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there are many different ethnicities of pakistan
About 98% of languages spoken in Pakistan are Indo-Iranian (sub-branches: 75% Indo-Aryan and 20% pure Iranian), a branch of Indo-European family of languages. Most languages of Pakistan are written in the Perso-Arabic script, with significant vocabulary derived from Persian, Turkish language (the language Urdu was derived by Turkish kings) well as those Arabic words found in Persian. As such the pronunciation of all such Arabic words in native languages of Pakistan, follow the Persian model and not that of pristine Arabic of Arabia. Urdu language has a high vocabulary of Turkish words even more than Arabic and Persian.Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Saraiki, Sindhi, Pashto, Urdu, Balochi, Kashmiri (Koshur) are the general languages spoken within Pakistan. The majority of Pakistanis belong to various Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups, while large minorities are from various Iranian peoples and Dardic language groups. In addition, small groups of language isolates such as Burusho and Dravidian Speakers like the Brahui people also live in the country. The major ethnic groups of Pakistan in numerical size include: Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochis, Hindkowans, Chitralis and other smaller groups.
Following are the major languages spoken in Pakistan. The percentage of Pakistanis who are native speakers of that language is also given.
Numbers of speakers of larger languages
Language 2008 estimate 1998 census Main areas spoken
1 Punjabi 76,367,360 44.17% 58,433,431 44.15% Punjab
2 Pashto 26,692,890 15.44% 20,408,621 15.42% Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA
3 Sindhi 26,410,910 15.35% 18,661,571 14.10% Sindh
4 Saraiki 18,019,610 10.42% 13,936,594 10.53% South Punjab
5 Urdu 13,120,540 7.59% 10,019,576 7.57% Karachi, Sindh
6 Balochi 6,204,540 3.59% 4,724,871 3.57% Balochistan
7 Others 8,089,150 3.59% 6,167,515 4.66% Gilgit Baltistan and Kashmir
Total 172,900,000 100% 132,352,279 100% Pakistan
Smaller ethnic groups, such as Kashmiris, Hindkowans, Kalash, Burusho, Brahui, Khowar, Shina, Balti and Turwalis are mainly found in the northern parts of the country. The people of the Potohar Plateau in Northern Punjab and Western Azad Kashmir (called Potoharis), were historically distinct from Punjabis because of the difference in language. However, over time both Punjabi and Potohari have been largely replaced by the national Urdu language and consequently Potohari's are seen as Punjabi by the Punjabi community.
Pakistan's census does not include the registered 1.7 million Afghan refugees from neighbouring Afghanistan, who are mainly found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) areas, with small numbers in the cities of Karachi and Quetta.[1] Many of them were born inside Pakistan in the last 30 years and are counted as citizens of Afghanistan, and most of them are ethnic Pakhtuns from southeastern Afghanistan.[2] In 1995, there were more than 1.6 million Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese, 2,320 Iranians and Filipinos, and hundreds of Nepalis, Sri Lankans and Indians reported to be living in Karachi.[3]
Contents [hide]
1 Ethnic groups of Pakistan by region
1.1 Punjabis
1.2 Pashtuns
1.3 Sindhis
1.4 Balochs
1.5 Urdu speaking/Muhajirs
1.6 Saraikis
2 Minor ethnic groups
2.1 Hindkowans
2.2 Ranghar and Meo
2.3 Hazara
2.4 Pamiris
2.5 Baltis
2.6 Chitralis
2.7 Kalash
3 See also
4 References
Ethnic groups of Pakistan by region[edit source | editbeta]
Ethnic Groups by Region
Ethnic Groups in Urban Pakistan
Punjabis[edit source | editbeta]
Punjabis in Pakistan are multi-ethnical group of people, and can be divided into sub-groups. Punjabis speak the language called Punjabi. Punjabis have many different dialects and that depends in what region of Punjab they are from. They make up 78.7 million (45%) of Pakistan's total population.
Pashtuns[edit source | editbeta]
Pashtuns or Pakhtuns (sometimes Pathans) are Pakistan's second largest ethnic group that are native to the land principally west of the Indus River but can also be found in many major cities of Pakistan. They make up an estimated 27.7 million (15%) of Pakistan's total population.[4] The largest urban population of Pashtuns is interestingly found in the southern coastal city of Karachi with a fluctuating population estimated up to 7 million. This is then followed by Peshawer, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore in descending order. They make up the largest ethnic group in neighboring Afghanistan, forming anywhere between 42 to 60% there. Pashtuns practice a unique code of conduct referred to as Pashtunwali and are known for their tribal structure. They are an indigenous group from the land south of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan and west of the Indus River in Pakistan.
