Pakistan was a creation of British to keep a check on India. Why would they destroy Pakistan?
Not India, the USSR
Hanging around the Soviet neck, the "albatross" of Islam, as Wali Khan puts it
The "theory" goes like this:
The British created Jihadis , they also created Pakistan ;
hanging around the Soviet neck, the "albatross" of Islam !!
If the British policy is closely examined, it becomes apparent that it was based on generating hatred between Muslims and Hindus. The biggest problem confronting the British was the ninety-two per cent Muslim population in the NWFP. The location of this Province was itself a critical factor. Although the expanse of the British Empire was such that the sun never set at once on its every part, they considered the Frontier their horizon because here they were pitted against a well-matched enemy. It bordered on Russia, where the Czarist empire extended to the river Amu in Afghanistan. After the Soviet Revolution of 1917 the British had to face several problems. River Amu, which until now was a geographical boundary, became an ideological boundary as well. In order to protect themselves from this ideological revolution, the British felt the need to create a counter ideology.
What ideology? During the First World War, the world saw the British make a vitriolic attack upon Islamic unity. In India power was seized from Muslim rulers. Having taken the ocean route to India, the British had, with their own eyes, seen the sweep of Islamic influence. Muslims dominated the entire area from the Balkan States to the Chinese border. On the other side they were spread from North Africa to the mid-West. The most potent Islamic power was the Ottoman Empire in Turkey. The British realized that they had to storm this entire Islamic bastion before they could hope to rest in peace. This was the only way to grab India's tremendous wealth. By the end of the first war the British had crushed the formidable Ottoman Empire, carved up its exemplary Islamic unity, and installed their puppets upon the pieces of broken territory.
At the end of the war, the British were pleased to see how effectively they had stemmed the Islamic tide from the Turkish side. But now they were faced with the Russian revolution. All the capitalist nations including the British, tried their best to nip this revolution in the bud. First they conspired with counter revolutionaries. When this failed they imposed sanctions against the USSR. They hoped to destroy the revolution by hurting the economy.
This too did not work. Now the British were in a panic, they had to think of a new technique for countering this idealism. At last they reached the conclusion that no matter what their modus operandi, there was only one missile that would work—Islam.
Islam and Communism could be used in hostile positions on this political chessboard, while the British master minded the game. Thus they were forced into strengthening the very Islam they had destroyed by defeating the Turks and other Islamic nations. They, however, feared that if the true Islamic spirit was kindled, it would cause great harm to the "infidels". Another difficulty was that only recently they had waged an open battle with the Islamic Khilafat.
Clearly, they did not have any use for the real Islam. They wanted an Islam which would align with their capitalist colonial empire and become an ideological weapon for them. They wanted to use Islam as a military crescent which stretched
from Turkey to the Chinese border, and which could be strung around the neck of the USSR.
To strengthen and complete the crescent an Islamic stronghold had to be created from Turkey and Iran right up to the China border. To achieve this, it was essential to separate, in the name of Islam, the northern part of India which bordered on the Russian territory. This was expected to serve the dual purpose of protecting the British from the USSR, and of continuing their colonial regime over India. The British were anxiously seeking allies for this venture.The British were using Islam to save their Empire.
The Congress was neither interested in opposing Russia nor was willing to do so.
The Diaries of Sir George Cunningham:
Since the entire policy of the British was based on Islam, therefore, it is important to record the diaries in detail. This will further inform the people how the British used these so-called devotees of Islam, followers of the Prophet, and inheritors of Namaz to serve their ends. And their entire faith was sold cheap.
George Cunningham's diaries are a shocking record of men nurtured at the excellent Islamic school at Deoband, who were busy serving the British. With the Holy Book in their hand and the Tasbih strung around their neck, these pilgrims set out to spread me word of colonialism,British Imperialism, and, for a few pieces of silver, agreed to serve as the custodians of slavery for the Indian people.
Sir George Cunningham's diaries are available at the India Office Library, London. If someone needs proof or wants to investigate further, that is where he should look.
