@Maira La @bongbang
Here you go with the DNA and genetics.... No where near you will find common DNA whether its mt or Y somewhere near to anyone else. Forget you claimed forfathers Arabs/Turkish.
What is strong in India in particular is R1a which is found in West Bengal Brahmins, Punjabis (Indian and Pakistani) and Northern Europeans. Everything else is native to India.
Try to absorve it.
mtDNA[edit]
See also:
Recent single origin hypothesis
Hypothesized map of human migration into the
Indian subcontinent based on
mitochondrial DNA and possible dispersal routes.
The most frequent
mtDNA haplogroups in the
Indian subcontinent are
M,
R and
U.
[7]
Arguing for the longer term "rival Y-Chromosome model",
[8] Stephen Oppenheimer believes that it is highly suggestive that India is the origin of the
EurasianmtDNA haplogroups which he calls the "Eurasian Eves". According to Oppenheimer it is highly probable that nearly all human maternal lineages in Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe descended from only four mtDNA lines that originated in South Asia 50,000-100,000 years ago.
[12]
Macrohaplogroup M[edit]
The
macrohaplogroup M which is considered as a cluster of the proto-Asian maternal lineages,
[6] represents more than 60% of Indian MtDNA.
[13]
The M macrohaplotype in India includes many subgroups that differ profoundly from other sublineages in East Asia especially Mongoloid populations.
[6] The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly ascertain the relic of Indian lineages as compared to other M sub lineages (in East Asia and elsewhere) suggesting 'in-situ' origin of these sub-haplogroups in South Asia, most likely in India. These deep rooting lineages are not language specific and spread over all the language groups in India.
[13]
Virtually all modern Central Asian MtDNA M lineages seem to belong to the Eastern Eurasian (
Mongolian) rather than the Indian subtypes of haplogroup M, which indicates that no large-scale migration from the present
Turkic-speaking populations of Central Asia occurred to India. The absence of haplogroup M in Europeans, compared to its equally high frequency among Indians, eastern Asians and in some Central Asian populations contrasts with the Western Eurasian leanings of South Asian paternal lineages.
[6]
Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans.
[14]
Haplogroup Important Sub clades Populations
M2 M2a, M2b Throughout the continent except in Northwest
Peaking in Bangladesh, Andhra Pradesh, coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka
M3 M3a All the subcontinent except the Northeast
20% in Rajastan and Madhya Pradesh, being also very dense in Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka
M4 M4a Peaks in Pakistan and Kashmir
M6 M6a,M6b Kashmir and near the coasts of the Bay of Bengal, Sri Lanka
M18 Throughout the subcontinent
Peaking at Rajastan and Andhra Pradesh
M25 Widespread in most of India (but rare outside it)
western Maharastra and Kerala, Punjab
Macrohaplogroup R[edit]
The
macrohaplogroup R (a very large and old subdivision of
macrohaplogroup N) is also widely represented and accounts for the other 40% of Indian MtDNA. A very old and most important subdivision of it is
haplogroup U that, while also present in
West Eurasia, has several subclades specific to South Asia.
Most important South Asian haplogroups within R:
[14]
Haplogroup Populations
R2 Distributed widely across the sub continent
R5 widely distributed by most of India.
Peaks in coastal SW India
R6 widespread at low rates across India.
Peaks among Tamils and Kashmiris
W Found in Pakistan, Kashmir and Punjab.
It is rare further east and not to be found in the rest of India.
Haplogroup U[edit]
Haplogroup U is a sub-haplogroup of macrohaplogroup R.
[14] The distribution of haplogroup U is a mirror image of that for haplogroup M: the former has not been described so far among eastern Asians but is frequent in European populations as well as among Indians.
[15] Indian U lineages differ substantially from those in Europe and their coalescence to a common ancestor also dates back to about 50,000 years.
[16]
Haplogroup Populations
U2* (a
parahaplogroup) is sparsely distributed specially in the northern half of the subcontinent. It is also found in SW Arabia.
U2a shows relatively high density in Pakistan and NW India but also in Karnataka, where it reaches its higher density.