Sindhis[edit source | editbeta]
Sindhis are ancient people principally inhabiting the province of Sindh, Pakistan from where the river Indus (in ancient times revered to as Sindhus) runs and subsequently, from which they derive the name Sindh from. Believed to be the inheritors of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, Sindhis are heavily influenced by the adjacent Balochs in Pakistan and have considerable Arabic and Persian influence. Sindhis can also be found in the southern part of Punjab, and there is significant Punjabi influence in the Sindhi population. It is estimated 40-45% of Pakistani Sindhis are of Baloch origin. Sindhis played an influential role in the development of Pakistan, by joining government services specifically in Sindh, however a large number of Sindhis clung to agricultural fields, land owning, politics and establishment. The prominent personalities of Pakistan that hail from Sindh are Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Pir Sahib Pagara, Benazir Bhutto, Muhammed Khan Junijo (late), and current President Asif Ali Zardari.
Balochs[edit source | editbeta]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013)
The Baloch as an ethnic group are principally found in the east of Baluchistan province of Pakistan.[5] They have also settled in the adjacent provinces of Sindh and Punjab where their historical chief Mir Chakar Khan Rind lies buried in Sahiwal in Central Punjab. Baluchs also inhabit the Iranian Baluchistan as an ethnic minority and have settled in areas of the Middle east, notably in Oman, Yemen, and the UAE. These Arabised Baluchs are mostly descendants of the Baluchs who were sold as slaves and were forced to migrate as labourers during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries A.D.. With the abolition of slavery, they are now free citizens of the countries they have "settled" in. The Arabised Baluchs, are now believed to represent almost 30% of the local population of Oman.
Urdu speaking/Muhajirs[edit source | editbeta]
Muhajirs are a multi-ethnic group of Muslims who immigrated from the southeastern part of the undivided India sub-continent to the region now known as Sindh during the creation of Pakistan. Although the term Muhajirs can also refer to the diaspora of Urdu speakers, Muhajir typically refers to the ethnic group of people who immigrated to this region of the sub-continent because they opted for it to be their ideological homeland on the basis of the Two-nation theory. Although some have settled in other parts of Pakistan, including cities like Lahore and Multan, the vast majority tended to settle in Karachi where more than any other group Mujahirs held official offices during the early years of Pakistani nation-building. Muhajirs are generally united by language, Urdu, hence their being known in Pakistan as Urdu people who established their tongue as Pakistan's national language. They are credited with founding several governmental organizations, such as the State Bank of Pakistan, the Atomic Energy Commission, Kanup, as well as several other institutions and continue to hold influential positions in administration and politics.
Saraikis[edit source | editbeta]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013)
The [Saraiki people] are a linguistic group, and not an ethnic group, from the south-eastern areas of Pakistan. The Seraikis maintain that they have a separate language and culture. It is mostly spoken in the southern and western districts of Punjab, which comprises Multan, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan, southern and western parts of Khanewal, southern parts of Bahawalnagar and western parts of Khushab districts. It is also spoken by the majority of the population of Dera Ismail Khan district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (خیبر پښتونخوا
province, kachi plain of Balochistan, northern parts of Sindh, and the cities of Hyderabad and Karachi. Saraiki, belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European language groups.
Minor ethnic groups[edit source | editbeta]
Hindkowans[edit source | editbeta]
Hindkowans are believed to be the transitional group of people between Punjabis and Pashtuns. They are also known as Punjabi Pathans. Their traditional homeland are areas around Hazara division including Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur .
Ranghar and Meo[edit source | editbeta]
The Ranghar and related Meo are immigrants from Eastern part of the Punjab and Rajhastan. The Ranghar, though being part of the Punjabi diaspora in the undivided Punjab, speak the different dialects of East Punjab with the Punjabi accent and share common traditions, heritage and culture together with punjabis. They belonged to the Lahore Legislative Council in the pre-partition era and were forced to leave their homeland along with other punjabis during the riots of East Punjab in consequence of the partition of India. The renowned nationalities in the Ranghars are Rao, Rana, Abbasi, Behleem and Ghouri. The most well known Ranghars are; Khan Liaquat Ali Khan from Karnal (Ex Prime Minister and founding father of Pakistan), Akhtar Hussain from Gurgaon (Ex-Governor of earst while West Pakistan) General Rao Farman Ali, General Rao Umrao Khan, Syed Qasim Mahmood, Rao Sikandar Iqbal and Rao Abdul Rasheed (Ex I. G. Punjab). The Ranghar communities that settled in Karachi and Hyderabad during initiating days of Pakistan have adopted dialects of Urdu and now form a sub-group within the Muhajir ethnic group.
