China Science & Technology Forum

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Printing Electronics Just Got Easier
A new technique developed by researchers in China allows easier printing of electronic components onto paper.

source

A radio-frequency-identification (RFID) antenna printed on paper.
Photograph courtesy Jing Liu

Brian Handwerk
for National Geographic News
Published May 9, 2013

Do-it-yourself electronics manufacturing may soon be possible with your desktop printer, say the designers of a new system that directly prints electronic circuits onto ordinary paper.

Metal traces are printed on coated paper. Photograph courtesy Jing Liu

Jing Liu, of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, said his team's advance—published May 9 in the journal Scientific Reports—could be a leap forward in the booming business of printed electronics.

"This brand-new technique offers a vital opportunity to realize rapid fabrication of inexpensive, disposable, conveniently portable circuits and functional components," he said, adding that the process could help "pave the way toward personal printed electronics."

Someday people could use this, and similar technologies, to create their own customized electronic devices including electronic greeting cards, video game controls, touch-sensitive mobile phone cases, or solar cell arrays.

Scientists already print electronic circuits on flexible materials like plastics that can be shaped into functional products—antennas are a common example.

But many of the existing electronic inks used to create such circuits have to be printed at very high temperatures—around 750°F (400°C)—or they won't conduct enough electricity to work.

This means they can't be easily printed on paper. But paper is highly desirable for printed electronics because it's cheap, renewable, recyclable, and light, and it can be easily rolled or folded.

A New Formula

So Jing and colleagues developed a new metal-based ink that could work at room temperatures.

Their initial formula caused the ink to ball up into droplets, which made it difficult to apply and adhere to the paper.

So the team modified the ink by injecting the liquid metal alloy with oxygen, making it more suitable for printing on the kind of paper used for book covers, labels, and advertising stock.

A newly developed brush—like a porous pinhead—was also developed to deliver the slow-flowing ink that would clog more conventional printers.

While most electronic inks solidify after printing, the one employed by the researchers remains liquid and is encapsulated by a second coating of silicone rubber—this creates a channel to hold the ink.

Bendy

"The fabricated circuits cannot be broken off easily even under frequent bending, showing an attractive and distinguished mechanical flexibility which is a critical advantage in fabricating flexible electronics," the authors write.

Because the electronic inks are encased in rubber they can also be stacked in layers without altering their electrical functionality. This would allow users to build electromechanical functions into the body of 3-D printed objects.

"Most of the currently available 3-D printers are only capable of making mechanical objects without electronics features inside," Jing said, such as custom items like mobile phone cases or jewelry.

Jing's team successfully printed circuits and functional components on paper including conductive wires, inductance coils, and flexible antennas—the building blocks of personalized electronic devices.

Cheap, Green, But Not Easy

Printing electronics on paper, rather than plastics, has proven problematic, but it promises a greener alternative to traditional production.

One of the developing field's big advantages is a smaller environmental footprint, as the process eliminates much of the raw materials, energy, and water now used to make more-conventional electronics.

The machine Jing and his team developed is still expensive for everyday use, but the group is striving to make it affordable for the average desktop.

Their machine could soon join a crowded field; more than 3,000 organizations are already at work on printed electronics.

IDTechEx, a market research consulting group based in Cambridge, England, projects that the paper electronics market—estimated at some $16 billion in 2013—will grow to nearly $77 billion by 2023.

Here are some areas where that fivefold growth could occur.

Displays and Advertising

Though you might not recognize it when you see it, OLED (organic electroluminescence display) technology is popping up in the form of illuminated displays, such as car speedometers, and as flexible, tough, eye-catching ads.

OLED uses printed layers of carbon-based particles that convert electricity directly into light.

These advances in printed electronics are making traditional paper come alive. Circuits can now be printed on posters and other traditional displays, making them interactive to the touch—for example, by playing clips of songs when someone presses on a printed advertisement for an upcoming concert.

