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Date Posted: 27-Jan-2011
Defence Weekly
High and mighty: Indian Air Force capabilities
Rahul Bedi Correspondent - New Delhi
India's air force is leading the charge as the country looks to bolster its combat strength by replacing ageing equipment after years of underfunding.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) has embarked on a long-delayed modernisation drive to bolster its depleted combat squadrons and extend its power-projection capability well beyond its immediate environs.
By 2022, the end of the 13th Five-Year Defence Finance Plan, the IAF envisages a combat strength of around 40 frontline, multirole fighter squadrons comprising 700-800 aircraft with a beyond-visual-range (BVR) capability acquired via imports; joint ventures established with overseas manufacturers; technology transfers taking place; and the manufacture of indigenously developed platforms constructed with foreign assistance.
The IAF, which currently operates over 30 types of fixed- and rotary-wing asset, remains import-dependant in developing such capabilities and has been compelled to 'buy' an air force rather than indigenously build the service using India's vast state-run military-industrial complex or through its emerging but largely ignored private sector.
Over the past decade the IAF's combat squadrons have steadily decreased in number. Add to this the slow replacement of the bulk of retired Soviet MiG variants - particularly MiG-21 models that were inducted into service from 1964 onwards, which for decades constituted the force's offensive backbone - and India's military planners face serious concerns about how to fill these capability gaps.
Since 2000 successive IAF chiefs and parliamentary defence committees have warned the federal government that if corrective measures to bolster combat squadrons were not implemented swiftly, India would lose offensive parity with its neighbours - particularly Pakistan and China, which have been rapidly modernising their respective air forces.
Nevertheless, senior IAF officers have indicated that the ongoing induction of modern fighter platforms, force multipliers and heavy-lift platforms into service would, by 2020-22, allow the air force to have a continental reach rather than a confined subcontinental presence.
Another positive aspect has been the frequent joint exercises undertaken by the IAF at home and abroad alongside France, Singapore, the UK and the US. This has allowed India to raise its international profile and develop key skills in tandem with these militaries.
The IAF is also in the process of acquiring utility, attack and heavy-lift helicopter fleets, missiles and precision-guided munitions, as well as upgrading airfields and airspace management systems.
India's antiquated Air Defence Ground Environment System (ADGES) is being modernised, while the Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) and the air force's fibre optic network are being assimilated with airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) platforms and unmanned aerial vehicles to develop a network-centric warfare (NCW) capability.
The IAF aims to exploit space through a dedicated but as yet fledgling command to boost real-time situational awareness. The utilisation of space for real-time military communications and reconnaissance missions, ballistic missile defence and the delivery of precision-guided munitions using satellite-guided technology has also formed part of the IAF's overall developmental thrust.
This has included the IAF's role in shaping and customising the battlefield to enable the army and navy to execute their missions. This primacy will be achieved by interlocking superior platforms with mid-air refuelling capability, precision weaponry and force multipliers with NCW, secure communications and ultimately a dedicated aerospace command.
The IAF visualises itself as a global player in the years ahead, hoping eventually to emerge as an expeditionary force capable of deploying rapidly to distant locations as part of a wider continental construct. This forethought has also incorporated lessons learnt in recent wars like the US-led attacks in Afghanistan and Iraq in which weapons such as highly accurate Joint Direct Attack Munitions were deployed in all-weather conditions.
"By 2022 the IAF will be a formidable regional strategic force capable of ably confronting challenges like conventional and nuclear warfare, safeguarding an economically resurgent India's energy security needs and deploying on disaster relief at home and abroad," former air chief marshal Fali H Major told . This objective also fits with the IAF's warfighting doctrine, which envisions the country's strategic reach extending from the Persian Gulf to the Malacca Strait.
IAF planners added that strategic defence doctrines were largely guided by Pakistan and China upgrading their respective air forces, which "individually and jointly" pose a serious threat.
"The IAF may soon have to contend with 1,500-2,000 modern jet fighters at its northern and western borders as China and Pakistan rapidly modernise their fighter fleets and develop related advanced war-waging capabilities," said former air marshal V K Bhatia. The IAF's operational plans need to factor in a two-front threat scenario, he added.
India suffered a military defeat in 1962 over an unresolved frontier dispute with China and, since achieving independence 64 years ago, has fought three wars with Pakistan, in addition to a border skirmish in mid-1999 that threatened to escalate into a nuclear exchange. Currently, India's relations with both neighbours remain fragile, accentuated by contradictory territorial claims and deteriorating political, diplomatic and security ties.
To this end, ACM P V Naik said in October 2010 and ahead of the IAF's 78th anniversary: "We have formalised our acquisition plans with the objective of providing the IAF with the capability to neutralise conventional and sub-conventional threats." He also said that these capabilities will allow the IAF to address security concerns within its area of responsibility.
However, ACM Naik admitted that half the IAF's equipment was "obsolete", with the most critical shortfall being in air defence. "The obsolescence percentage [currently experienced by the IAF] is 50 per cent, but in five years it will come down to 20 per cent," he said. The IAF's strategic evolution also depends on continued government budgetary support, which has suffered with the current economic climate and declining military budgets. However, funds may be more readily available in the future as India's economy is now spiralling upwards.
Procurement spending
Varying estimates by independent financial bodies including the Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry estimate that India's outlay on procuring military goods will jump from USD30 billion in 2012 to USD80-100 billion by 2022, with a large proportion of this spending being earmarked for the IAF. Consequently, the IAF is leading India's imminent materiel purchases, with platforms either being acquired, evaluated following trials, or awaiting testing or tendering.
The most anticipated purchase is the INR420 billion (USD9.33 billion) acquisition of 126 Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA), expected to rise to around 200 units, for which six aircraft are competing: the Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing's F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, the Dassault Rafale, Lockheed Martin's F-16IN, Russian Aircraft Corporation's MiG-35 and Saab's JAS 39 Gripen NG.