Hazara[edit source | editbeta]
The Hazara people, natives to central Afghanistan, are a Persian-speaking people mostly residing in Quetta. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of East Asian people and those of Middle East and Central Asia. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the Mongols and the Uygurs. The Pakistani Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 550,000.[citation needed]
Pamiris[edit source | editbeta]
The Pamiri peoples are a diverse group of inter-related people who are often and erroneously called Tajiks by negligence. They are speakers of many Northeast Iranian languages, which includes Wakhi, Sarikuli, Yidgha and Munji. The traditional homeland of the Pamiris is in eastern Afghanistan, eastern Tajikistan, western China (western highlands of Xinjiang) and northern Pakistan. The Pakistani Pamiris are estimated to be over 1 million.[citation needed]
Baltis[edit source | editbeta]
The Balti are an ethnic group of Tibetan descent with some Dardic admixture located in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and Ladakh. In Pakistan they mainly live in the major urban centres of Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The Balti language belongs to the Tibetan language family and is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi.
Chitralis[edit source | editbeta]
The people of Chitral the northernmost part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa belong mostly to the Khow ethnic group, but there are more than ten other ethnic groups represented in Chitral. Despite their diverse ethnic, religious and linguistic backgrounds they have a strong sense of being Chitrali and they share a common culture and use Khowar as a lingua franca. The State of Chitral used to be a Princely State until its amalgamation into Pakistan in 1969.
Kalash[edit source | editbeta]
The Kalash or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush, settling in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalash language, a member of the Dardic family. The culture of Kalash people is unique and differs drastically from the various ethnic groups surrounding them. They are polytheists and nature plays a highly significant and spiritual role in their daily life. As part of their religious tradition, sacrifices are offered and festivals held to give thanks for the abundant resources of their three valleys. The Kalash pantheon is the last untouched, living representative of Indo-European mythology.
About 98% of languages spoken in Pakistan are Indo-Iranian (sub-branches: 75% Indo-Aryan and 20% pure Iranian), a branch of Indo-European family of languages. Most languages of Pakistan are written in the Perso-Arabic script, with significant vocabulary derived from Persian, Turkish language (the language Urdu was derived by Turkish kings) well as those Arabic words found in Persian. As such the pronunciation of all such Arabic words in native languages of Pakistan, follow the Persian model and not that of pristine Arabic of Arabia. Urdu language has a high vocabulary of Turkish words even more than Arabic and Persian.Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Saraiki, Sindhi, Pashto, Urdu, Balochi, Kashmiri (Koshur) are the general languages spoken within Pakistan. The majority of Pakistanis belong to various Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups, while large minorities are from various Iranian peoples and Dardic language groups. In addition, small groups of language isolates such as Burusho and Dravidian Speakers like the Brahui people also live in the country. The major ethnic groups of Pakistan in numerical size include: Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochis, Hindkowans, Chitralis and other smaller groups.
Following are the major languages spoken in Pakistan. The percentage of Pakistanis who are native speakers of that language is also given.
Numbers of speakers of larger languages
Language 2008 estimate 1998 census Main areas spoken
1 Punjabi 76,367,360 44.17% 58,433,431 44.15% Punjab
2 Pashto 26,692,890 15.44% 20,408,621 15.42% Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA
3 Sindhi 26,410,910 15.35% 18,661,571 14.10% Sindh
4 Saraiki 18,019,610 10.42% 13,936,594 10.53% South Punjab
5 Urdu 13,120,540 7.59% 10,019,576 7.57% Karachi, Sindh
6 Balochi 6,204,540 3.59% 4,724,871 3.57% Balochistan
7 Others 8,089,150 3.59% 6,167,515 4.66% Gilgit Baltistan and Kashmir
Total 172,900,000 100% 132,352,279 100% Pakistan
Smaller ethnic groups, such as Kashmiris, Hindkowans, Kalash, Burusho, Brahui, Khowar, Shina, Balti and Turwalis are mainly found in the northern parts of the country. The people of the Potohar Plateau in Northern Punjab and Western Azad Kashmir (called Potoharis), were historically distinct from Punjabis because of the difference in language. However, over time both Punjabi and Potohari have been largely replaced by the national Urdu language and consequently Potohari's are seen as Punjabi by the Punjabi community.
