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Should we not take greater care to filter out the cultural context of 7th century Arabian society, to arrive at a universal Islam?
That is a great point, with one proviso that is equally important:
Islam cannot be regarded as a static religion, so in addition to filtering out the ancient cultural context, it is important to keep updating the application of its universal truths. Indeed, this built-in dynamism is what makes it stand out from all Abrahamic religions. Thus, there is no "universal" Islam that is correct for all cultures for all times.
As an example that is above the navel, there is great stress on burying the dead immediately. So what about Muslims in dying in those areas where the ground is frozen so hard in the winter that burial has to be delayed until the spring thaw? I have previously given the example of fasting times at higher latitudes too, in the same vein. How about namaz times for an astronaut with the sun setting and rising very quickly in orbit? Zakat is regarded as a pillar, but
Nisaab has so many news ways to be interpreted in addition to gold and silver equivalents.
My point is that on one hand, one cannot claim Islam as the total code of life for everyone, for all times, unless the mechanisms to ensure its dynamism are given their due importance.
Please note that I am not challenging any dogmatic beliefs, but stressing the need to ensure that the application and implementation of those beliefs remains updated.
I believe that is exactly why both Allah and his Rasul PBUH laid so much stress on understanding and
Ijtehaad.