In July 2010 the IAF submitted its trial assessments to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) on the performance of the six rivals. The appraisal of these reports, along with complex proposals for mandatory offsets (hiked to 50 per cent for the MMRCA contract, up from the stipulated 30 per cent required for all Indian military purchases over INR3 billion under defence procurement procedures from 2004 onwards) are currently underway amid lobbying by all competitors and their respective administrations.
IAF sources anticipate that the MMRCA shortlist will be announced by the end of 2011 or in early 2012. This will be followed by price discussions between the shortlisted vendor and the MoD's Contract Negotiation Committee, ending with the deal being inked around late 2013.
Under the terms of purchase, delivery of the first 18 MMRCAs, which will be acquired in an operational condition, will begin within 36 months of signing the contract. The remaining 108 fighters will be built by the state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Bangalore under an obligatory technology transfer deal and the IAF expects the aircraft to be in service by 2022-23.
The IAF has also confirmed its long-negotiated contract with Russia to jointly develop a fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA). India plans to acquire 250-300 of these platforms in a deal worth an estimated USD35 billion, making it India's largest ever individual defence acquisition.
The USD295 million agreement for the FGFA's preliminary design contract was signed by HAL and a Russian partnership of Rosoboronexport and Sukhoi during Russian President Dmitry Medvedev's visit to India in December 2010. The fighters have an estimated USD5-6 billion developmental cost, which is to be shared equally between the two countries.
"We are looking to induct the FGFA into service from 2017 onwards," said ACM Naik in October 2010, adding that the FGFA would be a "swing-role" platform with "very advanced avionics, stealth to increase survivability, enhanced lethality, 360-degree situational awareness, smart weapons, datalinks and high-end mission computers".
Fifth-generation fighter
IAF officials claim the FGFA will be comparable, if not superior, to Lockheed Martin's F-22 Raptor air superiority fighter. It will be based on the Russian Sukhoi T-50 PAK-FA that flew for the first time in January 2010 at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur facility in Siberia.
The "job-share and costing deal" involves building 250-300 single-seat FGFAs for the Russian Air Force and an equal number of aircraft for India, of which some 200 aircraft would be twin-seat versions similar to the IAF's multirole Su-30MKI 'Flanker-H' fighters, with one pilot flying the aircraft and the other operating its sensors and weaponry.
In July 2010 the IAF ordered 42 additional Su-30MKIs in a contract worth INR150 billion, increasing the eventual number of that type in service to 270, making it the single largest fighter type in the force. The 42 Su-30MKIs are to be licence-built by HAL and delivered to the IAF by 2016-17 following the completion of the manufacture of the 180 platforms HAL had been contracted to build from 2000.
Two Su-30MKI squadrons of 36 fighters were recently deployed to Tezpur in northeastern India, which adjoins Tibet, to offset the People's Liberation Army Air Force's build-up in the region. In addition, an indeterminate number of the fighters are to be deployed along the country's western border to offset the Pakistan Air Force. "Our top-end assets have to be distributed all over the country in line with our operational thinking," said Air Marshal P K Barbora, who retired as vice-chief of the IAF on 31 December 2010.
The IAF began to operate Sukhois in the late 1990s, with 50 fighters acquired for USD1.46 billion, of which 18 were Su-30s later upgraded to the Su-30MKI standard. Due to declining fighter numbers, HAL was forced to accelerate its Su-30MKI delivery schedule, building 23 aircraft in 2009. The company is expected to hand over another 28 platforms by March 2011, completing earlier orders by 2014-15 before building the supplementary 42 Su-30MKIs. These include replacements for two Su-30MKIs lost in accidents in May and November 2009.
In a related development, 50 Su-30MKIs are being upgraded in Russia from 2012 for around INR109.20 billion and will be equipped with advanced avionics as well as strengthened airframes. This will enable the aircraft to carry air-launched versions of the 292-km-range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile configured on Russia's 3M55 Oniks/Yakhont system (NATO designation SS-N-26), jointly developed by Russia and India's state-run Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and inducted into the army and navy in large numbers.
Russia remains India's principal supplier of defence materiel, with over 70 per cent of India's military hardware - particularly that belonging to the IAF - sourced from Moscow. Around USD1.5 billion worth of bilateral defence business is conducted annually.
The IAF is currently inducting seven squadrons of the indigenously designed, and hugely delayed, Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), which secured its initial operational clearance (IOC) on 10 January 2011: 28 years after the programme was initiated. Final operational clearance for the platform - the developmental costs of which, according to government auditors, have increased nearly 3,000 per cent since 1983 - is expected by 2013-14.
The first 40 aircraft of the IAF's seven proposed LCA squadrons will be built to the Mk I standard and are likely to begin entering service from 2011-12 onwards. The aircraft are powered by General Electric F404-GE-IN20 afterburning engines, which provide an inadequate 80-85 kN thrust and compromise the aircraft's weapon load and angle of attack stipulated by the IAF.
However, the follow-on 100-105 LCAs, which will be built to the Mk II standard, including twin-seat trainer models and naval variants for carrier-based operations, will be fitted with the more powerful General Electric F414 engine with 90-100 kN thrust, which was selected in October 2010 ahead of the Eurojet EJ200 power plant.
Projected capabilities
Privately, the IAF remains skeptical about the LCA's operational efficacy as interminable delays and frequent changes in its developmental cycle have created a sense of uncertainty over its projected capabilities.
ACM Naik described the Tejas as a "MiG-21 plus", adding that it needed "much more work". IAF officers also note that, other than its engine, several key LCA components such as the Israeli EL/M-2025 multimode radar are imported and say that eventually the aircraft will be based at Sulur in southern India, a large distance from India's restive Pakistani :nd Chinese frontiers.
