Maira La
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How do you explain such less percentage of steppe ancestry(4% - 15/20%)despite us speaking the language of the aryans along with a rigid caste system for a long time along with calling our land Aryavarta? If upper castes are all just european people who invaded wouldn't they have much much more percentage of steppe DNA? Especially since we have a caste system which Brahmins especially follow rigidly.
The issue is most of the native ancestry in the upper caste are female mediated. Which means there was serious lack of female partners for the invading/migrating Aryans.
They took wives from BMAC (also assimilated BMAC men), took wives from IVC and from among Gangetic natives. There were few female invaders/migrants, but a surplus of native women for leisure and procreation, for generations after arrival.
This scenario is repeated inside India itself, when North Indian Brahmin men arrived in South India, took local wives and got further native-ized. Today the Pancha Dravida Brahmins are more native shifted than their North Indian counterparts.
When you look at the Y-DNA composition of Brahmins, it's mostly West Eurasian. However when check the mtDNA frequency you'd find that a plurality or even majority of the mtDNA are native M, R and U2.
Geographically, Pakistan and Indian Punjab are fully dominated by West Eurasian Y-DNA, with probably about less than 5% non-West Eurasian lineage. However deeper into Indian peninsula it's only the upper caste that show this sort of Y-DNA frequency, with significant native Y-DNA among mid and lower castes.