batmannow
ELITE MEMBER
- Joined
- Jan 28, 2008
- Messages
- 18,830
- Reaction score
- -19
- Country
- Location
HQ-2 Surface-to-Air Missile
The HQ-2 (HongQi-2, HongQi = Red Flag) is a long-range, medium- to high-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed from the HQ-1, a Chinese copy of the Soviet Almaz S-75 (NATO codename: SA-2 Guideline). The HQ-2 remained the sole weapon system in service with the PLA SAM forces to protect Chinas key targets before the early 1990s. The PLA has been trying to find a successor to the forty-year-old weapon system but all attempts to develop an indigenous SAM have been unsuccessful so far. As a result, the PLA was forced to continue upgrading the HQ-2 with new technologies to extend its service life into the 21st century.
The S-75 (SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile entered Soviet service in 1956. The PLA received a limited number of Soviet-made S-75 missile in early 1960 to arm its first two SAM battalions. On 8 October 1960, one of the SAM battalions used the S-75 missile to shoot down a U.S.-made RB-57D spy plane operated by the Taiwanese air forcethe first ever example of using SAM to shoot down a plane in the world. In the next four years, the PLA SAM units shot down another three U.S.-made U-2 spy planes operated by the Taiwanese air force using the S-75 SAM.
While the S-75 SAM began to enter PLA service, a licensed production of the missile in China was also agreed. However, Moscow suspended all of its assistance to China and called back its advisers before the production could begin. The First Ministry of Machinery Industry and 5th Research Academy of Ministry of Defence took the lead in the reverse-engineering of the missile, and the first Chinese-built S-75 missile designated HQ-1 rolled out in 1964. By the mid-1960s, the S-75 and indigenous HQ-1 could no longer shoot down the U-2 after the U.S. added active jamming devices to its reconnaissance aircraft. The PLA urgently needed a SAM with strong electronic countermeasures capabilities.
In 1965 the PLA began to develop an improved SAM based on the HQ-1. 2nd Space Academy (now China Academy of Defence Technology, CADT) was responsible for the general system design, with 139 Factory and 786 Factory in charge of missile and ground station respectively. The main design targets were to improve the missiles accuracy and resistance to enemy electronic jamming, as well as to increase the missiles operational zone. The new SAM, which was designated HQ-2, passed its certification test in 1966. Since then, the HQ-2 has been produced in mass numbers for the PLA to protect Chinas major cities, military bases, and industrial complexes. The PLA has also introduced a number of improved variants including the HQ-2A and HQ-2B in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
On 8 September 1967, the PLA air defence troops fired three SAM (two HQ-2s and one HQ-1) at a Taiwanese-flown U-2 spy plane, and one of the HQ-2 missiles hit the target despite the planes use of electronic jamming. The latest score of the HQ-2 SAM took place on 5 October 1987, when the PLA air defence troops shot down a Vietnamese Air Force MiG-21R (Fishebed-H) reconnaissance plane using the HQ-2 SAM near the China-Vietnamese border.
In 1984, the PLA conducted a series of HQ-2 tests against the Tuqiang-3 guided target missile. According to reports, the HQ-2 and the Tuqiang-3 were launched approximately 100km apart and the HQ-2 SAMs were fired in salvo shots of two to three missiles per Tuqiang-3. Four out of five target missiles were shot down. In more tests the following year, the HQ-2 shot down seven out of eleven guided targets. In light of these two tests, the PLA expanded the HQ-2s role to include anti-missile functions
Design
The HQ-2 is a large two-stage missile designed to intercept high-altitude targets like strategic bombers and spy planes. Its radar guidance guarantees a single-shot hit probability of 68%, but according to the American's experience in the Vietnam War, this ratio drops sharply when the missile is used in a strong electronic jamming environment. The improved HQ-2B is said to have much improved capability against various active and passive jamming.
The second-stage of the HQ-2 missile is a large liquid rocket, which makes it inconvenient to be maintained and transported. Each missile is carried by a semi-trailer towed by a 6x6 truck, and needs to be loaded onto a fixed launcher before firing. The loading usually takes about 5 minutes but this really depends on the training and experience of missile operators.