By 2017-18 IAF offensive assets will also comprise 40 recently retrofitted MiG-27ML 'Flogger-J' combat aircraft with improved avionics, mid-air refuelling capabilities and weapon delivery systems. Also, around 110-120 HAL-built Sepecat Jaguar IS/IM/IB platforms will be equipped with the Display Attack Ranging Inertial Navigation (DARIN) III avionics suite capable of delivering precision-guided munitions.
The Jaguar IM squadron of 20 fighters, based at Jamnagar on India's west coast, will soon be armed with between 24 and 26 Boeing Harpoon Block II missiles under a USD170 million acquisition agreed in September 2010 via the USA's Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programme. This will reinforce their maritime warfare capability, allowing them to strike at land-based targets and ships in littoral environments.
Meanwhile, Rolls-Royce's Adour Mk 811 engines, installed on the Jaguar variants under retrofit, will be replaced by more powerful Adour Mk 821 or Honeywell F125IN engines to prolong their operational lives beyond 2022, enhancing their hot-and-high capabilities, fuel economy and time between overhauls.
Also undergoing a USD964 million upgrade are the IAF's 67 MiG-29B/S 'Fulcrum' fighters (including eight MiG-29U/B trainers). The aircraft are being equipped with new Klimov RD-33 engines with digital fuel injection, Phazotron Zhuk-ME phased-array radars and R-77 BVR air-to-air missiles. Additionally, an all-glass cockpit and aerial refuelling probes for enhanced endurance will keep the platforms in service for over 25 years.
Further upgrades
Two MiG-29s are being retrofitted by manufacturer Russian Aircraft Corporation (RAC)-MiG while the remainder are being similarly outfitted at HAL's Ozar plant in Nashik, western India, and the IAF's 11 base repair depots by 2014-15. RAC-MiG has also established a dedicated spares depot at Nashik to service the IAF's MiG-29 fleet and the navy's growing number of MiG-29Ks for impending carrier-based deployment following decades of problems in sourcing replacement parts at exorbitant prices.
Finalising the long-negotiated upgrade of the IAF's 51 Mirage 2000H fighters to Mirage 2000-5 levels was once again deferred by the IAF and MoD following "acute" price differences with Thales/Dassault Aviation ahead of French President Nikolas Sarkozy's visit to India in late 2010.
Thales/Dassault were reportedly asking for INR100-150 billion (or INR2.2 billion to 2.9 billion per aircraft) to retrofit the Mirage 2000Hs, which were inducted into the IAF in the mid-1980s: an amount the MoD maintained was unacceptable as each upgrade cost was equivalent to the price of a new fighter.
Thales officials defended the price, arguing that equipping the Mirage 2000Hs with advanced avionics, mission computers and a pulse-Doppler radar capable of identifying objects up to a distance of 70 n miles, would provide IAF commanders with the flexibility to commit fewer aircraft to combat missions while achieving higher success rates. This represented good value for money, they claimed, arguiung that the retrofit would also keep the Mirage 2000Hs operational for over two decades.
Senior IAF officers told that the upgrade, which would include an INR30 billion outlay to augment HAL's capabilities to retrofit 47 Mirage 2000Hs in Bangalore, would soon be resolved through negotiations. "A compromise is looming as the IAF badly needs the upgrade and Thales/Dassualt are the only ones capable of executing it," a three-star IAF officer said.
However, military analysts in Delhi are wary of the impending abundance of multirole fighters in the IAF. "Bunched-up acquisitions like those underway could create major budgetary problems or result in parts of the air force remaining grounded due to a lack of money to operate and adequately maintain such a large number of advanced aircraft," security analyst Manoj Joshi warned in his blog. Emerging trends in air power also need to be considered, he added.
The IAF has also received two of three Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) Ilyushin Il-76TD-based Phalcon AEW&C platforms acquired under a USD2 billion tripartite contract; the remaining platform is to be delivered in early 2011.
The AEW&C fleet is capable of tracking up to 60 targets over a 700-800 km range, rendering them airborne network-centric battle management platforms in addition to having a basic early warning function. Together with the Integrated Air Command and Control System and the Fibre Optic Air Force Network, the AEW&C assets will significantly boost both the IAF's and the Indian military's overall NCW competence by developing an integrated real-time C4ISR capacity.
Indian Defence Minister A K Antony told parliament in May 2010 that the IAF would procure three additional AEW&C platforms - Uzbek Il-76 A50 heavy transport aircraft - to be upgraded by Russia with more powerful PS-90A-76 engines and fitted with Israel Aerospace Industries-made Phalcon 'aireye' radars, but did not provide a delivery schedule. Meanwhile, the DRDO has been developing its own AEW&C system by combining its locallydeveloped phased-array radar with Embraer of Brazil's EMB-145 ISR platform; the system is scheduled for flight-testing later in 2011.
The first of the IAF's six Lockheed Martin C-130J-30 Super Hercules transport aircraft - acquired via the FMS route in March 2008 for USD1.2 billion - was handed over in December 2010 to the US Air Force (USAF) in Marietta, Georgia, on the IAF's behalf as part of a burgeoning collaboration between India and the US.
The C-130J fleet, specially configured for use by India's special forces and equipped with AN/AAR-47 missile approach warning systems and radar-warning receivers, is expected to eventually total 12 aircraft based at Hindon, near Delhi.
The C-130Js will be supplemented by 10 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft, acquired under the FMS programme for an estimated USD5.8 billion. This deal, which includes an option for six more aircraft, is India's most expensive US military equipment purchase. The two sides began establishing close ties following decades of hostility during the Cold War years.
The C-17s will replace the IAF's fleet of approximately 12 Russian Ilyushin Il-76 'Gajraj' transporters and complement around 104 medium-lift Soviet supplied Antonov An-32 'Cline' twin-engine turboprop models presently undergoing an upgrade in Ukraine under a USD400 million contract.