Pakistan's census does not include the registered 1.7 million Afghan refugees from neighbouring Afghanistan, who are mainly found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) areas, with small numbers in the cities of Karachi and Quetta.[1] Many of them were born inside Pakistan in the last 30 years and are counted as citizens of Afghanistan, and most of them are ethnic Pakhtuns from southeastern Afghanistan.[2] In 1995, there were more than 1.6 million Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese, 2,320 Iranians and Filipinos, and hundreds of Nepalis, Sri Lankans and Indians reported to be living in Karachi.[3]
Contents [hide]
1 Ethnic groups of Pakistan by region
1.1 Punjabis
1.2 Pashtuns
1.3 Sindhis
1.4 Balochs
1.5 Urdu speaking/Muhajirs
1.6 Saraikis
2 Minor ethnic groups
2.1 Hindkowans
2.2 Ranghar and Meo
2.3 Hazara
2.4 Pamiris
2.5 Baltis
2.6 Chitralis
2.7 Kalash
3 See also
4 References
Ethnic groups of Pakistan by region[edit source | editbeta]
Ethnic Groups by Region
Ethnic Groups in Urban Pakistan
Punjabis[edit source | editbeta]
Punjabis in Pakistan are multi-ethnical group of people, and can be divided into sub-groups. Punjabis speak the language called Punjabi. Punjabis have many different dialects and that depends in what region of Punjab they are from. They make up 78.7 million (45%) of Pakistan's total population.
Pashtuns[edit source | editbeta]
Pashtuns or Pakhtuns (sometimes Pathans) are Pakistan's second largest ethnic group that are native to the land principally west of the Indus River but can also be found in many major cities of Pakistan. They make up an estimated 27.7 million (15%) of Pakistan's total population.[4] The largest urban population of Pashtuns is interestingly found in the southern coastal city of Karachi with a fluctuating population estimated up to 7 million. This is then followed by Peshawer, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore in descending order. They make up the largest ethnic group in neighboring Afghanistan, forming anywhere between 42 to 60% there. Pashtuns practice a unique code of conduct referred to as Pashtunwali and are known for their tribal structure. They are an indigenous group from the land south of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan and west of the Indus River in Pakistan.
Sindhis[edit source | editbeta]
Sindhis are ancient people principally inhabiting the province of Sindh, Pakistan from where the river Indus (in ancient times revered to as Sindhus) runs and subsequently, from which they derive the name Sindh from. Believed to be the inheritors of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, Sindhis are heavily influenced by the adjacent Balochs in Pakistan and have considerable Arabic and Persian influence. Sindhis can also be found in the southern part of Punjab, and there is significant Punjabi influence in the Sindhi population. It is estimated 40-45% of Pakistani Sindhis are of Baloch origin. Sindhis played an influential role in the development of Pakistan, by joining government services specifically in Sindh, however a large number of Sindhis clung to agricultural fields, land owning, politics and establishment. The prominent personalities of Pakistan that hail from Sindh are Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Pir Sahib Pagara, Benazir Bhutto, Muhammed Khan Junijo (late), and current President Asif Ali Zardari.
Balochs[edit source | editbeta]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013)
The Baloch as an ethnic group are principally found in the east of Baluchistan province of Pakistan.[5] They have also settled in the adjacent provinces of Sindh and Punjab where their historical chief Mir Chakar Khan Rind lies buried in Sahiwal in Central Punjab. Baluchs also inhabit the Iranian Baluchistan as an ethnic minority and have settled in areas of the Middle east, notably in Oman, Yemen, and the UAE. These Arabised Baluchs are mostly descendants of the Baluchs who were sold as slaves and were forced to migrate as labourers during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries A.D.. With the abolition of slavery, they are now free citizens of the countries they have "settled" in. The Arabised Baluchs, are now believed to represent almost 30% of the local population of Oman.
