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Calculus created in India 250 years before Newton: study

maybe ..... you perfectly define the meaning of moron :lol:. This thread is about Indian Calculus so I do not wish to derail it, but if you want you can open a new thread on how 'great' the wall in china is. :P

You already derailed it, LOL.
It's greater than all your so called engineering "marbles" combined.
 
Go back to eating cockroaches and lizards.

:lol:. The purpose of the great wall was to keep Mongols out. However , it took the Mongols a couple of minutes to get over the wall once they reached it and they still managed to massacre hundreds of thousands of you tiny little weak Chinamans. The great wall is a perfect example of an engineering disaster. Low IQ Chinese thought the mongols were as stupid as them and won't be able to get across the wall :lol:

Leave aside the purpose, you have nothing in India to rival the engineering feat of the great wall.

Now you want to talk purpose? The mongols couldn't find a way through the wall for thousand of years, but they easily rode into India within months and conquered you from over 300 years, LOL
 
LOL!!! Posts in this very thread proves what Indians can invent :closed:
 
A-U-M-Silence . . . the ancient sound of "OM"

Seeking the unstruck sound

Ancient teachings and modern science agree: you, I, all living things, all things in existence are made up at their most essential level of vibrating, pulsing energy.

For millennia, mystics have recounted their experience of this energy, which is said to manifest in our hearing awareness as a humming vibration around and within everything else.

In the Sanskrit tradition, this sound is called "Anahata Nada," the "Unstruck Sound." Literally, this means "the sound that is not made by two things striking together." The point of this particular distinction is that all ordinary audible sounds are made by at least two elements: bow and string; drum and stick; two vocal cords; two lips against the mouthpiece of the trumpet; the double reed of the oboe; waves against the shore; wind against the leaves. All sounds within our range of hearing are created by things visible or invisible, striking each other or vibrating together, creating pulsing waves of air molecules which our ears and brain interpret as sound.

So, sound that is not made of two things striking together is the sound of primal energy, the sound of the universe itself. Joseph Campbell likens this unstruck vibration to the humming of an electrical transformer, or the (to our ears) unheard hummings of atoms and molecules.

And the ancients say that the audible sound which most resembles this unstruck sound is the syllable OM. Tradition has it that this ancient mantra is composed of four elements: the first three are vocal sounds: A, U, and M. The fourth sound, unheard, is the silence which begins and ends the audible sound, the silence which surrounds it.

There are several traditional and allegorical interpretations of this ancient sound.

One ancient tradition of AUM

The lovliest explanation of OM is found within the ancient Vedic and Sanskrit traditions. We can read about AUM in the marvelous Manduka Upanishad, which explains the four elements of AUM as an allegory of the four planes of consciousness.

"A" (pronounced "AH" as in "father") resonates in the center of the mouth. It represents normal waking consciousness, in which subject and object exist as separate entities. This is the level of mechanics, science, logical reason, the lower three chakras. Matter exists on a gross level, is stable and slow to change.

Then the sound "U" (pronounced as in "who") transfers the sense of vibration to the back of the mouth, and shifts the allegory to the level of dream consciousness. Here, object and subject become intertwined in awareness. Both are contained within us. Matter becomes subtle, more fluid, rapidly changing. This is the realm of dreams, divinities, imagination, the inner world.

"M" is the third element, humming with lips gently closed. This sound resonates forward in the mouth and buzzes throughout the head. (Try it.) This sound represents the realm of deep, dreamless sleep. There is neither observing subject nor observed object. All are one, and nothing. Only pure consciousness exists, unseen, pristine, latent, covered with darkness. This is the cosmic night, the interval between cycles of creation, the womb of the divine Mother.

The Yoga of AUM

It might be said that the ultimate aim of Yoga is to enter this third dreamless realm while awake. Yoga means "yoke" or "join." Through yoga we "join" our waking consciousness to its "source" in the world of pure, qualitiless unconsciousness.

Which brings us to the fourth sound of AUM, the primal "unstruck" sound within the silence at the end of the sacred syllable. In fact, the word "silence" itself can be understood only in reference to "sound." We hear this silence best when listening to sound, any sound at all, without interpreting or judging the sound. Listening fully, openly, without preconceptions or expectations. The sound of music, the sound of the city, the sound of the wind in the forest. All can give us the opportunity to follow the path of sound into the awareness of the sound behind the sound.