The IAF is also finalising its requirement for 16 medium-lift transport aircraft, for which the Alenia Aeronautica C-27J Spartan and Airbus Military C-295 are under consideration.
However, the aircraft would be delivered without five crucial communication and satellite navigational aids as India is yet to agree two protocols facilitating their transfer: the Communications Interoperability and Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMoA) and the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-spatial Cooperation (BECA). Officials warn that this would imperil the transfer of secure and encrypted communication systems, circumscribing the platforms' operational efficiency.
Collaboration
Under US law both agreements necessitate bilateral confirmation to ensure client compliance with sensitive technology control transfers, but ACM Naik has dismissed these requirements. He claims that the IAF has informed the federal government that not signing the CISMoA (and BECA) would make "no difference" to the operational efficiency of the C-130Js and the C-17s as India has not conducted joint operations with the USAF or other NATO countries and is unlikely to do so in the near future. He added that India would develop its own communication systems instead.
In October 2010, the IAF began trials featuring eight competitors at Jamnagar in support of its urgent requirement for basic trainers. EADS' PZL Warszawa-Okecie (with its PZL-130 TC-II Orlik), Brazil's Embraer (EMB-312 Super Tucano), Germany's Grob Aircraft Company (G 120TP), Italy's Finmeccanica (M-311), Korea Aerospace Industries (KT-1), Switzerland's Pilatus (PC-21) and the US' Hawker Beechcraft Corporation (T-6C) are competing for the tender, which specifies the outright purchase of 75 trainers with another 106 to be licence-built by HAL. These trainers will replace the IAF's fleet of 180-200 locally constructed Hindustan Piston Trainer (HPT)-32 initial trainers, which were grounded in July 2009 following a series of fatal accidents.
In a related acquisition, the IAF signed a USD779 million deal for 40 additional BAE Systems Hawk 132 advanced jet trainers (AJTs), all to be licence-built by HAL, in July 2010. The procurement was concluded after years of negotiations and follows the 2003 acquisition of 66 Hawk AJTs in a bid to reduce the IAF's unusually high overall accident rate, particularly involving MiG-21 variants. HAL was to build 42 of the aircraft but so far has only handed over 12, further affecting training schedules.
Six multirole tanker transports (MRTTs), which will support out-of-area operations, are also being procured for around USD2 billion. EADS and Rosonboronexport are competing for the contract, which follows the termination of an earlier MRTT contract that saw the Airbus Military A330 being the IAF's preferred choice over the Ilyushin Il-78, six of which had been acquired in 2004 for INR8 billion.
To enhance its rotary-wing assets, the IAF will begin receiving the first batch of 80 Russian Mil Mi-17V-5 'Hip' armed helicopters from March 2011 in a contract worth USD1.35 billion. This will supplement the 200 Mi-8s and Mi-17s already in service, including 40 Mi-17IVs acquired in 2001.
The outright purchase of 197 light observation helicopters (LOHs) for the military (64 platforms for the air force and 133 for the Army Aviation Corps) for around USD750 million is imminent and both Eurocopter's AS 550 Fennec and the Russian Kamov Ka-226 'Hoodlum' are being considered for the acquisition, having completed trials. Concurrently, the IAF is also evaluating trial reports in support of its requirement for 22 attack helicopters and 15 heavy-lift helicopters in an operational condition to replace its Soviet-era Mi-24 'Hind-D', Mi-35 'Hind-E' and Mi-26s 'Halo' helicopters. The attack helicopter procurement had Boeing's AH-64D Apache Longbow ranged against Russia's Mi-28N 'Havoc', while the heavy-lift tender features Boeing's CH-47F Chinook and Mil's Mi-26.
Additionally, another 187 LOHs for the IAF and the AAC will be designed and built by HAL by drawing extensively on its experience in developing and producing the Dhruv: a twin-engine advanced light helicopter of which approximately 30 are in service with the air force.
The IAF is also acquiring 54 Dhruvs in armed and utility versions powered by the Ardiden 1H (Shakti) turboshaft engine: a collaborative venture between HAL and France's Turbomeca.
Meanwhile, the air force is upgrading 30 of its 80 strategic airfields, including long-abandoned, high-altitude airstrips along the Chinese frontier to support Su-30MKI and C-130J operations.
To boost its obsolete air-defence capabilities, the IAF is replacing Soviet-era Pechora, OSA-AK (SA-8 'Gecko') and Igla surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries with 18 Rafael Spyder surface-to-air Python 5 and Derby air defence missile Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile (LLQRM) systems, with deliveries to be completed by the end of 2012.
Additionally, Antony announced in 2010 that the MoD had approved the acquisition of six locally developed Akash SAM squadrons - or 750missiles - for the IAF, to be built by the state-owned Bharat Electronics Limited in southern India. Previously the IAF had ordered two Akash squadrons comprising 32 launchers and 250 missiles in 2008 for INR12.21 billion, with deliveries scheduled for completion by 2013.
An IAF Su-30MKI (in the foreground) and a UK Royal Air Force Typhoon pictured together during an exercise in 2007. The Typhoon is one of six contenders for the Indian MMRCA competition for a minimum of 126 fighters to augment the Su-30MKI fleet.
BAE Systems announced during 2010 that a deal had been secured to supply an additional 40 Hawk 132 advanced jet trainers to the IAF. An initial contract for 66 aircraft was finalised in 2004.
The first of six C-130J Hercules airlifters for India took to the skies for its maiden flight in October 2010.
An IAF Phalcon AEW&C aircraft taxis past MiG-21s during a joint air exercise between the IAF and the UK Royal Air Force, which took place in October and November 2010.
The IAF is looking to induct additional AEW&C aircraft into its fleet and took delivery of a third Ilyushin Il-76TD-based Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) Phalcon AEW&C aircraft in December 2010.
