Its funny because most ballistic missiles are launched from submarines. As they are called SLBM. I guess the destroyer ones are called DLBM.
I'm not sure about most countries. But for the US, surface ships and especially aircraft carriers are use for conventional power projection. When it comes to nuclear weapons, they are placed in subs. The reason is that subs are much more quiet within the US arsenal. If all the ships are build around the same time, the sub can detect and sink a surface ship before the surface fleet can detect and sink a sub. As a result, all the strategic weaponary are placed inside the subs as they are more difficult to detect and sink. In another word, during cold war, the US was not counting on using the carriers much when a war broke out with USSR as USSR possess subs that can sink the carriers. The carriers were for countries such as Libya.
I'm not sure why India do plan to put ballistic missile on a surface ship? Is it because India lack any sub ballistic missile launch technology or these missiles do plan to target only countries without any submarines. China certainly has subs that can detect surface ships and sink them before its subs are detected. Isn't Pakistan looking to modernize its attack subs fleet? With a ballistic missle with such a short range, I can only imagine India develop this for Pakistan.