When one really "listens" to this silent sound, this unstruck vibration, one comes inevitably to stillness, to pure and open existence. The poet Gerhart Hauptmann says the aim of all poetry is "to let the Word be heard resounding behind words." The sound behind the sound. And, in making the sound of AUM, we hear this unstruck sound most clearly in the instant when the last humming vibrations of the "M" fade away. At that moment, that instant separating audible sound and silence, the veil is thinnest, and our listening awareness is most expansive.

At that moment of silence, to use William Blake's words, the "doors of perception" are cleansed, and "everything would appear to man as it is, infinite."

For the Trolls

One of my favorite exercises with the sacred AUM sound involves a more modern interpretation of its elements. In short: "A" is the sound of infinite expanding energy in the universe, the energy of unity consciousness and Divine Love; "U" is the sound of that very energy manifesting and materializing in our waking reality; with the sound of "M" we absorb and integrate that energy into our own being. In the silence after the sound we give thanks and allow the process to resonate within us.

Try this: stand comfortably, feet shoulder width apart, hands and arms hanging easily at your sides. Prepare to make the "AUM" sound, all three vowels in one seamless breath. Inhale gently, easily, expanding into your belly as you breathe. Open your mouth fully as you inhale, as if to "inhale" the "A" sound itself, creating the intention of the sound before the sound actually begins.

Then, as you begin to make the "A" sound, raise your arms out to the side, as if opening to embrace all the universe. Than as your voice transitions seamlessly to the "U" sound, extend your arms to the front, as if to hold something precious and powerful in your hands. You might wish to visualize some shape, round and energetic, manifesting between the palms of your hands. Then, gliding from "U" to the "M" sound, bring your hands, and whatever they may contain, to your heart center. Finally, in the echo of the silence, bring your palms to your chest, pressing them lovingly to your heart. Breathe gently.

Repeat this exercise several times. It is remarkably centering and relaxing.


Find your own way Trolls

The most important aspect of this second form of AUM is the combination of sound and movement. It really doesn't matter what "images" you create in your mind as you do this exercise, or what specific significance you choose to attribute to each of the individual vowel sounds. The mere fact that you are intoning this ancient sound, and combining it with gentle intuitive movements of the upper body, will have a naturally gentle and balancing effect on your body, mind, emotions, and spirit.

In that state, we can best hear the the Anahata Nada, the unstruck sound behind the sound, the very Sound of the Self.

OM SHANTI SHANTI SHANTI
 
Leave aside the purpose, you have nothing in India to rival the engineering feat of the great wall.

Now you want to talk purpose? The mongols couldn't find a way through the wall for thousand of years, but they easily rode into India within months and conquered you from over 300 years, LOL

LOL, Engineering feat my ***. It's nothing but a simple wall which the mongols climbed in a matter of minutes. The stupid chinese obviously thought that the mongols were short , weak and stupid like the Chinese. However , they managed to climb over that engineering disaster and massacred 60 million chinese. :lol:. And when did Mongols invade India you dumbass? India never got invaded by Mongols.

I beg to differ. Indians are gaining recognition in many fields.

India is world's capital for open defecation: Ramesh

But Chinamans are not far behind. Look :woot:
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/11/dead-pigs-chinese-river

Dead-pigs-float-in-a-bran-010.jpg
 
LOL, Engineering feat my ***. It's nothing but a simple wall which the mongols climbed in a matter of minutes. The stupid chinese obviously thought that the mongols were short , weak and stupid like the Chinese. However , they managed to climb over that engineering disaster and massacred 60 million chinese. :lol:. And when did Mongols invade India you dumbass? India never got invaded by Mongols.

But Chinamans are not far behind. Look :woot:

Says who? You? You're so dimwitted, you don't even know Mughals means Mongols. According to the world, Great Wall is one of the 8 wonders of the world. Cry me a river, :omghaha: :omghaha:

Look at your own backward, dead human bodies and carcass rot in Ganges and you guys bath in there LOL.
 
The Grand Trunk road(modern name) was first built by Maurya Empire to connect Patliputra with the silk Route.

Please call it by its real name ...i.e Uttarapatha.

It was built more than 2,500 years ago and has been in continuous use for 2,500 years, stretching from Kabul to Culcutta. It is more than 2,500 Km long. No need to tell that to the chinese troll though....... for him a wall is an engineering marvel. :angel:

000-GTR%20map.jpg
 
LOL, Engineering feat my ***. It's nothing but a simple wall which the mongols climbed in a matter of minutes. The stupid chinese obviously thought that the mongols were short , weak and stupid like the Chinese. However , they managed to climb over that engineering disaster and massacred 60 million chinese. :lol:. And when did Mongols invade India you dumbass? India never got invaded by Mongols.
Indians were enslaved for 1000 years. Now they are world's capital in at least two categories :woot: By 2030 they will be shupah-powah!