Date Posted: 27-Jan-2011
Defence Weekly
High and mighty: Indian Air Force capabilities
Rahul Bedi Correspondent - New Delhi
India's air force is leading the charge as the country looks to bolster its combat strength by replacing ageing equipment after years of underfunding.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) has embarked on a long-delayed modernisation drive to bolster its depleted combat squadrons and extend its power-projection capability well beyond its immediate environs.
By 2022, the end of the 13th Five-Year Defence Finance Plan, the IAF envisages a combat strength of around 40 frontline, multirole fighter squadrons comprising 700-800 aircraft with a beyond-visual-range (BVR) capability acquired via imports; joint ventures established with overseas manufacturers; technology transfers taking place; and the manufacture of indigenously developed platforms constructed with foreign assistance.
The IAF, which currently operates over 30 types of fixed- and rotary-wing asset, remains import-dependant in developing such capabilities and has been compelled to 'buy' an air force rather than indigenously build the service using India's vast state-run military-industrial complex or through its emerging but largely ignored private sector.
Over the past decade the IAF's combat squadrons have steadily decreased in number. Add to this the slow replacement of the bulk of retired Soviet MiG variants - particularly MiG-21 models that were inducted into service from 1964 onwards, which for decades constituted the force's offensive backbone - and India's military planners face serious concerns about how to fill these capability gaps.
Since 2000 successive IAF chiefs and parliamentary defence committees have warned the federal government that if corrective measures to bolster combat squadrons were not implemented swiftly, India would lose offensive parity with its neighbours - particularly Pakistan and China, which have been rapidly modernising their respective air forces.
Nevertheless, senior IAF officers have indicated that the ongoing induction of modern fighter platforms, force multipliers and heavy-lift platforms into service would, by 2020-22, allow the air force to have a continental reach rather than a confined subcontinental presence.
Another positive aspect has been the frequent joint exercises undertaken by the IAF at home and abroad alongside France, Singapore, the UK and the US. This has allowed India to raise its international profile and develop key skills in tandem with these militaries.
The IAF is also in the process of acquiring utility, attack and heavy-lift helicopter fleets, missiles and precision-guided munitions, as well as upgrading airfields and airspace management systems.
India's antiquated Air Defence Ground Environment System (ADGES) is being modernised, while the Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) and the air force's fibre optic network are being assimilated with airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) platforms and unmanned aerial vehicles to develop a network-centric warfare (NCW) capability.
The IAF aims to exploit space through a dedicated but as yet fledgling command to boost real-time situational awareness. The utilisation of space for real-time military communications and reconnaissance missions, ballistic missile defence and the delivery of precision-guided munitions using satellite-guided technology has also formed part of the IAF's overall developmental thrust.
This has included the IAF's role in shaping and customising the battlefield to enable the army and navy to execute their missions. This primacy will be achieved by interlocking superior platforms with mid-air refuelling capability, precision weaponry and force multipliers with NCW, secure communications and ultimately a dedicated aerospace command.
The IAF visualises itself as a global player in the years ahead, hoping eventually to emerge as an expeditionary force capable of deploying rapidly to distant locations as part of a wider continental construct. This forethought has also incorporated lessons learnt in recent wars like the US-led attacks in Afghanistan and Iraq in which weapons such as highly accurate Joint Direct Attack Munitions were deployed in all-weather conditions.
"By 2022 the IAF will be a formidable regional strategic force capable of ably confronting challenges like conventional and nuclear warfare, safeguarding an economically resurgent India's energy security needs and deploying on disaster relief at home and abroad," former air chief marshal Fali H Major told . This objective also fits with the IAF's warfighting doctrine, which envisions the country's strategic reach extending from the Persian Gulf to the Malacca Strait.
IAF planners added that strategic defence doctrines were largely guided by Pakistan and China upgrading their respective air forces, which "individually and jointly" pose a serious threat.
"The IAF may soon have to contend with 1,500-2,000 modern jet fighters at its northern and western borders as China and Pakistan rapidly modernise their fighter fleets and develop related advanced war-waging capabilities," said former air marshal V K Bhatia. The IAF's operational plans need to factor in a two-front threat scenario, he added.
India suffered a military defeat in 1962 over an unresolved frontier dispute with China and, since achieving independence 64 years ago, has fought three wars with Pakistan, in addition to a border skirmish in mid-1999 that threatened to escalate into a nuclear exchange. Currently, India's relations with both neighbours remain fragile, accentuated by contradictory territorial claims and deteriorating political, diplomatic and security ties.
To this end, ACM P V Naik said in October 2010 and ahead of the IAF's 78th anniversary: "We have formalised our acquisition plans with the objective of providing the IAF with the capability to neutralise conventional and sub-conventional threats." He also said that these capabilities will allow the IAF to address security concerns within its area of responsibility.
However, ACM Naik admitted that half the IAF's equipment was "obsolete", with the most critical shortfall being in air defence. "The obsolescence percentage [currently experienced by the IAF] is 50 per cent, but in five years it will come down to 20 per cent," he said. The IAF's strategic evolution also depends on continued government budgetary support, which has suffered with the current economic climate and declining military budgets. However, funds may be more readily available in the future as India's economy is now spiralling upwards.
Procurement spending
Varying estimates by independent financial bodies including the Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry estimate that India's outlay on procuring military goods will jump from USD30 billion in 2012 to USD80-100 billion by 2022, with a large proportion of this spending being earmarked for the IAF. Consequently, the IAF is leading India's imminent materiel purchases, with platforms either being acquired, evaluated following trials, or awaiting testing or tendering.
The most anticipated purchase is the INR420 billion (USD9.33 billion) acquisition of 126 Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA), expected to rise to around 200 units, for which six aircraft are competing: the Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing's F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, the Dassault Rafale, Lockheed Martin's F-16IN, Russian Aircraft Corporation's MiG-35 and Saab's JAS 39 Gripen NG.