U2b has highest concentration in Uttar Pradesh but is also found in many other places, specially in Kerala and Sri Lanka. It is also found in Oman.
U2c is specially important in Bangladesh and West Bengal.
U2l is maybe the most important numerically among U subclades in South Asia, reaching specially high concentrations (over 10%) in Uttar Pradesh, Sri Lanka, Sindh and parts of Karnataka. It also has some importance in Oman.
mtDNA haplogroup U2i is dubbed "Western Eurasian" in Bamshad
et al. study but "Eastern Eurasian (mostly India specific)" in Kivisild
et al. study.
U7 this haplogroup has a significant presence in Gujrat, Punjab and Pakistan. The possible homeland of this haplogroup spans Indian Gujarat(highest frequency, 12%) and Iran because from there its frequency declines steeply both to the east and to the west.
Y chromosome[edit]
The diversion of
Haplogroup F and its descendants.
For more details on individual groups by Y-DNA, see Y-DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations.
The major Y chromosome DNA haplogroups in the subcontinent are F's descendant haplogroups R(mostly R1a and R2), L, H and J(mostly J2).
[17]
The South Asian Y-chromosomal gene pool is characterized by five major lineages: R1a, R2, H, L and J2. Their geographical origins are listed as follows, according to the latest scholarship:
Major South Asian Y-chromosomal lineages: H J2 L R1a R2
Basu et al. (2003) no comment no comment no comment Central Asia no comment
Kivisild et al. (2003) India Western Asia India Southern and Western Asia South-Central Asia
Cordaux et al. (2004) India West or Central Asia Middle Eastern Central Asia South-Central Asia
Sengupta et al. (2006) India The Middle East and Central Asia South India North India North India
Thanseem et al. (2006) India The Levant The Middle East Southern and Central Asia Southern and Central Asia
Sahoo et al. (2006) South Asia The Near East South Asia South or West Asia South Asia
Mirabal et al. (2009) no comment no comment no comment Northwestern India or Central Asia no comment
Zhao et al. (2009) India The Middle East The Middle East Central Asia or West Eurasia Central Asia or West Eurasia
Sharma et al. (2009) no comment no comment no comment South Asia no comment
Thangaraj et al. (2010) South Asia The Near East The Near East South Asia South Asia
Haplogroup L[edit]
Main article:
Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)
India[edit]
Haplogroup L shows time of neolithic expansion.
[18] The clade is present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca.7-15%.
[19] The presence of haplogroup L is quite rare among tribal groups (ca. 5,6-7%) (Cordaux
et al. 2004, Sengupta
et al. 2006, Thamseem
et al. 2006)
Earlier studies (e.g. Wells et al. 2001) report a very high frequency (approaching 50%) of Haplogroup L in South India appear to have been due to extrapolation from data obtained from a sample of 84
Yadavas and
Kallars, a
Tamil-speaking caste of
Tamil Nadu, among whom 40 (approx. 48%) displayed the M20 mutation that defines Haplogroup L.
Pakistan[edit]
Haplogroup L3 (M357) is found frequently among
Burusho (approx. 12%
[20]) and
Pashtuns (approx. 7%
[20]), with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population (approx. 2%
[20]). Its highest frequency can be found in south western
Balochistan province along the
Makran coast (28%) to
Indus River delta.
L3a (PK3) is found in approximately 23% of
Nuristani in northwest
Pakistan.
[20]
Haplogroup H[edit]
Main article:
Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)
This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in
South Asia. It is generally rare outside of the
South Asia but is common among the
Romani people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup. Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of
India,
Sri Lanka,
Nepal,
Pakistan and
Maldives.
It is a branch of
Haplogroup F, and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal and lower caste populations (25-35%). Its presence in upper castes is rare (ca. 10%).
[8][10][21]
Haplogroup R2[edit]
Main articles:
Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA) and
Haplogroup R2a (Y-DNA)
In South Asia, the frequency of R2 lineage is around 10-15% in
India and
Sri Lanka and 7-8% in
Pakistan.
