China denies complicity in Pak's nuclear, missile programme

[Hindustani78]

http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580163/china-denies-complicity-paks-nuclear.html
Beijing, Nov 9, 2016 (PTI)

Questioning a UK think tank report alleging its complicity in Pakistan's nuclear and missile programmes, China today said it has a world class "catch all" control system to curb proliferation of proscribed technologies.

"We have seen this report," Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman, Lu Kang told media briefing here replying to a question on the report titled 'Pakistan's strategic nuclear and missile industries,' prepared by Project Alpha at King's College, London which has alleged that Pakistan has procured supplies from China for its nuclear and missile programmes.

"What is mentioned in this report sounds so true but it doesn't hold water because it evades a fundamental question that is whether all the exports China made to Pakistan violates its legal and international obligations," Lu said.

The report identified China as the most important supplier of all forms of goods to Pakistan's nuclear and missile programmes, and most procurements from China are "probably from unwitting private suppliers".

"But, on a smaller scale, Chinese state and private entities continue to knowingly supply Pakistan's strategic programmes with sensitive equipment," it said.

While Pakistan's reliance on China's sensitive technologies is not surprising in view of their close and strategic ties, "it does nonetheless raise questions about China's commitment to the principles of the export control regimes which it claims to subscribe," the report said.

Denying China's complicity, Lu said: "As for our exports and non proliferation policies China is always responsible in this regard.

"We adopt catch all controls and list management. This is world class management system. With regard to whether any Chinese enterprise violated the law in pursuit of their own interests, for us, once they are discovered we will deal with them seriously," he said.

"There is no other country round the world that can declare 100 per cent sure that they do not have such enterprises. If the think tank is interested in China's non proliferation export controls then I suggest to them read carefully China's relevant regulations and they can compare the lists and relevant laws and see whether we violated the system," he said.

China has helped Pakistan in establishing several nuclear power plants. It is currently building two 1100 mw reactors in Karachi with USD 6.5 billion assistance.

Beijing claims its assistance to Pakistan to build nuclear power plants is under the norms of Nuclear Suppliers Group, (NSG) and the Internal Atomic Energy Agency, (IAEA).

The report also said that in view of its record in proliferation, Pakistan is not expected to be welcomed into the NSG.

The deceptive methods used by Pakistan to obtain dual-use goods questions "Pakistan's claim that it is a responsible actor in the non-proliferation domain.

"Pakistan cannot expect to be welcomed into the NSG when it continues to secretly and systematically undermine NSG members' national export control systems by targeting companies through the use of front companies and other deceptive techniques," the report said.

 

[Hindustani78]

1968 NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY

Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (the Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT), the nuclear weapon states undertake not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over them to any recipient whatsoever,and not to assist, encourage or induce any non-nuclear weapon state to manufacture or otherwise
acquire nuclear weapons. The parties also pledge to work towards nuclear disarmament.

Non-nuclear weapon states undertake not to accept nuclear weapons or other nuclear devices and not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons and not to seek or receive any assistance for their manufacture.

A non-nuclear weapon state party to the treaty shall enter an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on opening up its nuclear energy sector to control. The IAEA shall monitor that no significant amount of fissionable material goes astray. Non-nuclear weapon states parties to the treaty are guaranteed the right to develop research,production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

************

The Zangger Committee was established in 1971 when major nuclear suppliers, including Australia, came together to reach a common understanding on how to implement their obligation under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) not to supply nuclear material and equipment to non-nuclear weapon states outside the NPT unless International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards were in place.

In 1974, the Committee published a list of items - known as the Trigger List - that could be transferred to non-nuclear-weapon states outside the NPT only on condition of certain safeguards and assurances.

The Committee established three conditions for supply; an assurance of non-explosive use, a requirement that the item be placed under IAEA safeguards, and an assurance that the receiving state would apply the same conditions when transferring the items to other states.

The Committee currently has 39 members.

*******************

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), created in 1974, aims to prevent civilian nuclear trade from contributing to nuclear weapons programs in non-nuclear weapon states.

In 1992 additional guidelines were established for transfers of nuclear equipment, material and technology with both civil and military applications. The NSG also amended its guidelines to require non-nuclear weapon states to accept the application of IAEA safeguards on all their current and future nuclear activities as a condition of nuclear supply.