In July 2010 the IAF submitted its trial assessments to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) on the performance of the six rivals. The appraisal of these reports, along with complex proposals for mandatory offsets (hiked to 50 per cent for the MMRCA contract, up from the stipulated 30 per cent required for all Indian military purchases over INR3 billion under defence procurement procedures from 2004 onwards) are currently underway amid lobbying by all competitors and their respective administrations.
IAF sources anticipate that the MMRCA shortlist will be announced by the end of 2011 or in early 2012. This will be followed by price discussions between the shortlisted vendor and the MoD's Contract Negotiation Committee, ending with the deal being inked around late 2013.
Under the terms of purchase, delivery of the first 18 MMRCAs, which will be acquired in an operational condition, will begin within 36 months of signing the contract. The remaining 108 fighters will be built by the state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Bangalore under an obligatory technology transfer deal and the IAF expects the aircraft to be in service by 2022-23.
The IAF has also confirmed its long-negotiated contract with Russia to jointly develop a fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA). India plans to acquire 250-300 of these platforms in a deal worth an estimated USD35 billion, making it India's largest ever individual defence acquisition.
The USD295 million agreement for the FGFA's preliminary design contract was signed by HAL and a Russian partnership of Rosoboronexport and Sukhoi during Russian President Dmitry Medvedev's visit to India in December 2010. The fighters have an estimated USD5-6 billion developmental cost, which is to be shared equally between the two countries.
"We are looking to induct the FGFA into service from 2017 onwards," said ACM Naik in October 2010, adding that the FGFA would be a "swing-role" platform with "very advanced avionics, stealth to increase survivability, enhanced lethality, 360-degree situational awareness, smart weapons, datalinks and high-end mission computers".
Fifth-generation fighter
IAF officials claim the FGFA will be comparable, if not superior, to Lockheed Martin's F-22 Raptor air superiority fighter. It will be based on the Russian Sukhoi T-50 PAK-FA that flew for the first time in January 2010 at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur facility in Siberia.
The "job-share and costing deal" involves building 250-300 single-seat FGFAs for the Russian Air Force and an equal number of aircraft for India, of which some 200 aircraft would be twin-seat versions similar to the IAF's multirole Su-30MKI 'Flanker-H' fighters, with one pilot flying the aircraft and the other operating its sensors and weaponry.
In July 2010 the IAF ordered 42 additional Su-30MKIs in a contract worth INR150 billion, increasing the eventual number of that type in service to 270, making it the single largest fighter type in the force. The 42 Su-30MKIs are to be licence-built by HAL and delivered to the IAF by 2016-17 following the completion of the manufacture of the 180 platforms HAL had been contracted to build from 2000.
Two Su-30MKI squadrons of 36 fighters were recently deployed to Tezpur in northeastern India, which adjoins Tibet, to offset the People's Liberation Army Air Force's build-up in the region. In addition, an indeterminate number of the fighters are to be deployed along the country's western border to offset the Pakistan Air Force. "Our top-end assets have to be distributed all over the country in line with our operational thinking," said Air Marshal P K Barbora, who retired as vice-chief of the IAF on 31 December 2010.
The IAF began to operate Sukhois in the late 1990s, with 50 fighters acquired for USD1.46 billion, of which 18 were Su-30s later upgraded to the Su-30MKI standard. Due to declining fighter numbers, HAL was forced to accelerate its Su-30MKI delivery schedule, building 23 aircraft in 2009. The company is expected to hand over another 28 platforms by March 2011, completing earlier orders by 2014-15 before building the supplementary 42 Su-30MKIs. These include replacements for two Su-30MKIs lost in accidents in May and November 2009.
In a related development, 50 Su-30MKIs are being upgraded in Russia from 2012 for around INR109.20 billion and will be equipped with advanced avionics as well as strengthened airframes. This will enable the aircraft to carry air-launched versions of the 292-km-range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile configured on Russia's 3M55 Oniks/Yakhont system (NATO designation SS-N-26), jointly developed by Russia and India's state-run Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and inducted into the army and navy in large numbers.
Russia remains India's principal supplier of defence materiel, with over 70 per cent of India's military hardware - particularly that belonging to the IAF - sourced from Moscow. Around USD1.5 billion worth of bilateral defence business is conducted annually.
The IAF is currently inducting seven squadrons of the indigenously designed, and hugely delayed, Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), which secured its initial operational clearance (IOC) on 10 January 2011: 28 years after the programme was initiated. Final operational clearance for the platform - the developmental costs of which, according to government auditors, have increased nearly 3,000 per cent since 1983 - is expected by 2013-14.
The first 40 aircraft of the IAF's seven proposed LCA squadrons will be built to the Mk I standard and are likely to begin entering service from 2011-12 onwards. The aircraft are powered by General Electric F404-GE-IN20 afterburning engines, which provide an inadequate 80-85 kN thrust and compromise the aircraft's weapon load and angle of attack stipulated by the IAF.
However, the follow-on 100-105 LCAs, which will be built to the Mk II standard, including twin-seat trainer models and naval variants for carrier-based operations, will be fitted with the more powerful General Electric F414 engine with 90-100 kN thrust, which was selected in October 2010 ahead of the Eurojet EJ200 power plant.
Projected capabilities
Privately, the IAF remains skeptical about the LCA's operational efficacy as interminable delays and frequent changes in its developmental cycle have created a sense of uncertainty over its projected capabilities.
ACM Naik described the Tejas as a "MiG-21 plus", adding that it needed "much more work". IAF officers also note that, other than its engine, several key LCA components such as the Israeli EL/M-2025 multimode radar are imported and say that eventually the aircraft will be based at Sulur in southern India, a large distance from India's restive Pakistani :nd Chinese frontiers.
