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img_3863-jpg.319911

How many of you see yourself in this picture?
There is a place called Timarni (Madhya Pradesh), where my grandfather spent many years and his home was right next to the railway station. Timarni lies right on Itarsi Mumbai CST mainline and that meant during summer vacations, my younger brother and me would spend entire day sitting under a banyan tree besides a well and watch trains zipping by. The place is a very small one and not many trains used to make stop, but that meant enjoying high speed action.
In evening, my brother an me used to go for a stroll on platform and i would hold his hand much in same way the above picture shows.
1.png

Sweet Memories!

Quite few threads here are trolling-free
:tup:

Thats a rarity these days, but i too am glad the tread is clean.
@WAJsal @waz :cool: ahem...
 
.
How many of you see yourself in this picture?
There is a place called Timarni (Madhya Pradesh), where my grandfather spent many years and his home was right next to the railway station. Timarni lies right on Itarsi Mumbai CST mainline and that meant during summer vacations, my younger brother and me would spend entire day sitting under a banyan tree besides a well and watch trains zipping by. The place is a very small one and not many trains used to make stop, but that meant enjoying high speed action.
In evening, my brother an me used to go for a stroll on platform and i would hold his hand much in same way the above picture shows.
View attachment 319963
Sweet Memories!


:tup:

Thats a rarity these days, but i too am glad the tread is clean.
@WAJsal @waz :cool: ahem...
One thing where my friend highly praised Indian Railway is that he could enter the station whenever he could.
You know, I have introduced the rules in my thread with you, in China, passengers are only allowed to walk onto the platforms 15 minutes before departure (if the train starts from the terminus) or 5 minutes before the train arrives (if the train makes a midway stop). And holding a legit ticket is the basic requirement for anyone who wants to enter a station.

See, no people
休整之后继续出发.jpg


You can't even cross the white line. :frown:
I have been warned by the station platform radio for at least 10 times when I take photos crossing the line!
They will directly shout by announcement radio or a loud speaker:
the man in &%$#, turn back!
洛阳龙门火车站.jpg


It would be great for passengers' safety, but indeed make it more difficult for us to photograph.
 
.
13693016_1107411092659990_6168404752872916724_o.jpg


My city Ranchi to get a light metro , most probably a mono rail... I am anticipating delays already as we have quite a few who think Ranchi is not a big enough city ( area and population both ) for a metro system....

However the cost is about 620 million USD. A detailed plan has already been made....

@anant_s

http://m.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-RAN-H...PHO.html?referrer_url=http://www.google.co.in

An article from last year

http://m.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/...ide-by-2019/story-rYfZqmZSg51EP05UkPtqYJ.html

Ranchi may take monorail ride by 2019
Sanjoy Dey/ Gautam Mazumdar, Hindustan Times, Ranchi| Updated: Oct 10, 2015 22:15 IST

The monorail project will be laid on a stretch of 25 km on Ranchi’s two busy corridors — Dhurwa to Kutchery (13km) and Namkum to Piska More (12km) — and have 33 stations.(File photo)

The Jharkhand government on Saturday approved a monorail project which is expected to ease the state capital’s nightmarish traffic congestions with chief minister Raghubar Das terming it as a “comprehensive mobility plan for the next 30 years”.

If everything goes as planned, the project will take off by March 2016 and monorail will run in the city by 2019, urban development department officials said.

The monorail project will be laid on a stretch of 25 km on Ranchi’s two busy corridors — Dhurwa to Kutchery (13km) and Namkum to Piska More (12km) — and have 33 stations.

The project will come up on public-private-partnership (PPP) mode and will be funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the officials added.

“Managing traffic in the state capital is a huge challenge. The project is a comprehensive mobility plan for the next 30 years,” said Das and added the government will send the `4,500 crore project proposal to the Union urban development ministry for approval.

Urban development department secretary Arun Kumar Singh said that the state-appointed consultant Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC) has been asked to submit a detailed project report by December. The IDFC submitted its feasibility (detailed technology option evaluation) report on metro and monorail projects to the chief minister and urban development minister.

Managing Ranchi’s traffic had been a big challenge for the local administration as well as the government.

