India befools Bangladesh on Tipaimukh
Abdur Rahman Khan
In a total disregard to the expert opinion about adverse impact of Tipaimukh Dam in north-eastern India and the neighbouring Bangladesh, Indian high commissioner Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty said in Dhaka that the hydropower project over the cross-boundary river Barak will not harm Bangladesh.
"The Tipaimukh hydropower project was not like the Farakka irrigation project. A little amount of water will be diverted to produce hydroelectricity and the water will be released soon", Pinak Ranjan told reporters after meeting with shipping minister Afsarul Amin last week.
"We know that India will build a hydropower plant on Tipaimukh. Bangladesh knows nothing about any dam there." Water resources minister Ramesh Chandra Sen however told the press.
However, Bangladesh foreign ministry has been planning to raise some protest with the new Indian government soon it assumes power. In the meantime, Bangladeshi ccitizens living abroad have taken a global initiative to collect signatures for a petition to be addressed to Indian Prime Minister calling for scrapping of the Tipaimuk dam project.
India in 2003 initiated the move to construct the dam over the cross-boundary river Barak, which enters into Bangladesh through Sylhet region before meeting the Meghna.
The idea of a dam over the Barak river was mooted from as early as 1954, but the detailed project report for construction of the Dam was submitted only in 1984. The twin major objectives were electricity generation and flood control. In 1995, Rishang Keishing, the then Chief Minister of Manipur voiced opposition to the project.
Three years later, in 1998, the Manipur assembly passed a resolution opposing the project. In the meanwhile, the Action Committee against Tipaimukh Project (ACTIP), a wide coalition of social and civil organizations has formed in Manipur to oppose the project. In the North Eastern region, the Brahmaputra River and the Barak River are both international rivers. The joys and sorrows that these two rivers mean for the peoples of Bangladesh and northeastern India are shared.
However, Tipaimukh Dam project was entirely developed and approved without once informing the government of Bangladesh or involving its people in any meaningful exercise to assess the downstream impacts of the dam. This is clearly a gross violation of co-riparian rights of Bangladesh. The unilateral construction of Tipaimukh dam on an international river is also violation of UN Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Uses of International watercourses.
After much delay, the foundation stone for the 1500-MW Tipaimukh Multipurpose Hydel Project was finally laid by union power minister Sushil Kumar Shinde at the project site near Tipaimukh in Manipur on December 16, 2006.
With this act, the Union Government signalled that it is determined to push ahead with the project, however strong and vocal opposition to the ambitious scheme is. On the day, much of Manipur was shut down due to a bandh called in protest against the Project. As the ministerial team reached Thangal village in Tamenglong district after a public meeting at Parbung, bandh supporters torched government offices and destroy public utilities at the Tamenglong district headquarters.
Meanwhile, environmentalists in Bangladesh have held many talks on the adverse impact of the proposed dam. They say the dam would dry up the river and the water bodies in the downstream, leaving millions jobless and upsetting the ecological balance.
Bangladesh environment expert, Zakir Kibria , Executive Director of BanglaPraxis: A Collective Initiative for Research and Action explains that the construction of Tipaimukh dam will have serious adverse impact on the downstream part of the Barak river basin, which is in northeastern part of Bangladesh, and known as Surma-Kushyiara-Meghna river basin.
Institute of Water Modelling (IWM), an autonomous research institute in Bangladesh recently conducted a study on the impact of Tipaimukh dam on Bangladesh. The study predicts that, the dam, once operational, will change the hydrological pattern of the Barak River.
As result, the Kushiyara-Bardal haor (wetland) on the left bank of the Kushiyara river would become completely dry during average monsoon year due to Tipaimukh dam operation. The Kawardighi haor (wetland) would also lose around 2,979 ha. (26 %) of its usual inundated land during average monsoon year. Impact on Damrir haor and Hakaluki haor would be relatively less in comparison to other haors of the Sylhet and Moulvibazar district.
The above impacts on the river-floodplain-wetland would destroy the natural integrity of the ecosystem involved within these physical system, thereby, the consequences of that will be the loss of riverine habitat and species, lack of enrichment of land with the nutrient full silt leading to the ultimate decline in the natural productivity of the two most abundant resources of Bangladesh - land and water.
Dr. Soibam Ibotombi, of the Dept. of Earth Sciences, Manipur University in an article mentioned that the "Tipaimukh Dam is a geo-tectonic blunder of international dimensions".
He questioned the very wisdom of constructing a dam in the North-East region of India which is one of the six major seismically active zones of the world . Analysis of earthquake epicentres and magnitudes of 5M and above within 100-200km radii of Tipaimukh dam site reveals hundreds of earthquakes in the last 100-200 years. It is found that within 100km radius of Tipaimukh, earthquakes of +7M magnitude have taken placed in the last 150 years and the last one being occurred in the year 1957 at an aerial distance of about 75km from the dam site.
Globally, Hydropower projects have been criticised for not paying adequate attentions from environmental conservation point of views. Construction of dams adversely affects the hydrology, the terrestrial system and the aquatic system of the basin.
Dr. Khwairakpam Gajananda, an environment expert working with the G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh pointed out that like any other dam, the Tipaimukh dam will bring change in the climatic condition of the project site leaving the eco-impact features of instability in the form of landslides and soil erosion, violent disturbance of pristine areas.
Decrease flow-rate of the river downstream will affect aquatic life and riparian communities, reduce capacity for self-regeneration, reduce recharge of groundwater aquifers and enhance pollution levels, observed Dr Gajananda.
Meanwhile, in India, different socio-cultural, student and environment groups continued to staged demonstrations and protest rallies against the Tipaimukh Dam.
Back in 1994-95, the Zeliangrong Students' Union, Manipur and the Hmar Students' Association, on behalf of their respective communities, had presented memoranda to the Prime Minister of India opposing the Dam project
The Zeliangrong and Hmar tribes inhabit the submergible region. The project authorities have recorded blatant lies about the flora and fauna of the area and all the rare and endangered species of reptiles and mammals, including pythons, gibbons, leopards and deer.
In the midst of confusion and controversies and reports of tribal unrest, a group of social and environment activists formed themselves into the Action Committee for Tipaimukh (ACT) in November 1991. The finding of the ACT which were startling has been summed up as follows: the site selected for the dam is located in a region which is among the most seismically active in the two major earthquakes of 8+ in the Richer Scale during the past 50 years. The Barak river is flowing on a major fault zone and the dam site is only 500 meters away from this zone. Hence, the very basic feasibility of the dam is questionable.
The selection of the dam site is motivated by political considerations, the ACT mentioned long ago.
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