Snow Leopard
Description
Snow leopards are smaller than the other big cats but like them, exhibit a range of sizes, generally weighing between 27 and 54 kg (60120 lb). Body length ranges from 74130 cm (3951 in) with a tail of nearly the same length.
Snow leopards have long thick fur, the base colour of which varies from smokey grey to yellowish tan, with whitish underparts. They have dark grey to black open rosettes on their body with small spots of the same colour on their heads and larger spots on their legs and tail.
Snow leopards show several adaptations for living in cold mountainous environments. Their bodies are stocky, their fur is thick, and their ears are small and rounded, all of which help to minimise heat-loss. Their feet are wide, which distributes their weight better for walking on snow, and they have fur on their undersides to increase their traction on steep and unstable surfaces, as well as to assist with minimising heat-loss. Snow leopards' tails are long and flexible which help them to maintain their balance. The tails are also especially thickly covered with fur which, apart from minimising heat-loss, allows them to be used like a blanket to protect their faces when asleep.
Taxonomy
In the past, many taxonomists included the snow leopard in the genus Panthera, with several of the other largest felids, but later it was placed in its own genus, Uncia. It was thought to be not closely related to the leopard (Panthera pardus) but in fact to be closer to the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). However, a recent molecular study places the species firmly within the genus Panthera, although the exact position remains unclear.
Area - Distribution
The snow leopard's range in central and south Asia is rugged mountainous regions of approximately 1,230,000 square kilometers, which extends through 12 countries: Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Nepal,
Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
Ecology and behaviour
In summer, the snow leopard usually lives above the tree line on mountainous meadows and in rocky regions at an altitude of 2,700 m (8,900 ft) to 6,000 m (20,000 ft). In winter, it comes down into the forests to an altitude of around 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It leads largely a solitary life, although mothers may rear cubs for extended periods of time in dens in the mountains.
An individual snow leopard lives within a well defined home range but does not defend its territory aggressively when encroached upon by other snow leopards. Home ranges vary greatly in size. In Nepal, where prey is abundant, a home range may be as small as 12 km2 (5 sq mi) to 39 km2 (15 sq mi) and up to 5 to 10 animals are found here per 100 km2 (39 sq mi); whereas, in habitats with sparse prey, an area of 1,000 km2 (386 sq mi) supports only 5 of these cats.
Snow leopards are crepuscular being most active at dawn and dusk.
Feeding
Snow leopards are carnivores and actively hunt their prey, but like all cats are opportunistic feeders, eating whatever meat it can find including carrion and domestic livestock. They are capable of killing animals three times their size but will readily take much smaller prey such as hares and birds.
Breeding
Snow leopards usually mate in late winter and have a gestation period of 90100 days. Litter sizes vary from one to five cubs but two or three is more usual. The cubs remain with their mother until they become independent after around 1822 months.
Snow leopards normally live for 1518 years, but may live for up to 20 years in captivity.
Population and conservation
The total wild population of the snow leopard is estimated at between 4,000 and 7,500 individuals (see table below). In 1972 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, (IUCN) placed the snow leopard on its Red List of Threatened Species as "Endangered," the same classification given the panda and the tiger.
There are also 600-700 snow leopards in zoos around the world.