The British policy of communalism could not work in the Frontier Province. Here, Muslims were in such an overwhelming majority that they were not afraid of any other community. Secondly, the Pakhtoons were so confident of their own strength that no one could impose any unwanted policy on them.
It became obvious that any people who were ready to tackle a strong, cruel and oppressive race like the British could not be cowed down. Therefore, the British generally sought out the Maulanas; and in the tribal areas and Afghanistan, they especially combined forces with the Maulanas. These religious leaders were expected, to align with the British against Russia. During the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British realized that along with the military strength a new ideology had emerged. Their experienced eye focused on Islam as the only way to confront and confound the ideological strength of the Russians. When faced with a real danger in the person of Amir Amanullah Khan, they used Islam against Muslims. With utmost cunning, Islam was used against a Pakhtoon ruler and the Muslims of Afghanistan. When Hitler's armies darkened European borders, the British, once again, found their boundaries endangered. At that lime we witnessed Islam being used in India to further British interest. It served as a useful ideological weapon against the USSR. During turbulent times in the Frontier Province, the British once again used Islam .
Islam as a political force was strengthened not only in the Frontier Province, but also in the tribal areas and in Afghanistan.
Cunningham wrote that Kuli Khan was being used as the Mullah liaison. He was commissioned to work secretly with the tribal Mullahs and with others who were not prepared to come out in open support. It was a simple case of establishing an Islamic stronghold to combat the Kafirs including the Bolsheviks.
The first Mullah recruited by Cunningham was Mullah Marwat. He was formerly connected with the Khaksar movement. Kuli Khan assured him that the only way he could serve Islam was by raising the slogan of Jihad against the enemies of Islam. Through Mullah Marwat, Kuli Khan established relations with the office bearers of the Jamiat-u-Ulema-e-Sarhad, and their supporters in India
These Mullahs, many of whom had consistently been anti-British, began to speak and write against the Russians and Germans. Subsidies were paid to all Mullahs through Mullah Marwat.
It was the responsibility of these Mullahs to tell the nation that since the British were believers in the book, Ahl-e Kitaab, even marriage with them was legal. On the other hand, the Russians were Bolsheviks; not only did they not believe in a revealed book, they did not believe in the existence of God. Therefore, the British and the Muslims were united in their common aspiration to fight this infidel race. They were required to continually remind the Muslims that enlisting in the British Army and fighting along with the British is a service to Islam.
Cunningham records that he persuaded the leaders of the Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Sarhad to go to Waziristan and convince Faqir Ipi that since the British were at war against the Germans and Italians, Faqir should not bother them because they were now fighting against an infidel race. Their war, in its own way, was a Jihad, therefore, Faqir's Jehad against them should be called off. The British were conducting this intrigue with utmost secrecy. Their enemies had no suspicion that such documents and letters were being exchanged. Cunningham was happy that Faqir’s deputy, Mohammad Waris' letter written to Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Sarhad was friendly in tone. It became evident that Faqir and his companions had no inkling that the Mullahs were accomplices of the British, with explicit instructions from them.
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Cunningham made three groups among the Maulanas. The smaller Mullahs were handed to the local Khans. Those slightly superior in rank reported through the Deputy Commissioners. The senior ones had a direct line to the Governor Cunningham:
" I have not been in touch with any of the smaller Mullahs myself. I have done it through me following agents with whom practically all my connections have been verbal, as little is put on paper as possible. Ghulam Haider of Sherpao village…he told me that he thought he could work through about nine or ten Mullahs including those of the following villages: Razzar, Kot, Tarnab, Tongi, Utmanzai and Umarzai later Prang and Charsadda. "
Cunningham wrote that he had asked Ghulam Haider of Sherpao village to meet each Mullah on an individual basis, prepare him to serve the true cause of Islam, give him forty fifty rupees, tell him that he will receive another visit after four months, at which time he should be prepared to brief the authorities about his activities to date. Cunningham asked the Khan Bahadur to hint to the Mullahs that if their work proves satisfactory they could expect a government pension. In return, Khan Bahadur told Cunningham that certain Mullahs were most untrustworthy. Better, if they were called in each month, but they should be well paid. Cunningham said that he had given Ghulam Haider of Sherpao village Rs 600. The list of Mullahs from districts Naushera and Peshawar was handed to the Deputy Commissioner, Iskander Mirza.