The basic operational unit of the HQ-2 SAM is battalion, each including six fixed launchers, 18 spare missiles, early-warning radar, target illuminating radar (ground guidance station) and support units (command, power, communications, etc.)
HQ-2A
The modifications on the HQ-2 SAM began in 1973 to enhance the missile's low altitude target engaging and electronic countermeasure capabilities based on the experience of the Vietnam War. The firing tests of the HQ-2A were undertaken between 1978 and 1982, and the final design certification for batch production was issued in June 1984. The 144 modifications on the HQ-2A include increasing the horizontal firing angle to ±75° from the original ±55°; increasing the speed to 1,200 m/s from the original 1,150 m/s; increasing the G limit to 1.5G from the original 1G; adding optical/TV guidance system and improving the missile's electronic countermeasure capability.
actullly we need HQ-9 , immediatly?
HQ-9 Surface-to-Air Missile
Key Information
Type: Surface-to-air missile
PLA Designation: HQ-9
NATO Reporting Name: N/A
Contractor: CASIC 2nd Academy (China Academy of Defence Technology)
Service Status: PLA Air Force
Summary
The HQ-9 (HongQi-9) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather surface-to-air missile system developed by the China Academy of Defence Technology (also known as CASIC 2nd Academy), a subordinate of the China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation (CASIC). The HQ-9 was designed to engage multiple airborne targets such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters at all altitudes, with limited anti-ballistic missile capability. The HQ-9 is currently serving with both the PLA Air Force (SAM corps) and the PLA Navy.
The HQ-9 development began in the early 1980s, initially based on the U.S. Patriot air defence missile system that China obtained via an unknown third-party country. Like the Patriot, the HQ-9 uses a Track-Via-Missile (TVM) terminal guidance system and was originally designed to be launched from a Patriot-style slant-positioned box-shape container launcher. The missile uses a two-stage solid rocket engine. Due to Chinas substandard solid fuel rocket technology, the HQ-9 was seriously oversize the first-stage was 700mm in diameter and the second-stage was 560mm in diameter. As a result, each launch vehicle could only carry two missile tube launchers.
After China obtained the S-300PMU SAM system from Russia in the mid-1990s, certain S-300PMU technologies were used to improve the HQ-9 design. The HQ-9 is believed to have benefited from S-300's solid rocket, aerodynamic layout, gas-dynamic spoilers, and launcher technologies. This has resulted in a modified HQ-9 which is cold-launched vertically from a S-300-style tube launcher system. Four tube launchers are carried onboard a 8X8 TEL vehicle with cross-country capability.
The HQ-9 was initially developed to replace the PLAs bulk of obsolete HQ-2 (Chinese copy of the Soviet/Russian SA-2 Guideline), but the slow progress in the development has led to the PLAs decision to purchase additional S-300PMU missiles from Russia. By the time the HQ-9 was ready for operational deployment in the late 1990s, the missile was already behind foreign air-defence missiles such as U.S. PAC3 and Russian S-300PMU2 in capability and performance. Only a small number of the HQ-9 has been fielded by the PLA for operational trial and evaluations. The naval variant of the HQ-9 has been installed onboard the Type 052C destroyer commissioned in 2004.
The HQ-9 is reported to have a slant range of 200km up to an altitude of 30km. The missile has a proximity fuse with an effective range of 35m, which goes active when the missile is 5km away from its target. The missile is transported and launched on Taian TAS5380 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL), which has four canisters that look almost identical to those used in the S-300PMU1.
Guidance & Fire Control
The HQ-9s guidance is very similar to that of the Patriot missile, consisting of inertial initial guidance + radio command midcourse correction + track-via-missile (TVM) terminal guidance. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the ground engagement control station. The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted back to the missile via the command uplink.
The HQ-9 system reportedly uses a large HT-233 3D C-band mono-pulse planar phased array radar, which operates in the 300MHz bandwidth and has a detection range of 120km and tracking range of 90km. The radar can detect targets in azimuth (360 degrees) and elevation (0 to 65 degrees), and is capable of tracking some 100 airborne targets and simultaneously engaging more than 50 targets. The radar system is carried on a Taian TAS5380 8X8 heavy-duty cross-country vehicle.