Urdu speaking/Muhajirs[edit source | editbeta]
Muhajirs are a multi-ethnic group of Muslims who immigrated from the southeastern part of the undivided India sub-continent to the region now known as Sindh during the creation of Pakistan. Although the term Muhajirs can also refer to the diaspora of Urdu speakers, Muhajir typically refers to the ethnic group of people who immigrated to this region of the sub-continent because they opted for it to be their ideological homeland on the basis of the Two-nation theory. Although some have settled in other parts of Pakistan, including cities like Lahore and Multan, the vast majority tended to settle in Karachi where more than any other group Mujahirs held official offices during the early years of Pakistani nation-building. Muhajirs are generally united by language, Urdu, hence their being known in Pakistan as Urdu people who established their tongue as Pakistan's national language. They are credited with founding several governmental organizations, such as the State Bank of Pakistan, the Atomic Energy Commission, Kanup, as well as several other institutions and continue to hold influential positions in administration and politics.
Saraikis[edit source | editbeta]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013)
The [Saraiki people] are a linguistic group, and not an ethnic group, from the south-eastern areas of Pakistan. The Seraikis maintain that they have a separate language and culture. It is mostly spoken in the southern and western districts of Punjab, which comprises Multan, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan, southern and western parts of Khanewal, southern parts of Bahawalnagar and western parts of Khushab districts. It is also spoken by the majority of the population of Dera Ismail Khan district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (خیبر پښتونخوا
province, kachi plain of Balochistan, northern parts of Sindh, and the cities of Hyderabad and Karachi. Saraiki, belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European language groups.Minor ethnic groups[edit source | editbeta]
Hindkowans[edit source | editbeta]
Hindkowans are believed to be the transitional group of people between Punjabis and Pashtuns. They are also known as Punjabi Pathans. Their traditional homeland are areas around Hazara division including Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur .
Ranghar and Meo[edit source | editbeta]
The Ranghar and related Meo are immigrants from Eastern part of the Punjab and Rajhastan. The Ranghar, though being part of the Punjabi diaspora in the undivided Punjab, speak the different dialects of East Punjab with the Punjabi accent and share common traditions, heritage and culture together with punjabis. They belonged to the Lahore Legislative Council in the pre-partition era and were forced to leave their homeland along with other punjabis during the riots of East Punjab in consequence of the partition of India. The renowned nationalities in the Ranghars are Rao, Rana, Abbasi, Behleem and Ghouri. The most well known Ranghars are; Khan Liaquat Ali Khan from Karnal (Ex Prime Minister and founding father of Pakistan), Akhtar Hussain from Gurgaon (Ex-Governor of earst while West Pakistan) General Rao Farman Ali, General Rao Umrao Khan, Syed Qasim Mahmood, Rao Sikandar Iqbal and Rao Abdul Rasheed (Ex I. G. Punjab). The Ranghar communities that settled in Karachi and Hyderabad during initiating days of Pakistan have adopted dialects of Urdu and now form a sub-group within the Muhajir ethnic group.
Hazara[edit source | editbeta]
The Hazara people, natives to central Afghanistan, are a Persian-speaking people mostly residing in Quetta. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of East Asian people and those of Middle East and Central Asia. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the Mongols and the Uygurs. The Pakistani Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 550,000.[citation needed]
Pamiris[edit source | editbeta]
The Pamiri peoples are a diverse group of inter-related people who are often and erroneously called Tajiks by negligence. They are speakers of many Northeast Iranian languages, which includes Wakhi, Sarikuli, Yidgha and Munji. The traditional homeland of the Pamiris is in eastern Afghanistan, eastern Tajikistan, western China (western highlands of Xinjiang) and northern Pakistan. The Pakistani Pamiris are estimated to be over 1 million.[citation needed]
Baltis[edit source | editbeta]
The Balti are an ethnic group of Tibetan descent with some Dardic admixture located in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and Ladakh. In Pakistan they mainly live in the major urban centres of Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The Balti language belongs to the Tibetan language family and is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi.
Chitralis[edit source | editbeta]
The people of Chitral the northernmost part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa belong mostly to the Khow ethnic group, but there are more than ten other ethnic groups represented in Chitral. Despite their diverse ethnic, religious and linguistic backgrounds they have a strong sense of being Chitrali and they share a common culture and use Khowar as a lingua franca. The State of Chitral used to be a Princely State until its amalgamation into Pakistan in 1969.
Kalash[edit source | editbeta]
The Kalash or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush, settling in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalash language, a member of the Dardic family. The culture of Kalash people is unique and differs drastically from the various ethnic groups surrounding them. They are polytheists and nature plays a highly significant and spiritual role in their daily life. As part of their religious tradition, sacrifices are offered and festivals held to give thanks for the abundant resources of their three valleys. The Kalash pantheon is the last untouched, living representative of Indo-European mythology.