The Mullahs of Swat, Baneer, Mardan and Rani Zai were the responsibility of the Prime Minister of Swat, Hazrat Ali. Cunningham wrote, "The Wazir-i-Azam [Hazrat Ali of Swat] sent me a list of the Mullahs through whom he is working. He is paying them an average of Rs 15.00 per month."
This was unfair, for the Mullahs of Hashtnagar and Doaba were paid only Rs 10 per month. The Mullahs of Kohat were the responsibility of the Deputy Commissioner of that area. The Mullahs of Bannu were entrusted to Nawab Zafar Khan and Taj Ali. The latter was Khan Bahadur Ghulam Haider's son.
Cunningham had given Rs 600 to the Deputy Commissioner of Dera Ismail Khan, Mohammad Aslam, to pass along to three spiritual leaders of that area, Ama Khel Faqir, Pir Musa, and Pir Zakoori; two hundred rupees a piece. They were given the assurance that if their work was satisfactory they could get a raise!
Regarding Syed Abdul Jabbar of Satana, Cunningham wrote that he was connected with Hyderabad Deccan, and waspaid by the Prime Minister, Sir Akbar Hydari. That Hyderabad would pay for the work that was done for the British wasperfectly acceptable to Cunningham. He reports that Khan informed him that work was successfully completed at Sawabi,and that he had sent his cousin to look after the affairs of Bajaur. The Afridi Mullahs of Khyber were the responsibility of the political agent, Bacon.
Cunningham had a long standing relationship with Maulvi Barkatullah, the leader of the Mujahideen:
My arrangement uptil now with him [Maulvi Barkatullah of Asmos] has been that he comes to see me once or twice a year. Barkatullah said he could also do a good deal through ten or twelve Maulvis in different places throughout Bajaur Mohmand country.... I paid him Rs 1000. I asked him to recruit ten or twelve Maulvis from Bajaur within this amount, and contact me in a couple of months.
Cunningham, then gave a detailed account of the activities of Kuli Khan and the Maulanas. It seems that a lot of work was accomplished through the Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind. They organized several assemblies, passed a few motions, printed pamphlets and made contacts by touring various areas. In Cunningham's records there is evidence of anti-Congress propaganda along with anti-war statements. "Maulana Mohammad Shuaib toured the Mardan district, condemning Satyagraha. A pamphlet by Maulana Midra ullah condemned war situation and was anti-Congress."
Cunningham wrote that the Pir of Musa Zai came to visit him at Peshawar. He was friendly with Sher Ali. The latter was able to enlist the support of the Pir Taunsa. He had agreed to go along with him but unfortunately for him became involved in a civil suit.
In Khyber the political agent entrusted his work to Maulana Abdul Baqi. He placed implicit trust in him and claimed to have given him Rs 1000.
When the war broke out and Hitler became the supreme dictator, the British had to face defeat from all directions. They became concerned that the USSR, taking advantage of the situation, may move towards India.
To forestall this possibility the Jamiat-ul-Ulema declared at their annual general meeting that if Russia attacked Afghanistan it was the duty of all Muslims to Join the Jehad against them. When the British were satisfied that there was no fear from Russia,
Cunningham issued an edict, "I advised Kuli Khan to modify his anti Bolshevik propaganda and to concentrate more on propaganda against Germany and Italy
It is difficult to conceive how a true Muslim could bear to side with his sworn enemies. Right from the time of Sultan Salahuddin until the Ottoman Empire, the British had routed the Muslims. The British-Indian army had showered the Great Mosque with bullets.