 

[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]

quite simple summary:
when china develop something it is copy of US or russian tech. when pakistan does it,it is the copy of chinese tech.
when india develop something, it is the best in the world.

 

[Hindustani78]

quite simple summary:
when china develop something it is copy of US or russian tech. when pakistan does it,it is the copy of chinese tech.
when india develop something, it is the best in the world.

The Zangger Committee was established in 1971 when major nuclear suppliers, including Australia, came together to reach a common understanding on how to implement their obligation under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) not to supply nuclear material and equipment to non-nuclear weapon states outside the NPT

Republic of India have worked on its own on Nuclear technology after ours territories were occupied in 1962.



China claimed two areas within the Indian territory:Aksai-chin area in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir and
much of the state of Arunachal pradesh in what was then called NEFA (North Eastern Frontier Agency). Between 1957 and 1959,the Chinese occupied the Aksai-chin area and built a strategic road there.



India has all along advocated a comprehensive Test Ban Treaty as the most important disarmament measure. India was one of those ̳third world‘ state which in the 1950s and the 1960s had taken initiatives to prevent the spread of
nuclear weapons and opposed to increasing testing and proliferation of these weapons and pleaded for curbing
nuclear arms.

India had played an active role in the process of the formulation of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. But refused to sign the treaty because of its various flows. Actually India, along with Ireland and Sweden, was in the forefront of those non-nuclear countries which had strongly advocated the non-dissemination and non -acquisition of nuclear weapons.

India signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty, while China refused to do so. After China exploded the atomic bomb in 1964, the Indian policy underwent a change.


the Indian representative proposed in the UN Disarmament Commission in 1965 that nuclear powers should undertake not to transfer nuclear weapons or nuclear weapon technology to others, not to use nuclear weapons against countries which do not possess them, to safeguard the security ofthe countries threatened by those possessing nuclear weapon capability or about to have nuclear weapon capability, to make tangible progress towards disarmament,including a comprehensive test ban treaty, to freeze production of nuclear weapons and means of delivery as well as work for a sustained reduction in the existing stock,and finally non-nuclear powers should undertake not to acquire or manufacture nuclear weapons.


Before China exploded the atomic bomb in 1964, India was one of the most active and vocal members of the non-
nuclear states which had advocated the non - proliferation of nuclear weapons.

India‘s stand on the issue of non - proliferation of nuclear weapons after China went nuclear emanated from the presence of the Chinese nuclear weapons in the vicinity of India and which posed a major security threat.


India‘s Minister for External Affairs, M.C. Changla, on 27 March 1967 told the Indian Parliament that India had a special problem of security against nuclear attack or nuclear blackmail, and that the non-proliferation treaty would put India in a
worse position than communist China.

Indian objection to the NPT were listed in a statement made by Ambassador M.A. Hussain of India at 57th meeting of the first committee of the UN on 14th May 1968.

Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, however, showed his government‘s awareness of the possible threat a nuclear China could pose to India‘s security. At the conference of the Non-Aligned Nations held in Cairo on 7 October 1964, he
referred to the ―disturbing indications‖ that China was about to explode a nuclear device.

Chinese nuclear threat to India had been highlighted during the 1960s in a strong manner by Indian political parties, scientists and strategic analysts despite the Government of India not giving it due importance. Dr. Homi Bhabha, the
architect of India‘s nuclear energy programme, in a paper presented to Pugwash conference in 1 January 1964, about 10 months before China exploded its nuclear weapon device, noted that China was so large that ̳it must always present a threat to its smaller neighbours, a threat they can only meet either by collective security or by recourse to nuclear weapons.

The second was quickly followed by the third, a ̳thermonuclear‘ explosion on 9th May 1966. It indicated that the explosion had been set off for China‘s first hydrogen bomb.

The newly appointed Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission,Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, at his first conference on June 1st , 1966, expressed the official view on the issue by saying that exploding an atom bomb without complete nuclear defence system would amount only to ̳creating a paper tiger‘. India‘s security needed a complete defence system like atomic warheads, long-range missiles for delivery and radar early warning system in addition to the required commitment to resources.

Deputy Prime Minister Morarji Desai, who had pleaded in August 1966, ―We must not be tempted, bullied and frightened into giving up the most sacred principle of human approach to international affairs. He said, ―India had been demanding since 1945 a ban on the atom bomb. That demand would lose force if India herself went in for the atom bomb.‖ Even after China exploded her fifth atom bomb.