MAHMUD OF GHAZNI (Ghazni is in current Afghanistan)

In year 1000 Mahood Gaznavi passed through India like a whirlwind, destroying, pillaging, and massacring,zealously following the quranic injunctions to kill idolators, whom he had vowed to chastise every year of his life.

His personal historian Alberuni Yamini writes "Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country and performed there wonderful exploits, by which hindus became like atoms of the dust." He described the attack on the following cities as follows:

• At Thaneshwar. "The blood of the infidels flowed so copiously at Thanesar that the stream was discolored, not withstanding its purity, and people were unable to drink it. The Sultan returned with plunder which is impossible to count. Praise be to Allah for the honor he bestows on Islam and Muslims."

• At Somnath

"The Muslims paid no regard to the booty till they had satiated themselves with the slaughter of the infidels and worshipers of sun and fire.... The number of infidels killed exceeded 50,000"

• At Mathura

"The infidels...deserted the fort and tried to cross the foaming river...but many of them were slain, taken or drowned... Nearly fifty thousand men were killed."

At Varnasi, Ujjan, Maheshwar,Jwalamukihi, and Dwarka

"Infidels were slaughtered and not one temple survived whole and in tact"

MOHAMMED GHOURI AND QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK (from Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir)

• Kol (Modern Aligarh) "those of the horizon who were wise and acute were converted to Islam, but those who stood by their ancestoral faith were slain with the sword" • Kol (Modern Aligarh)

20,000 prisoners were taken and made slaves

'Three bastions were raised as high as heaven with their heads and their carcases became food for the beasts of prey • Kalinjar 50,000 prisoners were taken as slaves • Varnasi or Kasi (Benaras) :Kamil-ut-Tawarikh of Ibn Asir records, "The slaughter of Hindus (at Varanasi) was immense; none were spared except women and children,(who were taken into slavery) and the carnage of men went on until the earth was weary." BAKHTIAR KHILJI • Destroyed Nalanda • Massacred Buddhist monks FEROZE SHAH TUGHLAQ (from Insha-i-Mahry by Ahmed Din Abdullah bin Mahru)

• Delhi : (after Hindus paid the toleration tax (zar-i zimmiya) and poll-tax(jizya) they were foolish enough to build their temples.So...) "...Under divine guidance I (Sultan) destroyed these temples and I killed the leaders of these infedility and others I subjected to stripes and chastisement " • Delhi: -a punishment in detail-(From Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi)

"A report was brought to the Sultan than there was in Delhi an old Brahman who persisted in publicly performing the worship of idols in his house and that people of the city, both Muslims and Hindus used to resort to his house to worship the idol. The Brahman had constructed a wooden tablet which was covered within and without with paintings of demons and other objects. An order was accordingly given to the Brahman and was brought before Sultan.The true faith was declared to the Brahman and the right course pointed out. but he refused to accept it.

A pile was risen on which the Kaffir with his hands and legs tied was thrown into and the wooden tablet on the top. The pile was lit at two places his head and his feet. The fire first reached him in the feet and drew from him a cry and then fire completley enveloped him. Behold Sultan for his strict adherence to law and rectitude."

• Gohana (Haryana):

"Some Hindus had erected a new idol-temple in the village of Kohana and the idolaters used to assemble there and perform their idolatrous rites. These people were seized and brought before me.

I ordered that the perverse conduct of these leaders of this wickedness be punished by publicly abd that they should be put to death before the gate of the palace." JajnagarExpedition objectives as stated by Sultan) (Source:Ainn-ul-Mulk) o massacring the unbelievers

on demolishing their temples

• Orissa:'Sirat-i-Firoz Shahi' records his expedition with the following words:

"nearly 100,000 men of Jajnagar had taken refuge with their women, children, kinsmen and relations The swordsmen of Islam turned the island into a basin of blood by the massacre of the unbelievers.

Women with babies and pregnant ladies were haltered, manacled, fettered and enchained, and pressed as slaves into service in the house of every soldier."