They had seized the throne from the Mughal Emperors. The memory of their treatment of the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, and his children will long linger in human memory. Then, before the very eyes of their brethren in the Frontier Province, how badly they treated the Pakhtoons in Afghanistan. Amir Dost Mohammad Khan, Amir Sher AH Khan, and, finally, Amir Amanullah Khan, all these Muslims were destroyed by the British. Were the Mullahs unaware of all the atrocities inflicted by the British on the Khudai Khidmatgars from 1930 onwards? Their bombing and attacks on the tribal areas were no secret for the Mullahs, and neither was their military action on Wazir, Masood, Afridi and Momand. The war against true believers and Mujahids like Haji Sahib Turang Zai and Faqir Ipi was inspired and instigated by the British.
The Mullahs were concerned neither with Islam, nor Quran, nor with the faith itself. These followers of the Holy Prophet were busy selling religion for ten or fifteen rupees a month. The British were their Muftis and Qazis. Their religious sanction came from the British. Having raised the sword in the name of Islam, they were prepared to pounce upon the "enemy" at the slightest nod from the British. If the British called the Russians "infidels", the Mullahs echoed "Yes". If the British declared the same for the Germans, the Mullah's nodded in agreement although the Germans like the English were Ahl e Kitaab. The Mullahs did not concern themselves with the principles: they waited upon the pleasure of the British. When it was a question of damning Italy, the Mullahs echoed the British sentiment without recognizing that Rome was the seat of Christianity, and Vatican city, residence of the Pope.
Cunningham wrote:
"Wazir-i-Aam of Swat is now employing eighteen Mullahs at Mardan and thirty two at Pir Baba Ziarat, paying each one of them thirty rupees per month."
Cunningham further wrote that Maulana Mohammad Shuaib and Maulana Midrarullah came to see him at Nathiagalli. They brought a detailed, Urdu pamphlet which was intended for distribution in the districts (Zillahs) and tribal areas. It was an excellent pamphlet; anti-Congress, anti-Japan and anti-Germany. What better proof could there be that these Mullahs wanted to "serve" Islam, and in what better way could they "serve" it than to perform Jehad with the militancy of their pen? They pronounced Islamic Judgements (Fatwas), but these were first approved by the British before they were announced:
Maulana Mohammad Shuaib and Maulana Midrarullah came to see me at Nathiagalli on the 26th August and produced a long draft in Urdu of the pamphlet which they proposed to issue both in the Districts and in Tribal Territories; all good anti-Congress, anti-Japanese and anti-Marxist stuff. They were extremely friendly.
The British did Islam a good turn by recording the names and addresses of these Mullahs. There were twenty-four Mullahs from the Peshawar district, of whom six were from the city of Peshawar, thirteen from the Tehsil Charsadda, three from Tehsil Naushera, and eighteen from Mardan and Sawabi. And so it goes. It is humiliating to read how these interpreters of religion sold their conscience to the political agents and bartered Islam for a few pieces of silver! It is further painful to see proof of their false Judgements (Fatwas) upon true sons and patriots of India. What amazing manipulations! To preserve their imperial regime the British were able to raise and organize a band of servile Muslims who never demanded a free India. On the contrary they resisted the freedom movement, and fully supported the British, confident of material support from them and moral support from their so-called interpretation of Islam.
The British strategy was to befriend those families whose heads were involved in the freedom struggle. The two most important persons fighting the Jehad against the British were Faqir of Ipi and Mullah Pawandah. Another crucial link was Haji Sahib Turangzai of Momand. The British were most interested in ingratiating themselves with these three individuals. And their greatest triumph was to win over the sons of these valiant patriots. Mullah Pawandah's son Fazal Din
and Haji Turangzai's son Padsha Gul. If one were to assess the state of things it becomes apparent that there were very few influential persons in the districts and tribes whom the British had not obtained for a price. After the death of Haji SahibTurangzai and Mullah Pawandah, Faqir was the only stalwart whom they could not buy!