Traffic load in the city has increased by 240% since the creation of Jharkhand. The number of vehicles was 1.98 lakh in 2001 which has grown to 6.70 lakh this year. More than 10,000 illegal autos ply on city roads to meet demand of public transport.

To tackle this challenge, Jharkhand government had roped in IDFC four months back to prepare a comprehensive mobility plan (CMP) for Ranchi city for next 30 years.

The agency had also been entrusted with job to suggest best solution for public transport with carrying out a detailed feasibility report. “Metro rail is not ideal solution for Ranchi city, as it needs wide road and long curvature for movement, which is a big challenge here. Besides, underground route will not be cost effective due to hard rock presence. Therefore, we suggested monorail to government,” said an IDFC senior official, who is not authorised to speak to media.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++



Expansion of Railways line .

Ministry of Railways
22-July, 2016 17:11 IST
Target for New Lines and Coaches in Indian Railways

For Commissioning of Railway Projects, targets are fixed on annual basis. For 2016-17, target of 400 Km New Line, 800 Km Gauge Conversion and 1600 Km of Doubling have been targeted. Targets for next year shall be fixed at the time of preparation of Budget for 2017-18. Annual Production Programme of production of coaches for the years 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 is for 4627, 4312 and 4358 coaches respectively.

This Press Release is based on information given by the Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Communications and Minister of State for Railways in a written reply to a question in Rajya Sabha on 22.07.2016 (Friday).

****


AKS/DK
(Release ID :147526)
 
.
Kolkata tram is still alive because these have been declared heritage but I think GoWB should make these better & buy new rolling stock...
Last time when rolling stock for Kolkata tram were bought was in 1889 after that 0 investment only decreasing length day by day. Actually, this makes me sad, only city with trams.
One thing where my friend highly praised Indian Railway is that he could enter the station whenever he could.
You know, I have introduced the rules in my thread with you, in China, passengers are only allowed to walk onto the platforms 15 minutes before departure (if the train starts from the terminus) or 5 minutes before the train arrives (if the train makes a midway stop). And holding a legit ticket is the basic requirement for anyone who wants to enter a station.

See, no people
View attachment 319976

You can't even cross the white line. :frown:
I have been warned by the station platform radio for at least 10 times when I take photos crossing the line!
They will directly shout by announcement radio or a loud speaker:
the man in &%$#, turn back!
View attachment 319977

It would be great for passengers' safety, but indeed make it more difficult for us to photograph.
You know, this is because of no proper time for trains specially in northern & central India where high number of trains run. Where train comes on time people will come just 10 minute before train time & go so no croud.
In North Westran railway they generally don't allow people before train time on station because in NWR number of trains is very low & usually arrive on time.

13693016_1107411092659990_6168404752872916724_o.jpg


My city Ranchi to get a light metro , most probably a mono rail... I am anticipating delays already as we have quite a few who think Ranchi is not a big enough city ( area and population both ) for a metro system....

However the cost is about 620 million USD. A detailed plan has already been made....

@anant_s

http://m.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-light-metro-in-ranchi-news-hindi-5379030-PHO.html?referrer_url=http://www.google.co.in

An article from last year

http://m.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/...ide-by-2019/story-rYfZqmZSg51EP05UkPtqYJ.html

Ranchi may take monorail ride by 2019
Sanjoy Dey/ Gautam Mazumdar, Hindustan Times, Ranchi| Updated: Oct 10, 2015 22:15 IST

The monorail project will be laid on a stretch of 25 km on Ranchi’s two busy corridors — Dhurwa to Kutchery (13km) and Namkum to Piska More (12km) — and have 33 stations.(File photo)

The Jharkhand government on Saturday approved a monorail project which is expected to ease the state capital’s nightmarish traffic congestions with chief minister Raghubar Das terming it as a “comprehensive mobility plan for the next 30 years”.

If everything goes as planned, the project will take off by March 2016 and monorail will run in the city by 2019, urban development department officials said.

The monorail project will be laid on a stretch of 25 km on Ranchi’s two busy corridors — Dhurwa to Kutchery (13km) and Namkum to Piska More (12km) — and have 33 stations.