Batteries

Rigid, bulky lithium batteries have long set limits on the design of small electronics. But printed electronics technology allows the production of customizable, thin-film green batteries.

These flexible alternatives may have a bright future in wearable electronic clothing and medical implants—or they might make possible a mobile phone that's as thin as a credit card.

Several companies are now designing such batteries using printing methods much like those employed to make silk-screen T-shirts—but they lay down layers of electrochemical inks made of zinc, metal oxide, and electrolytes, rather than fluorescent dyes.

Energy Eaters

A Georgia Tech team led by Mano Tentzerisis used inkjet-printing technology to combine sensors, antennas, and a silver nanoparticle ink emulsion into a device that gathers energy out of thin air.

The device pulls low levels of energy from the electromagnetic waves emitted by things like radios and radar. This line of research could someday lead to self-powering electronic devices.

RFID Tags

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags store information and transfer it wirelessly via electromagnetic fields.

Printed electronics are beginning to allow production of low-cost versions of these tags for use in mass transit tickets and office building key cards.

Increasingly smart tags can help verify the authenticity of a product against counterfeiters, or track the journey of seafood from boat to fishmonger—detecting whether the food stays cold the entire way.

They can even link potential buyers to a product's backstory. A bottle of wine, for example, might virtually introduce enthusiasts to the region, vineyards, and even the growers that created the beverage by linking stored data on the label to the buyer's mobile device.

Solar Cells

Printed electronics open up the possibility of paper-like, transparent, portable solar cells—foldable, stashable, and able to be rolled out when needed.

Several teams of scientists have already succeeded in printing photovoltaic cells on printer paper.

And while these applications don't promise great amounts of power anytime soon, these off-the-grid power producers could eventually bring electricity to remote areas, providing power for much of the world's rural poor at a fraction of the cost of traditional solar arrays.

Televisions

LG Electronics put the world's first curved OLED television on the South Korean market this month.

Printed with organic light-emitting diodes, the television is just 0.17 inches (4.3 millimeters) thick.

The new model retails for more than U.S. $13,000, but competition may soon bring sticker prices down. DuPont, for example, has previously announced the ability to print its own 50-inch (1.3-meter) set in just two minutes.

Smart Fabrics

Some electrically conductive inks can be printed on cloth to make "smart fabrics," enabling production of athletic wear that could track a runner's heart rate or medical bandages that could monitor a patient's vital signs.

Several of the world's military and security agencies are also exploring such technologies for their ability to serve as sensors that could alert their wearers to chemical or other hazardous exposures.

 

[Type 052D]

I want to work at a Research Centre here in the UK and we always have Chinese colleagues either coming to the lab or going back to China after visiting. they always say that Chinese universities are now loaded with money. And we also have Chinese recruiters coming to the school to recruit potential professors willing to go to China. They offer excellent start-up packages that are typically significantly higher than those offered by American universities. Note that I'm not talking about salary, but start-up funding, which is typically ~US$700-800K vs. US$550-650K we would get in the US. Of course, the problem with doing research in China is not about money, but politics, which discourages a lot of people from going.

 

[shuttler]

I want to work at a Research Centre here in the UK and we always have Chinese colleagues either coming to the lab or going back to China after visiting. they always say that Chinese universities are now loaded with money. And we also have Chinese recruiters coming to the school to recruit potential professors willing to go to China. They offer excellent start-up packages that are typically significantly higher than those offered by American universities. Note that I'm not talking about salary, but start-up funding, which is typically ~US$700-800K vs. US$550-650K we would get in the US. Of course, the problem with doing research in China is not about money, but politics, which discourages a lot of people from going.

It doesnt mind. Some people go back and stay. Some dont! They'll find the environment of best fit. Money is not always the determinant.