The HQ-9 may also be compatible with the Russian tracking radar, making it suitable to be deployed in combination with the S-300.
FT-2000 Anti-Radiation SAM
In 1998 CPMIEC revealed a unique anti-radiation surface-to-air missile system FT-2000, which was designed engage airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and other electronic warfare aircraft at long ranges. Based on the HQ-9 design, the FT-2000 is fitted with a passive radar-homing seeker and is launched from a 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle carrying four missile tube launchers.
The FT-2000 is a scaled down version of the HQ-9 fitted with a passive radar seeker that homes the missile using the electronic emission of enemy AWACS and electronic warfare (EW) aircraft. When the missile detects and locks on to the radar or jammer, it can home on the target autonomously at 1,200m/s while sustaining a 14G overload. The FT-2000 can also be used in co-operation with friendly aircraft when the onboard radar warning receiver detects hostile signal. In addition, the FT-2000 missile has a built-in inertial navigation system, so that whenever it has acquired a lock-on, it will continue towards the target even if the emitter is shut down, although the missile's accuracy would seriously degrade in this case.
For the detection and localisation of hostile radar emissions and jammers the FT-2000 makes use of four ground-based Electronic Support Measures (ESM) sensor posts, each of which is mounted on wheeled vehicles and can together track 50 targets simultaneously. The ESM sensor posts are deployed at a distance 30km from each other. The missile launchers are deployed near the central ESM sensor station at a distance of 150 metres. Additionally, the missile can also be used in conjunction with surveillance and target acquisition radars.
Despite being regarded as the first of its kind in the world, the real effectiveness of the FT-2000 in operation was somehow doubtful. The missile caught great attention when it was first revealed in 1998, but did not enter production due to lack of interest from either domestic or international market.
Specifications
Missile dimensions: N/A
Launch weight: N/A
Propulsion: Two-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Slant range: Minimum 500m; Maximum 200km; or 30km against ballistic missile
Maximum speed: Mach 2
Guidance: TVM semi-active radar homing
Warhead: 180kg
System reaction time: 10 seconds
Single-shot hit probability: 70~90%
The HQ-2 (HongQi-2, HongQi = Red Flag) is a long-range, medium- to high-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed from the HQ-1, a Chinese copy of the Soviet Almaz S-75 (NATO codename: SA-2 Guideline). The HQ-2 remained the sole weapon system in service with the PLA SAM forces to protect Chinas key targets before the early 1990s. The PLA has been trying to find a successor to the forty-year-old weapon system but all attempts to develop an indigenous SAM have been unsuccessful so far. As a result, the PLA was forced to continue upgrading the HQ-2 with new technologies to extend its service life into the 21st century.
The S-75 (SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile entered Soviet service in 1956. The PLA received a limited number of Soviet-made S-75 missile in early 1960 to arm its first two SAM battalions. On 8 October 1960, one of the SAM battalions used the S-75 missile to shoot down a U.S.-made RB-57D spy plane operated by the Taiwanese air forcethe first ever example of using SAM to shoot down a plane in the world. In the next four years, the PLA SAM units shot down another three U.S.-made U-2 spy planes operated by the Taiwanese air force using the S-75 SAM.
While the S-75 SAM began to enter PLA service, a licensed production of the missile in China was also agreed. However, Moscow suspended all of its assistance to China and called back its advisers before the production could begin. The First Ministry of Machinery Industry and 5th Research Academy of Ministry of Defence took the lead in the reverse-engineering of the missile, and the first Chinese-built S-75 missile designated HQ-1 rolled out in 1964. By the mid-1960s, the S-75 and indigenous HQ-1 could no longer shoot down the U-2 after the U.S. added active jamming devices to its reconnaissance aircraft. The PLA urgently needed a SAM with strong electronic countermeasures capabilities.