India[edit]
This section
does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed.
(January 2013)
Other than these, significantly high percentages are shown by the people of
West Bengal at 23%,
Hindus from
New Delhi at 20% and
Baniya from
Bihar at 36%. It is also significantly high in many
Brahmin groups including
Punjabi Brahmins (25%),
Bengali Brahmins (22%),
Bengali Kayasthas (21%),
Konkanastha Brahmins (20%),
Chaturvedis (32%),
Bhargavas (32%),
Kashmiri Pandits (14%) and
Lingayat Brahmins (30%).[
citation needed]
Among tribal groups,
Lodhas of
West Bengal show it at 43% while
Bhil of
Gujarat at 18%.
Chenchu and
Pallan of South India at 20% and 14% respectively.
Tharu of
North India shows it at 17%.[
citation needed]
North Indian Muslims have a frequency of 11%(Sunni) and 9%(Shia), while Dawoodi Bohra Muslim in the western state of Gujarat have a frequency of 16% and Mappla Muslims of South India have a frequency of 5%.
[22] This lineage also forms 5% of
Punjabi males.
Pakistan[edit]
The R2 haplogroup is found in 14% of the
Burusho people.
[20] Among the
Hunza it is found at 18% while the
Parsis show it at 20%.
Sri Lanka[edit]
39% of the
Sinhalese of Sri Lanka are found to have R2.
Maldives[edit]
13% of the
Maldivian people of Maldives are found to have R2.
[23]
Nepal[edit]
In Nepal, R2 percentages range from 2% to 26% within different groups under various studies.
Newars show a significantly high frequency of 26% while people of
Kathmandu show it at 10%.
Haplogroup R1a1[edit]
Main article:
Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)
In South Asia R1a1 has been observed often with high frequency in a number of demographic groups.
[24][25] Its parent clade Haplogroup R1a is believed to have its origins in the Indus Valley or the Eurasian Steppe,
[26] whereas its successor clade R1a1 has the highest frequency and time depth in South Asia, making it a possible locus of origin.
[27][28][29] However, the uneven distribution of this haplogroup among South Asian castes and tribal populations makes a Central Eurasian origin of this lineage a strong possibility as well.
[10][11]
India[edit]
In India, high percentage of this haplogroup is observed in
West Bengal Brahmins (72%)
[24] to the east,
Konkanastha Brahmins (48%)
[24] to the west,
Khatris (67%)
[30] in north and Iyengar Brahmins (31%)
[24] of south. It has also been found in several
South Indian Dravidian-speaking
Tribals including the
Chenchu (26%)
[31] and Valmikis of
Andhra Pradesh as well as the
Yadav and
Kallar of
Tamil Nadu suggesting that M17 is widespread in these Southern Indians tribes.
[31]
Besides these, studies show high percentages in geographically distant groups in India such as
Manipuris (50%)
[30] in the extreme North East and in Punjab (47%)
[31] to the extreme North West.
Pakistan[edit]
In
Pakistan it is found at 71% among the Mohanna of
Sindh Province to the south and 46% among the
Baltis of
Gilgit-Baltistan to the north.
[30]
Sri Lanka[edit]
In
Sri Lanka, 13% of the
Sinhalese people were found to be R1a1a (M17) positive.
[31]
Maldives[edit]
In
Maldives, 24% of the
Maldivian people were found to be R1a1a (M17) positive.
[23]
Nepal[edit]
People in
Terai Region,
Nepal show R1a1a at 69%.
[32]
Haplogroup J2[edit]
Main article:
Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup J2 reflects presence from neolithic period in the subcontinent.
[18] J2 is almost absent from tribals, but occurs among some Austro-Asiatic tribals (11%). The frequency of J2 is higher in South Indian castes (19%) than in North Indian castes (11%) or Pakistan (12%).
[33] J2 appears at 20% among the
Yadavas of South India while among the
Lodhas of
West Bengal it is 32%.[
citation needed] In Maldives, 22% of Maldivian population were found to be haplogroup J2 positive.
[34]
.PNG)