Chinese successful launching of a nuclear weapon tipped missile on October 27th , 1966, its conducting of fourth nuclear test, and testing of its first hydrogen bomb on June 17th, 1967.

The Soviet Union offered crucial help to jump start the ballistic missile program. Two R-1 (SS-1) rockets built by Korolev's design bureau were provided to China in 1956. More advanced R-2 (SS-2) missiles reached the country in December 1957. The missiles were followed by extensive engineering documentation and equipment and a large number of Soviet specialists arriving to organize production of the R-2 in China. Simultaneously, 50 Chinese students were sent to study missile technology in a leading Soviet educational engineering institution, the Moscow Aviation Institute.

The range of the R-2 was limited to 600 km (370 miles), which was a smaller flight distance than needed to hit American military installations in Japan. In addition, the missile was not capable of carrying the projected weight of the first Chinese atomic bombs. Therefore, Research Academy No.5 initiated development of the new, more capable DF series of ballistic missiles; DF standing for Dong Feng or East wind in Chinese.


Chinese scientists and engineers learned diligently from their one-time Soviet brothers, as they demonstrated by a successful launch of the first R-2 from a newly established missile test site in September 1960, one month after departure of the Soviet mentors. This first fired R-2 was actually built in the USSR, but it was fueled by the Chinese-made propellants. The successful launch of the Chinese-made R-2 followed on 5 November, and two more missiles were fired in December of the same year.

In a short time, the PRC had become capable of developing its own ballistic missiles. The new Chinese-designed and built missile DF-2 was expected to be capable of reaching any place in Japan with a 1500-kg (3300-lb) warhead. Tsien personally initiated development of another even more advanced long-range rocket similar in performance characteristics and configuration to the first Soviet ICBM R-7 (SS-6). This task was however too challenging for Chinese rocketeers at that time, and the program was cancelled in 1963.

 

[Hareeb]

NSG was founded in response of Indian Nuclear Test in 1974, and now US and its allies want Indian entry in NSG without signing NPT. LOL. These type of useless reports are just aimed at China to put pressure on her for not to block india's bid. But they wont successful until Pakistan too get NGS membership.

 

[Hindustani78]

NSG was founded in response of Indian Nuclear Test in 1974, and now US and its allies want Indian entry in NSG without signing NPT. LOL. These type of useless reports are just aimed at China to put pressure on her for not to block india's bid. But they wont successful until Pakistan too get NGS membership.

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), created in 1974, aims to prevent civilian nuclear trade from contributing to nuclear weapons programs in non-nuclear weapon states.


In 1992 additional guidelines were established for transfers of nuclear equipment, material and technology with both civil and military applications.

This means Nuclear weapons delivery system .

 

[Max]

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), created in 1974, aims to prevent civilian nuclear trade from contributing to nuclear weapons programs in non-nuclear weapon states.


In 1992 additional guidelines were established for transfers of nuclear equipment, material and technology with both civil and military applications.

This means Nuclear weapons delivery system .

NSG was founded bcoz India used Canadian supplied civilian reactor for nuclear arms, this was first known exploitation and cheating which led to NSG.. But despite this canada is ready to sell fissile material to Bharat yet they [western] want to lecture China.

 

[Hareeb]

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), created in 1974, aims to prevent civilian nuclear trade from contributing to nuclear weapons programs in non-nuclear weapon states.


In 1992 additional guidelines were established for transfers of nuclear equipment, material and technology with both civil and military applications.

This means Nuclear weapons delivery system .

But... you forget the background for why they founded NSG. Simply google its history and you will found its relation to Indian nuclear bomb.
Bottom line is: Indian entry in NSG is impossible without Pakistani entry.

 

[Hindustani78]

NSG was founded bcoz India used Canadian supplied civilian reactor for nuclear arms, this was first known exploitation and cheating which led to NSG.. But despite this canada is ready to sell fissile material to Bharat yet they [western] want to lecture China.

I think you are not aware of Indian Nuclear programme much.

Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), established in the year 1971 is a major industrial unit of Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.