The project will come up on public-private-partnership (PPP) mode and will be funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the officials added.

“Managing traffic in the state capital is a huge challenge. The project is a comprehensive mobility plan for the next 30 years,” said Das and added the government will send the `4,500 crore project proposal to the Union urban development ministry for approval.

Urban development department secretary Arun Kumar Singh said that the state-appointed consultant Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC) has been asked to submit a detailed project report by December. The IDFC submitted its feasibility (detailed technology option evaluation) report on metro and monorail projects to the chief minister and urban development minister.

Managing Ranchi’s traffic had been a big challenge for the local administration as well as the government.

Traffic load in the city has increased by 240% since the creation of Jharkhand. The number of vehicles was 1.98 lakh in 2001 which has grown to 6.70 lakh this year. More than 10,000 illegal autos ply on city roads to meet demand of public transport.

To tackle this challenge, Jharkhand government had roped in IDFC four months back to prepare a comprehensive mobility plan (CMP) for Ranchi city for next 30 years.

The agency had also been entrusted with job to suggest best solution for public transport with carrying out a detailed feasibility report. “Metro rail is not ideal solution for Ranchi city, as it needs wide road and long curvature for movement, which is a big challenge here. Besides, underground route will not be cost effective due to hard rock presence. Therefore, we suggested monorail to government,” said an IDFC senior official, who is not authorised to speak to media.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++



Expansion of Railways line .

Ministry of Railways
22-July, 2016 17:11 IST
Target for New Lines and Coaches in Indian Railways

For Commissioning of Railway Projects, targets are fixed on annual basis. For 2016-17, target of 400 Km New Line, 800 Km Gauge Conversion and 1600 Km of Doubling have been targeted. Targets for next year shall be fixed at the time of preparation of Budget for 2017-18. Annual Production Programme of production of coaches for the years 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 is for 4627, 4312 and 4358 coaches respectively.

This Press Release is based on information given by the Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Communications and Minister of State for Railways in a written reply to a question in Rajya Sabha on 22.07.2016 (Friday).

****


AKS/DK
(Release ID :147526)
I'm kearing about Rapid Transit in Ranchi since this govt came in power but only talks no work.
You know monorail was also proposed in Ranchi, ohh! that was in news in almost papers for a month & end of the month monorail was dead & still Ranchi hasn't mourned on monorail's death.
 
.
Kolkata tram is still alive because these have been declared heritage but I think GoWB should make these better & buy new rolling stock...
Last time when rolling stock for Kolkata tram were bought was in 1889 after that 0 investment only decreasing length day by day. Actually, this makes me sad, only city with trams.

You know, this is because of no proper time for trains specially in northern & central India where high number of trains run. Where train comes on time people will come just 10 minute before train time & go so no croud.
In North Westran railway they generally don't allow people before train time on station because in NWR number of trains is very low & usually arrive on time.


I'm kearing about Rapid Transit in Ranchi since this govt came in power but only talks no work.
You know monorail was also proposed in Ranchi, ohh! that was in news in almost papers for a month & end of the month monorail was dead & still Ranchi hasn't mourned on monorail's death.
I personally really like tram.
I have been to Melbourne which is the capital of trams in the world. I kept taking photos for one week.

The city of Dalian in China has some tram routes with a history of more than one century.
I think Kolkata needs to buy some new low-floor trams, at the same time preserving some of the historic trams for tourism. In China, tram routes are being built everywhere especially in suburbs and small cities.

Trams in Guangzhou
7c1fcccfjw1eoykuf6175j20p00heaek.jpg
7c1fcccfjw1eoykufyyugj20p00h9n0l.jpg
7c1fcccfjw1eoykud8f4bj20p00gwdja.jpg


Nanjing Tram
66495252201407250316033677635309448_026.jpg~original.jpeg


Dalian's historic tram
20071229_7821e2b78da9c58a1b6eQzRVUPz3V9J8.jpg
20071229_151411026466acd91dd5QQyZzjDhcWWS.jpg
20071229_f235257dd8f8797187b5Vz1E8I35iqiq.jpg


Just remember to buy new trams for local commuters, but still offer tourists a feel of nostalgia!
20071229_77dfaf3a0f77748c26fbXOmtuKVqOHfW.jpg


We have planned several hundred km of tram routes in my city's suburban districts and high-tech economic zones. The first two lines will open in late 2016! :D
 
.
One thing where my friend highly praised Indian Railway is that he could enter the station whenever he could.
You know, I have introduced the rules in my thread with you, in China, passengers are only allowed to walk onto the platforms 15 minutes before departure (if the train starts from the terminus) or 5 minutes before the train arrives (if the train makes a midway stop). And holding a legit ticket is the basic requirement for anyone who wants to enter a station.