Rules used for rejecting researches which orientate towards personal interests or which are pursuing against the country/s interests or grand schemes should be upheld

Resources are limited and politics play their parts in every country

 

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Scientist who has made an accomplishment back home

Intrigued by endostatin's lack of toxicity, Chinese scientist Yongzhang Luo, PhD, found a way to refold the protein, making it cheaper to manufacture. Medgenn Ltd. has built enough production capacity to provide Endostar to all Chinese lung-cancer patients.

A star rises in the East

Among those who took note of endostatin's discovery was a young protein chemist named Yongzhang Luo, PhD. Born in China, he was doing a postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford University when endostatin broke onto the scene, and was impressed with endostatin's ability to regress tumors without toxicity or drug resistance. "That's like a dream," says Luo. He even bought EntreMed stock, but eventually lost most of his investment when the early endostatin bubble burst.

Intrigued by reports that other scientists had difficulty folding endostatin properly, Luo decided to work on the problem himself. "Since my postdoctoral training was on protein folding, I thought, 'Maybe we can solve the problem,'" he says.

In 1999, he returned to China, taking some U.S.-trained compatriots with him. His team solved the folding problem, adding nine amino acids to the endostatin molecule. This made it possible to manufacture a soluble endostatin using bacteria, not yeast, and at less expense. The reformulation was also more stable, more potent and lasted longer in the body, requiring just one injection daily rather than two.

With one-fifth of the world's new cancer cases, China is keenly interested in nontoxic therapies. Luo's corporate backer, Medgenn Ltd., has received millions of dollars in interest-free loans and grants from the Chinese government, and President Hu Jintao has visited the factory personally.

Clinical trials of the modified endostatin began in 2001 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, the leading form of lung cancer. Lung cancer rates are surging in China, with about 600,000 Chinese now dying of it annually. Evoking its benign toxicity profile, the drug was given the trade name Endostar, rendered in Chinese as "Endu," meaning "Graciousness."

A stamp of approval

Back in Boston, Folkman knew nothing of Endostar or even Luo's efforts. But in early 2005, he saw an abstract of a Phase III study to be presented at the annual American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting. The study involved 493 patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, an impressively large sample, and found that Endostar, given together with chemotherapy, increased the average time to cancer progression from 3.6 to 6.3 months. Follow-up data, not part of the abstract, indicated a one-year survival rate of about 60 percent with Endostar, double that with chemotherapy alone.

The Chinese study wasn't slated for an oral presentation at the meeting and received little notice. But Folkman contacted Luo and learned that dozens of papers on endostatin had been published in Chinese journals. With the help of Chinese-speaking postdoctoral fellows in his lab, he had them all translated.

On September 12, 2005, the Chinese government approved Endostar for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Medgenn now hopes to extend clinical trials to other cancers, and is discussing marketing prospects with several U.S. pharmaceutical firms. Children's, which still holds patents, is likely to be involved in the negotiations.

Taking a closer look at the family tree

 

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Cross-species liver transplant succeeds
By Ma Lie and Lu Hongyan (China Daily)
10:01, May 10, 2013

People's daily

Chinese doctors have successfully transplanted part of liver from a genetically altered pig to a monkey, a hospital announced on Wednesday in Xi'an, Shaanxi province.

The 10-hour operation was performed on Tuesday by a team of doctors at Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University. The recipient was a Tibetan macaque, a species found only in China.

Dou Kefeng, the team leader and a professor at the hospital, said the operation, the result of a four-year research project, was the first of its kind successfully performed in Asia.

The pig was genetically altered to suppress rejection of the liver by removing its antigen gene. The monkey selected had biochemical, immunological and anatomical characteristics very close to human physiology, Dou said.

Its vital signs were stable after the transplant surgery.

On June 27, 2012, South Korean media reported that South Korean scientists had transplanted a heart and kidney from a cloned pig to two monkeys, which survived for 24 and 25 days after the operation. Similar experiments have been conducted in several countries, including the United States, Germany, Australia and Japan.