History.
India is pursuing an indigenous three stage Nuclear Power Programme involving closed fuel cycles of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and Liquid Metal cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs) for judicious utilisation of the relatively limited reserves of uranium and vast resources of thorium. PHWRs form the first stage of the Power programme which uses zircaloy as clad & Natural uranium dioxide as fuel. In addition, India is operating two Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) since 1969. The zircaloy clad enriched uranium oxide fuel elements and assemblies for these reactors are fabricated at NFC starting from imported enriched uranium hexafluoride.

The advanced technologies for the production of nuclear grade uranium di-oxide fuel, zirconium metal and zirconium alloy tube components and the manufacture of fuel bundles conforming to reactor specifications were developed through systematic efforts during the late 50's and the 60's.

Indian Nuclear Power Programme as projected in the early '70s the capacities have been under continuous review. With the experience gained in the operation of various production plants, process and equipment modifications have been incorporated to progressively improve plant performance. The stage has now been reached for substantial increase in capacities and plans have been drawn up for establishing new plants to cater to the requirements of fuel and zircaloy for the 6,000 Mwe Indian Nuclear Power Programme to be implemented in this decade.

**********

Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (the Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT), the nuclear weapon states undertake not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over them to any recipient whatsoever,and not to assist, encourage or induce any non-nuclear weapon state to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons.

************

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),Government of India. The Company was registered as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956

NPCIL is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of nuclear power reactors.

 

[Basel]

quite simple summary:
when china develop something it is copy of US or russian tech. when pakistan does it,it is the copy of chinese tech.
when india develop something, it is the best in the world.

You just nailed it, that is what Indian mentality is.

 

[Hindustani78]

The first experimental nuclear reactor Apsara was indigenously built and commissioned in 1956. Subsequently, five more reactors namely CIRUS (40 MWt),ZERLINA, Purnima, Kamini and Dhruva (100 MWt).

“APSARA” lovingly christened by Pandit Nehru himself, is a reactor of historical importance to the atomic energy community in India. It was the first ever reactor built in the whole of Asia, outside the erstwhile Soviet Union, at that time. Designing, building and operating this 1 MWt reactor provided very valuable experience and it instilled immense confidence in Indian scientists and engineers.

Construction of this reactor was completed in a year’s time and the reactor attained its first criticality at 3.46 pm on August 4, 1956.

ZERLINA, the Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and New Assemblies, was the third reactor to be built in India
and was a totally indigenous facility. This reactor was made critical for the first time on January14, 1961.

 

[Cyberian]

Incorrect. Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons with India's help.

India sent hundreds of scientists and engineers in 19700s and 1980s to Pakistan to advance the nuclear program in the hope that one day Pakistan would help reduce India's population.

 

[Chinese-Dragon]

India attacked China during our worst EVER famine (Great leap forward) in 1962, while we were starving to death.

Nothing we can do will be able to balance that.

Even if we did test thermonukes on Pakistan's behalf (officially we deny that), did they nuke anyone (like America did)? Did they attack a country dying from starvation?

 

[Tamilnadu]

India attacked China during our worst EVER famine (Great leap forward) in 1962, while we were starving to death.

Nothing we can do will be able to balance that.

Even if we did test thermonukes on Pakistan's behalf (officially we deny that), did they nuke anyone (like America did)? Did they attack a country dying from starvation?

As you said you where starving to death at that time and there would have been a civil war or uprise against CCP.

CCP needed a diversion and attacked India.
If CCP had not attacked India and diverted peoples attention from their sufferings,today china would have been a democracy.

I have seen you posting the same lines everytime.not even chaging a word as if copy pasting a templete.if i dont mention this i know whats your next post will be."you dont believe your own internal report" and link to the alleged report.

 

[Chinese-Dragon]

As you said you where starving to death at that time and there would have been a civil war or uprise against CCP.

CCP needed a diversion and attacked India.
If CCP had not attacked India and diverted peoples attention from their sufferings,today china would have been a democracy.

I have seen you posting the same lines everytime.not even chaging a word as if copy pasting a templete.if i dont mention this i know whats your next post will be."you dont believe your own internal report" and link to the alleged report.

Alright.

According to the Indian Army's own internal report, it was India who attacked China:

It wasn't China, but Nehru who started the 1962 War - Times of India

Now, like the rest of the Indian members here, you are going to call your own Army a liar.

India saw a country that was starving to death, and they decided to be cheap opportunists. Now you are crying that we helped Pakistan with their nuclear weapons in retaliation. Sorry, you are not important enough.