See, no people
View attachment 319976

You can't even cross the white line. :frown:
I have been warned by the station platform radio for at least 10 times when I take photos crossing the line!
They will directly shout by announcement radio or a loud speaker:
the man in &%$#, turn back!
View attachment 319977

It would be great for passengers' safety, but indeed make it more difficult for us to photograph.
Authorities are usually concerned with safety at their premises and Railway are no different.
Here in India, we usually requires some kind of verbal or written permission , if u want to do some photography.
Carrying a DSLR and couple of lenses , always attracts rail police attention, and you have to explain your motives being harmless then.
In this regard, atleast you are allowed some freedom to compose and take shots freely.
 
.
India's first green rail corridor to be launched tomorrow by Suresh Prabhu
In a bid to make railway tracks discharge free zones, Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu will inaugurate 114-km long Rameswaram-Manmadurai route as the country's first green rail corridor with zero toilet discharge section on Sunday. Accordingly, 10 passenger trains consisting of 286 coaches moving in the section have been provided with bio-toilets enabling the rail corridor free from discharge of human waste on the track.

The Rameswarm-Manamadurai (114 Km) track was identified to make it green train corridor - free from human waste discharge from trains as part of the Swachh Bharat Mission and on Sunday Railway Minister will inaugurate it to mark the first discharge free route in railways, said a senior Railway Ministry official. The inauguration will be done from Chennai station by Prabhu through video conferencing.

Stepping up the Swachh Bharat drive launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Railways have taken up a mammoth task of providing human waste discharge free bio-toilets in all its coaches and the same would be completed by September 2019.

With provision of bio-toilets in all its coaches discharge of human waste from trains on to the track would be completely stopped which in turn would help in improving cleanliness and hygiene besides preventing corrosion of the tracks. Railways have already provided 40,750 bio-toilets in its coaches till June end this year and it is planned to equip more coaches with 30,000 bio-toilets in the current fiscal.

After Rameswarm-Manamadurai, Okha-Kanalas Junction (141 Km), Porbandar-Wansjaliya (34 Km) and Jammu-Katra (78 Km) would also be taken up for making them free from human waste discharge from trains. For this around 35 trains consisting of nearly 1,110 coaches would be further provided with bio toilets and the work is underway.

These sections and stations were chosen, because the number of trains originating and terminating at these stations and sections are few, thus making it operationally easier and faster to make them human-discharge free.

Railways in its commitment to provide hygienic environment to passengers and to keep station premises/tracks clean, have developed environment-friendly bio-toilets for its passenger coaches. The technology has been developed jointly by Indian Railways and Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) for railway passenger coaches through an MoU.

In the bio-toilet coaches, human waste is collected in tanks below the toilets and the same is decomposed by a consortium of bacteria and finally water is discharged.

http://www.dnaindia.com/india/repor...be-launched-tomorrow-by-suresh-prabhu-2237439
 
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How many of you see yourself in this picture?
There is a place called Timarni (Madhya Pradesh), where my grandfather spent many years and his home was right next to the railway station. Timarni lies right on Itarsi Mumbai CST mainline and that meant during summer vacations, my younger brother and me would spend entire day sitting under a banyan tree besides a well and watch trains zipping by. The place is a very small one and not many trains used to make stop, but that meant enjoying high speed action.
In evening, my brother an me used to go for a stroll on platform and i would hold his hand much in same way the above picture shows.
View attachment 319963
Sweet Memories!