SULTANS OF MAMLUK DYNASTY • Rohilkhand:Badauni reports in his 'Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh'

"In two days after leaving Delhi, he arrived in the midst of the territory of Katihar and put to death every male, even those of eight years of age, and bound the women"

ALAUDDIN KHILJI

• Kambayat:Abdulla Wassaf writes in his Tazjiyat-ul-Amsar wa Tajriyat

he killed the adult male Hindu inhabitants for the glory of Islam, set flowing rivers of blood, sent the women of the country with all their gold, silver, and jewels, to his own home, and made about twenty thousand maidens his private sex-slaves as the great God in quran has prermitted the reward of enemy woman for the victorious jihadis.

Chitoor: More than 20,000 Hindu women including Rani Padmini self-immolated themselves to escape sex-slavery in the hands of Muslim rulers.

• Muslim priests Qazi adviced Khilji on how to conduct his non-Muslim subjects. Here is such a recorded advice: Hindus are like the mud; if silver is demanded from them, they must with the greatest humility offer gold. If a Mohammadan desire to spit into a Hindu's mouth, the Hindu should open it wide for the purpose. God created the Hindus to be slaves of the Mohammadans. The Prophet hath ordained that, if the Hindus do not accept Islam, they should be imprisoned, tortured, finally put to death, and their property confiscated.

TAIMUR LANE • His invasion of Hindustan: His Tuzk-i-Taimuri records: "In a short space of time all the people in the fort were put to the sword, and in the course of one hour the heads of 10,000 infidels were cut off. The sword of Islam was washed in the blood of the infidels, and all the goods and effects, the treasure and the grain which for many a long year had been stored in the fort became the spoil of my soldiers. They set fire to the houses and reduced them to ashes, and they razed the buildings and the fort to the ground.... All these infidel Hindus were slain, their women and children ,and their property and goods became the spoil of the victors "

..".I proclaimed throughout the camp that every man who had infidel prisoners should put them to death, and whoever neglected to do so should himself be executed and his property given to the informer. When this order became known to the ghazis of Islam, they drew their swords and put their prisoners to death.

One hundred thousand infidels, impious idolators, were on that day slain. Maulana Nasiruddin Umar, a counselor and man of learning, who, in all his life, had never killed a sparrow, now, in execution of my order, slew with his sword fifteen idolatrous Hindus, who were his captives." Fatte of Hindu women captured alive by Muslims was worse than death. Even as their fathers, husbands and children lay killed they had to dance and sing before Muslims and would then be given in slavery to the Muslim kings, generals, soldiers and of course Maulvis. Here is a gleeful Muslim recording of this inhuman barbaric events:

"First of all daughters of Hindu kings captured during the course of the year come and sing and dance. Thereafter they are bestowed upon Amirs and important foreigners. After this daughters of other Hindus dance and sing...Sultan then distributes s them to brothers, sons of high officials ,generals and his relatives." [Source:Ibn Battuta (A.A.Rizvi in Tughlaq Kalin Bharath)]

So Hindu women preferred death to dishonour. Most of the time the Muslim invaders found only charred remains of women when they entered the Hindu cities. For example, when Allaud-din Khilji attacked Rajputs from behind (before which Rajouts had >magnanimoulsy spared his life showing mercy to the undeserved), butchered them and entered Chitoor Rani Padmini and more than 20,000 maidens had self-immolated. To this day Hindus remember the great queen with pride.

Massacre of Hindus in the South India

SULTAN AHMAD SHAH WALI Muslims pillaged Vijayanagar for six months and killed every Hindu man , woman and children including pregnanat women. Vijaya Nagar recorded by European travellers as the most beautiful city in the world is today a haunted, destroyed deserted ground unfit to live. To this day the ruins show the amount of barbarism that went into its destruction and even the ruins are testimony to the Hindu genius of architecture.

Whenever the number of slain reached 20,000 he (Sultan Ahemed Shah I Wali) halted for three days and celebrated the killings of infidels (in such a large numbers).

o Chidambaram

Malik dug up the foundations with the greatest care and the heads of Brahmins and idolaters danced from their necks and fell to the ground and their feet and blood flowed in ********.

o Sri Rangam

Finding no valuable information at the Sri Rangam temple (about the hidden bronze statutes) ill tempered Ulugh Khan killed 12,000 Brahmins in a day.