By 2017-18 IAF offensive assets will also comprise 40 recently retrofitted MiG-27ML 'Flogger-J' combat aircraft with improved avionics, mid-air refuelling capabilities and weapon delivery systems. Also, around 110-120 HAL-built Sepecat Jaguar IS/IM/IB platforms will be equipped with the Display Attack Ranging Inertial Navigation (DARIN) III avionics suite capable of delivering precision-guided munitions.
The Jaguar IM squadron of 20 fighters, based at Jamnagar on India's west coast, will soon be armed with between 24 and 26 Boeing Harpoon Block II missiles under a USD170 million acquisition agreed in September 2010 via the USA's Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programme. This will reinforce their maritime warfare capability, allowing them to strike at land-based targets and ships in littoral environments.
Meanwhile, Rolls-Royce's Adour Mk 811 engines, installed on the Jaguar variants under retrofit, will be replaced by more powerful Adour Mk 821 or Honeywell F125IN engines to prolong their operational lives beyond 2022, enhancing their hot-and-high capabilities, fuel economy and time between overhauls.
Also undergoing a USD964 million upgrade are the IAF's 67 MiG-29B/S 'Fulcrum' fighters (including eight MiG-29U/B trainers). The aircraft are being equipped with new Klimov RD-33 engines with digital fuel injection, Phazotron Zhuk-ME phased-array radars and R-77 BVR air-to-air missiles. Additionally, an all-glass cockpit and aerial refuelling probes for enhanced endurance will keep the platforms in service for over 25 years.
Further upgrades
Two MiG-29s are being retrofitted by manufacturer Russian Aircraft Corporation (RAC)-MiG while the remainder are being similarly outfitted at HAL's Ozar plant in Nashik, western India, and the IAF's 11 base repair depots by 2014-15. RAC-MiG has also established a dedicated spares depot at Nashik to service the IAF's MiG-29 fleet and the navy's growing number of MiG-29Ks for impending carrier-based deployment following decades of problems in sourcing replacement parts at exorbitant prices.
Finalising the long-negotiated upgrade of the IAF's 51 Mirage 2000H fighters to Mirage 2000-5 levels was once again deferred by the IAF and MoD following "acute" price differences with Thales/Dassault Aviation ahead of French President Nikolas Sarkozy's visit to India in late 2010.
Thales/Dassault were reportedly asking for INR100-150 billion (or INR2.2 billion to 2.9 billion per aircraft) to retrofit the Mirage 2000Hs, which were inducted into the IAF in the mid-1980s: an amount the MoD maintained was unacceptable as each upgrade cost was equivalent to the price of a new fighter.
Thales officials defended the price, arguing that equipping the Mirage 2000Hs with advanced avionics, mission computers and a pulse-Doppler radar capable of identifying objects up to a distance of 70 n miles, would provide IAF commanders with the flexibility to commit fewer aircraft to combat missions while achieving higher success rates. This represented good value for money, they claimed, arguiung that the retrofit would also keep the Mirage 2000Hs operational for over two decades.
Senior IAF officers told that the upgrade, which would include an INR30 billion outlay to augment HAL's capabilities to retrofit 47 Mirage 2000Hs in Bangalore, would soon be resolved through negotiations. "A compromise is looming as the IAF badly needs the upgrade and Thales/Dassualt are the only ones capable of executing it," a three-star IAF officer said.
However, military analysts in Delhi are wary of the impending abundance of multirole fighters in the IAF. "Bunched-up acquisitions like those underway could create major budgetary problems or result in parts of the air force remaining grounded due to a lack of money to operate and adequately maintain such a large number of advanced aircraft," security analyst Manoj Joshi warned in his blog. Emerging trends in air power also need to be considered, he added.
The IAF has also received two of three Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) Ilyushin Il-76TD-based Phalcon AEW&C platforms acquired under a USD2 billion tripartite contract; the remaining platform is to be delivered in early 2011.
The AEW&C fleet is capable of tracking up to 60 targets over a 700-800 km range, rendering them airborne network-centric battle management platforms in addition to having a basic early warning function. Together with the Integrated Air Command and Control System and the Fibre Optic Air Force Network, the AEW&C assets will significantly boost both the IAF's and the Indian military's overall NCW competence by developing an integrated real-time C4ISR capacity.
Indian Defence Minister A K Antony told parliament in May 2010 that the IAF would procure three additional AEW&C platforms - Uzbek Il-76 A50 heavy transport aircraft - to be upgraded by Russia with more powerful PS-90A-76 engines and fitted with Israel Aerospace Industries-made Phalcon 'aireye' radars, but did not provide a delivery schedule. Meanwhile, the DRDO has been developing its own AEW&C system by combining its locallydeveloped phased-array radar with Embraer of Brazil's EMB-145 ISR platform; the system is scheduled for flight-testing later in 2011.
The first of the IAF's six Lockheed Martin C-130J-30 Super Hercules transport aircraft - acquired via the FMS route in March 2008 for USD1.2 billion - was handed over in December 2010 to the US Air Force (USAF) in Marietta, Georgia, on the IAF's behalf as part of a burgeoning collaboration between India and the US.
The C-130J fleet, specially configured for use by India's special forces and equipped with AN/AAR-47 missile approach warning systems and radar-warning receivers, is expected to eventually total 12 aircraft based at Hindon, near Delhi.
The C-130Js will be supplemented by 10 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft, acquired under the FMS programme for an estimated USD5.8 billion. This deal, which includes an option for six more aircraft, is India's most expensive US military equipment purchase. The two sides began establishing close ties following decades of hostility during the Cold War years.
The C-17s will replace the IAF's fleet of approximately 12 Russian Ilyushin Il-76 'Gajraj' transporters and complement around 104 medium-lift Soviet supplied Antonov An-32 'Cline' twin-engine turboprop models presently undergoing an upgrade in Ukraine under a USD400 million contract.
