiation) observe ultraviolet radiation of the sun. Operations began in 1992. These facilities were developed by Eko Instrument from Japan, and are located at Bandung and Pontianak.
Aerospace Observatory[edit]
The Aerospace Observatory of LAPAN are located at
Pontianak-West Kalimantan,
Pontianak-North Sulawesi,
Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara and
Watukosek-East Java, has a function for the observations in the field of Climatology, Atmosphere, Sun and Geomagnet.
Rockets[edit]
LAPAN rockets are classified "RX" (
Roket Eksperimental) followed by the diameter in millimeters. For example, the RX-100 has a diameter of 100 mm. LAPAN's current workhouse rocket propulsion system consists of four stages, namely the three-stage RX 420 and the RX-320 level. It is planned to use the RX-420 as a booster (rocket booster) RPS for the planned
Roket Pengorbit Satelit ("Orbital Satellite Rocket") planned to fly in 2014. In 2008 optimistic hopes were that this rocket,. known as
SLV (Satellite Launch Vehicle) would first be launched in Indonesia to 2012, and if there were extra funds pursuant to the good economic situation of 2007-8, possibly the year 2010. In fact, the LAPAN budget for 2008 and 2007 was Rp 200 billion (approximately USD $20million). Budgetary issues surrounding the international credit crises of 2008-2009 placed many Indonesian technical projects in jeopardy most especially the complete development of RX-420 and associated micro-satellite program to world-class standards ahead of project finalization schedule and the opportunity to work together with the world institutions. LAPAN hopes to be an educating partner with Indian Aerospace in sciences related to satellite.[
citation needed]
At November 11, 2010, LAPAN spokesman said the RX-550 rocket would undergo a static test in December this year and a flight test in 2012. The rocket will consist of four stages, will be part of an RPS-01 rocket to put a satellite in orbit. Before, the Polar LAPAN-TUBSAT (LAPAN-A1) satellite created in cooperation with Germany was successfully placed in orbit and until now still functioning well. The aim is to have home-made rockets and satellites.
[14]
LAPAN has re-established and rejuvenated Indonesian expertise in rocket and missile based weapons systems in cooperation with the TNI AL [Armed Forces of Indonesia] began in 2005. In April 2008, Indonesian TNI began a new missile research program alongside LAPAN. Prior to this, eight projects were sponsored by the TNI in Malacca monitoring with satellite remote LAPAN-TUBSat, most especially the theft of timber and alleged encroachment on
Indonesian territorial waters in the 2009 escalation over
Malaysia's claims to the huge gas fields off
Ambalat-island.
[15]
RX-100[edit]
RX-100 has: diameter of 110 mm length of 1900 mm mass of 30 kg and length of 1900 mm. Functions: to test rocket payload subsystems. Propellant type: solid-composite Fuel time: 2.5 seconds, Flight time: 70 seconds Maximum speed: Mach 1. Range: 11 km, 7000m altitude, Payload: Diagnostic,: GPS, altitude meter, gyro, 3-axis accelerometer, CPU processor and battery.
RX-150 / 120[edit]
Two-stage rocket launching
RX-150-120 supported by TNI-AD (Indonesian Army) and PT Pindad. Rocket with cruise distance 24 km was successfully launched from moving vehicle (Pindad Panser) on March 31, 2009.[
citation needed]
R-Han 122[edit]
R-Han 122 rocket has capability of a land-to-land weapon with a shooting range up to 15 kilometers with 1.8 Mach speed and on March 28, 2012 fifty R-Han 122 have been successfully launched.
[16] The rocket are the result of the six years LAPAN's work. By 2014, at least 500 R-Han 122 rockets will be part of army arsenal.
[17]
RX-250[edit]
The main[
clarification needed] rocket, the Lapan
RX-250 were launched regularly between 1987 to 2005.[
citation needed]
RX-320[edit]
In 2008 Lapan successfully flew two
RX-320. These 320 mm diameter rockets were launched on 2 July and 30 May 2008 at Pameungpeuk, West Java.
Space launchers[edit]
RPS-420 (Pengorbitan-1)[edit]
Category: micro-satellites orbital launch vehicle, similar to
Lambda from Japan, but with lighter modern materials and modern avionics. Launch unguided at a 70-degree angle of inclination with a four-stage solid rocket motor launcher.
[18]
Diameter: 420 mm Length: 6200 mm Lift-off mass: 1000 kg. Propellant: solid composite, firing time 13 seconds Thrust: 9.6 tons Flight duration: 205 seconds Maximum velocity: mach 4.5 Range: 101 km, 53000 m altitude Payload: diagnostic, GPS, altimeter, gyro, 3-axis accelerometer, processor and battery. The
RX-420 was entirely built using local materials.[
citation needed]
LAPAN carried out a stationary test on RX-420 on 23 December 2008 in Tarogong, West Java. The RX-420 missile was tested at the launching station Cilauteureun, Pameungpeuk District, Garut regency, West Java. The LAPAN RX-420 is the test bed for the entirely indigenously developed satellite launch vehicle. RX-420 is suitable for launch of micro-satellites (50 kg or less) and nano-satellites (5 kg or less) currently in co-development with Technical University of Berlin
The rocket launching plan will be extended in 2010 by launching combined RX-420-420 and in 2011 for combined RX-420-420 – 320 and SOB 420.
RPS-420/520 (Pengorbitan-2)[edit]
At planning stage are the RX-420 with multiple customizable configuration boosters and the planned 520mm RX-520. The RX-520 is predicted to be able to launch 100 kg+ payload into orbit. This large rocket is intended to be fueled by high-pressure liquid. Hydrogen Peroxide and various hydrocarbons are under evaluation. Addition of RX-420 boosters to the RX-520 is calculated to increase lifting capacity to 500 kg+ payload, although if too expensive, the proven Russian
Soyuz and
Energiya will likely be employed.
RX-520 consists of one RX-420 and two boosters of RX-420 in stage-1, one RX-420 in stage-2, one RX-420 in stage-3 and as a payload launcher one RX-320 in stage-4.
[3][19]
RX-550[edit]
In 2013, LAPAN intends to launch an RX-550 experimental satellite launcher from some point in Morotai to decided.
[12]
LAPAN Library[edit]
In June 2009, LAPAN launched its extensive online library of over 8000 titles on aeronautics and astronautics. This is the largest dedicated aerospace library in ASEAN and it is hoped to bring Indonesian and ASEAN talent into the LAPAN program, especially for those disadvantaged by location. It is unclear how much content will be available freely to the public, and what specific form of library will operate.
[20]
Komurindo[edit]
Komurindo or Kompetisi Muatan Roket Indonesia means Indonesia Payload Rocket Competition. The competition is established by Lapan, Education Ministry and some Universities, etc. for enhance rocket research in the Universities. The third competition has been done in late June 2011 in the Pandansimo Beach of Bantul,
Yogyakarta.
[21]
Aircraft[edit]
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
LAPAN
Cruise Missile Programs :
Electric Ducted Fan (EDF) Engine
RKX 220 Turbo Jet Engine