HINDU MASSACRES BY MOGHUL EMPERORS

ZAHIRUDDIN BABAR (1526-1530) Source: Babur Nama( written byMoghul Emperor Babar himself) Place:Chanderi (Madhya Pradesh) In AH 934 (CE 1528) I attacked Chanderi and by the grace of Allah captured it in a few hours...We got the infidels slaughtered and the place which had been daru'l - harb for years was made into a daru'l-islam. Since the establishment of Moghul rule ...officers and religious leaders spread Islam vigorously destroying Hindu faith. We cleared of the ***** of Hinduism from Faizabad and Avadh.

AKBAR (1542-1605) Is remembered as the most tolerant. Only one major massacre is recorded in his rule, when he ordered that about 30000 captured Rajput Hindus be slain on Feb 24, 1568 after the battle of Cittid.

JAHANGIR (1605-1658)

Source: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri Though in the beginning of his rule Jahangir followed the humanistic rule of his father Akbar the great -the policy of sulehkul even issued a proclamation against the forcible conversion of Hindus to Islam, he revoked Akbar's orders that those who have been forcibly converted from Islam could return to Hinduism.

He severely punished Kaukab, Sharif and Abdul Latif for showing inclination to Hinduism. He also prohibited the free inter-marriage customs between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir. Hindus marrying Muslim girls and those who had already married were given a choice between Islam and death. Many were killed.

Jahangir's torture of Guru Arjun Dev ji: Guru was imprisoned at Lahore fort. He was chained to a post in an open place exposed to the sun from morning to evening in the summer months of May to June. Below his feet a heap of sand was put which burnt like a furnace. Boiling water was poured on his naked body at intervals. His body was covered with blisters all over. In this agony Guru used to utter.

Tera Kiya Metha lage, naam padarath Nanak mange(whatever you ordain appears sweet. I supplicate for the gift of name)

The Guru was ordercd to be executed. In addition a fine of Rupees two lakhs was imposed on him. Some historians say that, as a measure of clemency at the intervention of Mian Mir, this fine was imposed in lieu of the sentence of death. The Sikhs offered to pay the fine themselves but the Guru forbade them to do so. He replied to the Emperor,

"Whatever money I have is for the poor, the friendless and the stranger. If thou ask for money thou mayest take what I have; but if thou ask for it by way of fine, I shall not give thee even a Kaurz (penny)." The Guru accepted death by torture

SHAH JAHAN (1658-1707)

In 1632 Shah jahan ordered that all Hindu temples recently erected or in the course of construction should be razed to the ground. In Benares alone seventy six temples were destroyed. Christian churches at Agra and Lahore were demolished. In a manner befitting the Prophet he had ten thousand inhabitants executed by being "blown up with powder, drowned in water or burnt by fire".

Four thousand were taken captive to Agra where they were tortured to try to convert them to Islam. Only a few apostacised, the remainder were trampled to death by elephants, except for the younger women who went to harems. Shahjahan put enormous eonomic pressure on Hindus particularly peasents to become Muslims. The criminals too were forced to become Muslims.

Source: Badshah Nama, Qazinivi & Badshah Nama , Lahori When Shuja was appointed as governor of Kabul he carried on a ruthless war in the Hindu territory beyond Indus...The sword of Islam yielded a rich crop of converts....Most of the women (to save their honour) burnt themselves to death. Those captured were distributed among Muslim Mansabdars.

Source: Manucci, Storia do Mogor vol-II p.451 & Travels of Frey Sebastian Manrique Under Shahjahan peasents were compelled to sell their women and children to meet their revenue requirements....

The peasants were carried off to various Markets and fairs to be sold with their poor unhappy wives carrying their small children crying and lamenting. According to Qaznivi Shahjagan had decreed they should be sold to Muslim lords.
 
The Grand Trunk road(modern name) was first built by Maurya Empire to connect Patliputra with the silk Route.

Prove me right, present form is 2500 km, back then was even shorter. Great wall well over 8000 km


Please call it by its real name ...i.e Uttarapatha.

It was built more than 2,500 years ago and has been in continuous use for 2,500 years, stretching from Kabul to Culcutta. It is more than 2,500 Km long. No need to tell that to the chinese troll though....... for him a wall is an engineering marvel.

Comparing a road with a fort, Great Wall, that is 8000 over km??? Is there a better reason why ave indian IQ is 82?
 
Says who? You? You're so dimwitted, you don't even know Mughals means Mongols. According to the world, Great Wall is one of the 8 wonders of the world. Cry me a river, :omghaha: :omghaha:

Look at your own backward, dead human bodies and carcass rot in Ganges and you guys bath in there LOL.

LOL ,whatever, the mughals never massacred 60 million Indians like they did with the Chinese :lol:
 

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