The IAF is also finalising its requirement for 16 medium-lift transport aircraft, for which the Alenia Aeronautica C-27J Spartan and Airbus Military C-295 are under consideration.
However, the aircraft would be delivered without five crucial communication and satellite navigational aids as India is yet to agree two protocols facilitating their transfer: the Communications Interoperability and Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMoA) and the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-spatial Cooperation (BECA). Officials warn that this would imperil the transfer of secure and encrypted communication systems, circumscribing the platforms' operational efficiency.
Collaboration
Under US law both agreements necessitate bilateral confirmation to ensure client compliance with sensitive technology control transfers, but ACM Naik has dismissed these requirements. He claims that the IAF has informed the federal government that not signing the CISMoA (and BECA) would make "no difference" to the operational efficiency of the C-130Js and the C-17s as India has not conducted joint operations with the USAF or other NATO countries and is unlikely to do so in the near future. He added that India would develop its own communication systems instead.
In October 2010, the IAF began trials featuring eight competitors at Jamnagar in support of its urgent requirement for basic trainers. EADS' PZL Warszawa-Okecie (with its PZL-130 TC-II Orlik), Brazil's Embraer (EMB-312 Super Tucano), Germany's Grob Aircraft Company (G 120TP), Italy's Finmeccanica (M-311), Korea Aerospace Industries (KT-1), Switzerland's Pilatus (PC-21) and the US' Hawker Beechcraft Corporation (T-6C) are competing for the tender, which specifies the outright purchase of 75 trainers with another 106 to be licence-built by HAL. These trainers will replace the IAF's fleet of 180-200 locally constructed Hindustan Piston Trainer (HPT)-32 initial trainers, which were grounded in July 2009 following a series of fatal accidents.
In a related acquisition, the IAF signed a USD779 million deal for 40 additional BAE Systems Hawk 132 advanced jet trainers (AJTs), all to be licence-built by HAL, in July 2010. The procurement was concluded after years of negotiations and follows the 2003 acquisition of 66 Hawk AJTs in a bid to reduce the IAF's unusually high overall accident rate, particularly involving MiG-21 variants. HAL was to build 42 of the aircraft but so far has only handed over 12, further affecting training schedules.
Six multirole tanker transports (MRTTs), which will support out-of-area operations, are also being procured for around USD2 billion. EADS and Rosonboronexport are competing for the contract, which follows the termination of an earlier MRTT contract that saw the Airbus Military A330 being the IAF's preferred choice over the Ilyushin Il-78, six of which had been acquired in 2004 for INR8 billion.
To enhance its rotary-wing assets, the IAF will begin receiving the first batch of 80 Russian Mil Mi-17V-5 'Hip' armed helicopters from March 2011 in a contract worth USD1.35 billion. This will supplement the 200 Mi-8s and Mi-17s already in service, including 40 Mi-17IVs acquired in 2001.
The outright purchase of 197 light observation helicopters (LOHs) for the military (64 platforms for the air force and 133 for the Army Aviation Corps) for around USD750 million is imminent and both Eurocopter's AS 550 Fennec and the Russian Kamov Ka-226 'Hoodlum' are being considered for the acquisition, having completed trials. Concurrently, the IAF is also evaluating trial reports in support of its requirement for 22 attack helicopters and 15 heavy-lift helicopters in an operational condition to replace its Soviet-era Mi-24 'Hind-D', Mi-35 'Hind-E' and Mi-26s 'Halo' helicopters. The attack helicopter procurement had Boeing's AH-64D Apache Longbow ranged against Russia's Mi-28N 'Havoc', while the heavy-lift tender features Boeing's CH-47F Chinook and Mil's Mi-26.
Additionally, another 187 LOHs for the IAF and the AAC will be designed and built by HAL by drawing extensively on its experience in developing and producing the Dhruv: a twin-engine advanced light helicopter of which approximately 30 are in service with the air force.
The IAF is also acquiring 54 Dhruvs in armed and utility versions powered by the Ardiden 1H (Shakti) turboshaft engine: a collaborative venture between HAL and France's Turbomeca.
Meanwhile, the air force is upgrading 30 of its 80 strategic airfields, including long-abandoned, high-altitude airstrips along the Chinese frontier to support Su-30MKI and C-130J operations.
To boost its obsolete air-defence capabilities, the IAF is replacing Soviet-era Pechora, OSA-AK (SA-8 'Gecko') and Igla surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries with 18 Rafael Spyder surface-to-air Python 5 and Derby air defence missile Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile (LLQRM) systems, with deliveries to be completed by the end of 2012.
Additionally, Antony announced in 2010 that the MoD had approved the acquisition of six locally developed Akash SAM squadrons - or 750missiles - for the IAF, to be built by the state-owned Bharat Electronics Limited in southern India. Previously the IAF had ordered two Akash squadrons comprising 32 launchers and 250 missiles in 2008 for INR12.21 billion, with deliveries scheduled for completion by 2013.
An IAF Su-30MKI (in the foreground) and a UK Royal Air Force Typhoon pictured together during an exercise in 2007. The Typhoon is one of six contenders for the Indian MMRCA competition for a minimum of 126 fighters to augment the Su-30MKI fleet.
BAE Systems announced during 2010 that a deal had been secured to supply an additional 40 Hawk 132 advanced jet trainers to the IAF. An initial contract for 66 aircraft was finalised in 2004.
The first of six C-130J Hercules airlifters for India took to the skies for its maiden flight in October 2010.
An IAF Phalcon AEW&C aircraft taxis past MiG-21s during a joint air exercise between the IAF and the UK Royal Air Force, which took place in October and November 2010.
The IAF is looking to induct additional AEW&C aircraft into its fleet and took delivery of a third Ilyushin Il-76TD-based Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) Phalcon AEW&C aircraft in December 2010.