:tup:

Thats a rarity these days, but i too am glad the tread is clean.
@WAJsal @waz :cool: ahem...
We all have the same stories mate.
My maternal grandfather was an engineer in DLW Varanasi and I spend lot of my summer holidays in DLW Varanasi's govt quarters.
I am the youngest of three brothers, me and my elder brother used to gaze in awe at those shiny brand new ALCO WDMs.
We used to have a bet on how the loco pilot starts a diesel loco. My theory was that one uses a big key and then a master switch.:D

Do you have any info on Indian Railway's collaboration with the Soviet Railways? If we had any.
 
Last edited:
. .
Start-ups will now only need eligibility certificate from govt for IPR benefits

To improve ease of doing business, Commerce and Industry Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said a start-up would now need only a certificate of recognition from the government to avail IPR-related benefits.

Earlier, a budding entrepreneur had to go through an elaborate process of approaching an inter-ministerial board to procure the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) benefits.

"A start-up would now require only a certificate of recognition from the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) and would not be required to be examined by the inter-ministerial board, as was being done earlier. This is one rapid change that we have brought in," she said here at the 'Start-up India States' Conference'.


Under the 'Start-up India' action plan, the government has announced three-year tax holiday and other benefits to these entrepreneurs.

She also said that the ministry has lined up a series of meetings with different stakeholders, including investors to resolve start-up issues. She will also meet investors, industry and journalists soon.

Commenting on views of some critics about interference of government in implementing the action plan for start-ups, particularly on extending tax holiday, Sitharaman said the government is committed to facilitate young entrepreneurs.

"...many questions are being raised about 'minimum government and maximum governance'. I want to ensure that the government is only facilitating you," she said.

However, she said, "As and when money has to be spent, it will have to be looked into. All of us are duty-bound to be accountable and transparent...Accountability and transparency warrants that if tax breaks have to be given, in cases when the government defers, postpones or foregoes, we have to have some kind of accountability system. Therefore, there has to be an inter-ministerial board".

The Minister also said that seven proposals for research parks, 16 for TBIs (Technology Business Incubators) and 13 proposals for Start-up Centres have been recommended by the National Expert Advisory Committee formed by the Human Resource Development Ministry.

"These proposals will be implemented in the current financial year itself," she added.

To obtain tax and IPR related benefits, a start-up shall be required to be certified as an eligible business from the inter-ministerial board of certification. The board consists of DIPP Joint Secretary, representative of Department of Science and Technology; and Department of Bio-technology.

Sitharaman asked all the stakeholders to regularly provide inputs to further improve the start-up ecosystem to give it an impetus.

India is ranked third in the world, behind the US and the UK in terms of number of start-ups. Close to 4,400 technology start-ups exist in India and the number is expected to reach 12,000-plus by 2020, driven by a young and diverse entrepreneurial ecosystem, she said.

On the rate of success of start-ups, she said: "World-over, the success rate is not very high. But that is the nature of the business. Rate of success is beyond the government. What the government, however, can do is to give a chance to every idea to reach some stage and give facilitation and tax breaks," she said.

She also said that the DIPP has written to top 50 companies requesting them to support the initiative under their CSR activities by setting up new incubators in collaboration with educational institutes.

Five states including Rajasthan, Kerala, Telangana, Karnataka gave detailed presentation about their initiatives to boost start-up ecosystem.

"Every state is working for start-ups and it's not like these five states only are working," Sitharaman said.

In January, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a slew of incentives to boost start-up businesses, offering them a tax holiday and inspector raj-free regime, capital gains tax exemption and Rs 10,000 crore corpus to fund them.

http://www.dnaindia.com/money/repor...ertificate-from-govt-for-ipr-benefits-2237527
 
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Agartala to get train to Delhi from July 31

Agartala: The first broad gauge passenger train connecting Agartala with New Delhi will be flagged off by Union railway minister Suresh Prabhu on July 31.
Goods train services between the two cities began a week ago.
State transport minister Manik Dey said tracks had been laid between Lumding and Agartala three months ago but services could not be started as the hill section in Assam would often be blocked due to repeated landslides. Top officials of Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) arrived here to finalize details of the flagging-off ceremony. NFR has also started goods train services from Guwahati to Silchar and Agartala.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/...o-Delhi-from-July-31/articleshow/53360389.cms


3 more metro rail stretches to open by end of 2016: Jaya

Chennai: Travelling to the airport from neighbourhoods in Kilpauk and Anna Nagar will soon be hassle-free as Chennai metro rail is gearing up to complete the Nehru Park-Thirumangalam, Little Mount-airport and Alandur-St Thomas Mount stretches by year-end. Once this is done, the city will have a metro rail network of 30 km, two-thirds of the 45-km etwork planned under ongoing phase I.