In 1965 the PLA began to develop an improved SAM based on the HQ-1. 2nd Space Academy (now China Academy of Defence Technology, CADT) was responsible for the general system design, with 139 Factory and 786 Factory in charge of missile and ground station respectively. The main design targets were to improve the missiles accuracy and resistance to enemy electronic jamming, as well as to increase the missiles operational zone. The new SAM, which was designated HQ-2, passed its certification test in 1966. Since then, the HQ-2 has been produced in mass numbers for the PLA to protect Chinas major cities, military bases, and industrial complexes. The PLA has also introduced a number of improved variants including the HQ-2A and HQ-2B in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
On 8 September 1967, the PLA air defence troops fired three SAM (two HQ-2s and one HQ-1) at a Taiwanese-flown U-2 spy plane, and one of the HQ-2 missiles hit the target despite the planes use of electronic jamming. The latest score of the HQ-2 SAM took place on 5 October 1987, when the PLA air defence troops shot down a Vietnamese Air Force MiG-21R (Fishebed-H) reconnaissance plane using the HQ-2 SAM near the China-Vietnamese border.
In 1984, the PLA conducted a series of HQ-2 tests against the Tuqiang-3 guided target missile. According to reports, the HQ-2 and the Tuqiang-3 were launched approximately 100km apart and the HQ-2 SAMs were fired in salvo shots of two to three missiles per Tuqiang-3. Four out of five target missiles were shot down. In more tests the following year, the HQ-2 shot down seven out of eleven guided targets. In light of these two tests, the PLA expanded the HQ-2s role to include anti-missile functions
Design
The HQ-2 is a large two-stage missile designed to intercept high-altitude targets like strategic bombers and spy planes. Its radar guidance guarantees a single-shot hit probability of 68%, but according to the American's experience in the Vietnam War, this ratio drops sharply when the missile is used in a strong electronic jamming environment. The improved HQ-2B is said to have much improved capability against various active and passive jamming.
The second-stage of the HQ-2 missile is a large liquid rocket, which makes it inconvenient to be maintained and transported. Each missile is carried by a semi-trailer towed by a 6x6 truck, and needs to be loaded onto a fixed launcher before firing. The loading usually takes about 5 minutes but this really depends on the training and experience of missile operators.
The basic operational unit of the HQ-2 SAM is battalion, each including six fixed launchers, 18 spare missiles, early-warning radar, target illuminating radar (ground guidance station) and support units (command, power, communications, etc.)
HQ-2A
The modifications on the HQ-2 SAM began in 1973 to enhance the missile's low altitude target engaging and electronic countermeasure capabilities based on the experience of the Vietnam War. The firing tests of the HQ-2A were undertaken between 1978 and 1982, and the final design certification for batch production was issued in June 1984. The 144 modifications on the HQ-2A include increasing the horizontal firing angle to ±75° from the original ±55°; increasing the speed to 1,200 m/s from the original 1,150 m/s; increasing the G limit to 1.5G from the original 1G; adding optical/TV guidance system and improving the missile's electronic countermeasure capability.
actullly we need HQ-9 , immediatly?
HQ-9 Surface-to-Air Missile
Key Information
Type: Surface-to-air missile
PLA Designation: HQ-9
NATO Reporting Name: N/A
Contractor: CASIC 2nd Academy (China Academy of Defence Technology)
Service Status: PLA Air Force
Summary
The HQ-9 (HongQi-9) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather surface-to-air missile system developed by the China Academy of Defence Technology (also known as CASIC 2nd Academy), a subordinate of the China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation (CASIC). The HQ-9 was designed to engage multiple airborne targets such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters at all altitudes, with limited anti-ballistic missile capability. The HQ-9 is currently serving with both the PLA Air Force (SAM corps) and the PLA Navy.
The HQ-9 development began in the early 1980s, initially based on the U.S. Patriot air defence missile system that China obtained via an unknown third-party country. Like the Patriot, the HQ-9 uses a Track-Via-Missile (TVM) terminal guidance system and was originally designed to be launched from a Patriot-style slant-positioned box-shape container launcher. The missile uses a two-stage solid rocket engine. Due to Chinas substandard solid fuel rocket technology, the HQ-9 was seriously oversize the first-stage was 700mm in diameter and the second-stage was 560mm in diameter. As a result, each launch vehicle could only carry two missile tube launchers.