An interesting incident occurred when, after the outbreak of the war in Europe, the British tried to persuade the Afghans to throw out the Germans. To pressurize the Afghans, they invited Shami Pir to the tribal territory, instructing him to incite the people against the royal family of Afghanistan. When the British were satisfied that the task had been successfully completed, they called Shami Pir to the Vana cantonment in Waziristan. They settled with him for £25,000. Shami Pir performed a disappearing trick! Having seen this task successfully completed the Secretary of State for India was thrilled. He asked the Viceroy to make a similar deal with Faqir. The Viceroy's reply is dated 14 July 1938. "There is, I fear, no possible chance in dealing with him on the same basis as Shami Pir. He is not only implacable, but also completely incorruptible. Who would rid me of this turbulent priest?"
As soon as the USSR. attacked and ravaged Germany, and drove the Germans back to Berlin, the British realized that the USSR was still a formidable enemy. Although their entire country was pillaged, their cities destroyed, and two crore Russians wiped out, the USSR still had the strength to chase away the Germans. This compelled the British to, once again, turn their minds to building a Military Crescent against the USSR. Knowing how powerful the Congress was, the British thought it better to allow Afghanistan to regain Pakhtoon territory than hand over the whole of India to the Congress.This would have two advantages. First, India would be deprived of a natural defence by losing the mountain range on its Northern Frontier. This loss of a natural geographical border would seriously hurt India. The British knew how essential it was to control the Northern Passes. If the Afghans ruled this area, India would never be able to rest with ease. Secondly, Afghanistan would become a British ally, and there would be many occasions to repay the friendship. But the victory of the USSR entailed a change of heart. Once again, they regretted their contemplated magnanimity towards Afghanistan. The question arose how to combat the USSR? In his diary, Wavell explained this issue in detail.
Anyone who has not read Wavell’s diaries will find it difficult to understand his policies
Wavell's scheme was as follows: The disputed areas between the Congress and the Muslim League were located on the border. The Pakistan scheme was divided into two parts. North West and North East. These were areas with a Muslim majority. Wavell suggested that the areas with a Congress majority should be handed over to them and be given complete autonomy. The British, along with their army, civil servants, and families should move into areas with a Muslim majority.Since Wavell was a professional soldier he knew that if the North East and North West were separated from India and left under British control, what effect would it have upon the Indian defence policy? The territories were specified; in the East,Bengal and Assam, in the West, the Frontier Province, Punjab and Sind. Delhi would be under direct British control and the rest would go to the Congress. At the end he stated that it was likely that the Muslim League would not object. Then he went a step further, "In fact the Muslim League would presumably welcome the plan." Wavell then called Sir Feroz Khan Noon and asked him to find out his leaders' reaction to this plan. He returned with the answer that the League had no objection.
On 1 May 1947 two Americans, Ronald A. Hare, Head of the Division of South Asian Affairs, and Thomas E. Weil, Second Secretary of U.S. Embassy in India, visited Jinnah. A detailed account of this visit was sent by the American Charge D' Affairs to Marshall, the Secretary of State. According to this account Jinnah stated that under no condition was he prepared to accept the scheme for a united and federated India. The Muslim League had decided to insist upon the creation of Pakistan:
He [Jinnah] sought to impress on his visitors that the emergence of an independent, sovereign Pakistan would be in consonance with American interests. Pakistan would be a Muslim country. Muslim countries stand together against Russian aggression. In that endeavour they would look to the United States for assistance, he added. [Venkataraman, American Role in Pakistan,p.1]
This is a variation on the old British game of hanging around the Soviet neck, the "albatross" of Islam
Jinnah was trying to persuade the United States that it was politically expedient to build an Islamic bastion against Russians. If India was allowed to remain unified then the bastion stretching from Turkey to China would be incomplete. This message was being communicated by Jinnah through every American Agent. The slogan was,
"Create Pakistan and save the western world!"
(Excerpts from "Facts are Facts" by Wali Khan)