After laying the cornerstone for the nine-kilometre phase I extension project from Washermenpet to Wimco Nagar on Saturday, chief minister J Jayalalithaa said the nine-kilometre elevated stretch from Little Mount to the airport will be operationalized in August followed by the three-kilometre portion from Alandur to St Thomas Mount in October and the 7-km underground stretch from Koyambedu to Nehru Park by the end of 2016. "Work on the remaining parts will be completed before end of 2017," she said.

When the three stretches are open for commercial operations, passengers can take a direct train from Nehru Park all the way to the airport via Koyambedu or head to St Thomas Mount.

Metro rail officials said while work on the underground stretch from Thirumangalam to Nehru Park will be completed before the end of 2016, they might take another three months to complete various levels of inspections for commissioning. " We may have several issues to deal with during inspections for the underground stretch. So, we are looking to open it by March 2017," an official said.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/...-by-end-of-2016-Jaya/articleshow/53360387.cms

 
.
How many of you see yourself in this picture?
There is a place called Timarni (Madhya Pradesh), where my grandfather spent many years and his home was right next to the railway station. Timarni lies right on Itarsi Mumbai CST mainline and that meant during summer vacations, my younger brother and me would spend entire day sitting under a banyan tree besides a well and watch trains zipping by. The place is a very small one and not many trains used to make stop, but that meant enjoying high speed action.
In evening, my brother an me used to go for a stroll on platform and i would hold his hand much in same way the above picture shows.
View attachment 319963
Sweet Memories!


:tup:

Thats a rarity these days, but i too am glad the tread is clean.
@WAJsal @waz :cool: ahem...
More Mumbai photos.
Photos from another friend (also railway fan) of mine.
_MG_9071.jpg
_MG_8789.jpg
_MG_8785.jpg
_MG_9175.jpg
_MG_8917.jpg
_MG_8933.jpg
 
.
Authorities are usually concerned with safety at their premises and Railway are no different.
Here in India, we usually requires some kind of verbal or written permission , if u want to do some photography.
Carrying a DSLR and couple of lenses , always attracts rail police attention, and you have to explain your motives being harmless then.
In this regard, atleast you are allowed some freedom to compose and take shots freely.
You are right about it.
That friend told me he was warned about taking photos by some armed police inside the station.
It would be great to combine two characteristics
1) China railways: it's free to take photos, but not so free to enter the stations
2) Indian railways: it's free to enter the stations, but not so free to take photos

Continued

Mumbai-Dehli night train
_MG_9205.jpg
_MG_9213.jpg
_MG_9264.jpg
_MG_9376.jpg
_MG_9476.jpg
_MG_9492.jpg
 
Last edited:
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They have almost fully retired the old double decker carriages in mumbai area?
A few trains (mostly Shuttle services) and Flying rani Still have them. But the coaches are very old (made in mid 80s) and now approaching end of their codal life. So these won't be around after a couple of years.
maxresdefault.jpg
14504366664_1fd451c523_b.jpg

That said, we still have Double Decker AC expresses between Mumbai and Ahmadabad and many other city pairs off course.
maxresdefault5.jpg
maxresdefault6.jpg
 
.
A few trains (mostly Shuttle services) and Flying rani Still have them. But the coaches are very old (made in mid 80s) and now approaching end of their codal life. So these won't be around after a couple of years.
View attachment 320142 View attachment 320143
That said, we still have Double Decker AC expresses between Mumbai and Ahmadabad and many other city pairs off course.
View attachment 320144 View attachment 320145

Yup I know about the new ones. Just some people I know once thought that the new ones were the first double decker carriages in India ever....so that got me on a bit of a search to find the old ones that I remember from old trips and videos.
 
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