After China obtained the S-300PMU SAM system from Russia in the mid-1990s, certain S-300PMU technologies were used to improve the HQ-9 design. The HQ-9 is believed to have benefited from S-300's solid rocket, aerodynamic layout, gas-dynamic spoilers, and launcher technologies. This has resulted in a modified HQ-9 which is cold-launched vertically from a S-300-style tube launcher system. Four tube launchers are carried onboard a 8X8 TEL vehicle with cross-country capability.
The HQ-9 was initially developed to replace the PLAs bulk of obsolete HQ-2 (Chinese copy of the Soviet/Russian SA-2 Guideline), but the slow progress in the development has led to the PLAs decision to purchase additional S-300PMU missiles from Russia. By the time the HQ-9 was ready for operational deployment in the late 1990s, the missile was already behind foreign air-defence missiles such as U.S. PAC3 and Russian S-300PMU2 in capability and performance. Only a small number of the HQ-9 has been fielded by the PLA for operational trial and evaluations. The naval variant of the HQ-9 has been installed onboard the Type 052C destroyer commissioned in 2004.
The HQ-9 is reported to have a slant range of 200km up to an altitude of 30km. The missile has a proximity fuse with an effective range of 35m, which goes active when the missile is 5km away from its target. The missile is transported and launched on Taian TAS5380 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL), which has four canisters that look almost identical to those used in the S-300PMU1.
Guidance & Fire Control
The HQ-9s guidance is very similar to that of the Patriot missile, consisting of inertial initial guidance + radio command midcourse correction + track-via-missile (TVM) terminal guidance. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the ground engagement control station. The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted back to the missile via the command uplink.
The HQ-9 system reportedly uses a large HT-233 3D C-band mono-pulse planar phased array radar, which operates in the 300MHz bandwidth and has a detection range of 120km and tracking range of 90km. The radar can detect targets in azimuth (360 degrees) and elevation (0 to 65 degrees), and is capable of tracking some 100 airborne targets and simultaneously engaging more than 50 targets. The radar system is carried on a Taian TAS5380 8X8 heavy-duty cross-country vehicle.
The HQ-9 may also be compatible with the Russian tracking radar, making it suitable to be deployed in combination with the S-300.
FT-2000 Anti-Radiation SAM
In 1998 CPMIEC revealed a unique anti-radiation surface-to-air missile system FT-2000, which was designed engage airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and other electronic warfare aircraft at long ranges. Based on the HQ-9 design, the FT-2000 is fitted with a passive radar-homing seeker and is launched from a 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle carrying four missile tube launchers.
The FT-2000 is a scaled down version of the HQ-9 fitted with a passive radar seeker that homes the missile using the electronic emission of enemy AWACS and electronic warfare (EW) aircraft. When the missile detects and locks on to the radar or jammer, it can home on the target autonomously at 1,200m/s while sustaining a 14G overload. The FT-2000 can also be used in co-operation with friendly aircraft when the onboard radar warning receiver detects hostile signal. In addition, the FT-2000 missile has a built-in inertial navigation system, so that whenever it has acquired a lock-on, it will continue towards the target even if the emitter is shut down, although the missile's accuracy would seriously degrade in this case.
For the detection and localisation of hostile radar emissions and jammers the FT-2000 makes use of four ground-based Electronic Support Measures (ESM) sensor posts, each of which is mounted on wheeled vehicles and can together track 50 targets simultaneously. The ESM sensor posts are deployed at a distance 30km from each other. The missile launchers are deployed near the central ESM sensor station at a distance of 150 metres. Additionally, the missile can also be used in conjunction with surveillance and target acquisition radars.
Despite being regarded as the first of its kind in the world, the real effectiveness of the FT-2000 in operation was somehow doubtful. The missile caught great attention when it was first revealed in 1998, but did not enter production due to lack of interest from either domestic or international market.
Specifications
Missile dimensions: N/A
Launch weight: N/A
Propulsion: Two-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Slant range: Minimum 500m; Maximum 200km; or 30km against ballistic missile
Maximum speed: Mach 2
Guidance: TVM semi-active radar homing
Warhead: 180kg
System reaction time: 10 seconds
Single-shot hit probability: 70~90%