Dou said that the organs from genetically altered pigs are preferred alternatives to human organs and the success of this surgery laid a theoretical and experimental basis for the clinical application of such transplants, which could provide a solution to the shortage of human organs for transplants.

The hospital, which began performing liver transplants in 1997, is a leader in the field in China and has performed more than 300 successful organ transplants, Dou said.



Monkey Given Pig's Liver In China

 

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Innovative idea from an old report

Chinese Scientists Plan to Pull an Asteroid into Orbit Around Earth
Posted 08.31.2011

link

Pictured: Humans Tempting God to Smite Them Hexi Baoyin, Yang Chen, Junfeng Li via arXiv

Last week Chinese scientists wanted to divert an asteroid away from Earth. This week, they want to pull one into orbit around the Earth. What’s possible objections could anyone have to this idea?

The notion stems from a phenomenon the researchers from Tsinghua University in Beijing noticed from time to time with Jupiter. Every now and then our solar systems biggest planet pulls in an object from space, which orbits the planet for a time before jetting off into interplanetary space again.

We could do something similar with a number of near earth objects (NEOs) that will pass near Earth in the coming years and decades. None of these objects will pass close enough to be naturally captured by Earth’s gravity, but a few will come so close that a small nudge in the right direction would put them in orbit--likely a temporary orbit--around Earth.

The idea isn’t simply to flirt with cataclysmic danger, but to bring a small object (they suggest a 10-meter object called 2008EA9 that will pass nearby in 2049) into a loop around the Earth so we can study it closely for a few years. If we can get the art of capturing asteroids orbitally down to a science, we could use it to temporarily make asteroids into Earth-bound satellites (orbiting at about twice the distance of the moon), mine them for minerals, and then send them on their ways.
Read the paper at arXiv.

 

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A bright idea from an old report

A Chinese Solar Sailing Scheme to Divert the Asteroid Apophis from its Collision Course with Earth
08.19.2011

link

Diverting Near Earth Asteroids With Solar Sailing Spaceships As you can see here, this will be a piece of cake. Shengping Gong, Junfeng Li, Xiangyuan Zeng via arXiv


For all the apocalypse talk that gets tossed around by psuedo-scientists and religious blowhards, rarely do we hear mention of Apophis, the 50 million-ton asteroid that actually might come close enough to Earth to warrant an end-of-the-world scare sometime in 2029. In that year it will pass so close to us that we’ll be able figure the trajectory for its return trip in 2036. If it passes through an area of space near our home planet known as the “keyhole,” it spells doom--on its return pass in 2036 it likely would strike us. Luckily, the Chinese are already on top of this one.

Apophis’ keyhole is pretty small, just 2,000 feet wide. In space terms, that’s practically nothing. That means that the chances of Apophis passing through the keyhole at all aren’t great. But it also means that it would only take a very small nudge sometime prior to 2029 to ensure that it misses the keyhole altogether. And that’s where a handful of Chinese researchers at Tsinghua University in Beijing come in.

In a paper they describe how Apophis could be deflected using a small spacecraft powered by a solar sail into a retrograde orbit on a collision course with the asteroid. That retrograde orbit--that’s an orbit opposite that of Apophis--would give it a hell of an impact speed, something like 55 miles per second. That kind of impact, executed far enough in advance, should push Apophis out of its current orbit enough to keep it clear of that keyhole, no Bruce Willis necessary.

But it sounds easier on paper than it really is. NASA’s solar sailing technology is nascent. Japan’s is better but still in its infancy. And as Tech Review's KFC points out, we’re talking about slinging this spacecraft way out into space where it would cruise for years before reaching Apophis--akin to the old “hitting a speeding bullet with a speeding bullet” analogy. Should the solar winds shift unexpectedly, we might miss. And if we miss Apophis, there’s nothing to guarantee that Apophis will miss us.
Luckily we have some time to figure this one out. Read the paper at arXiv.

 

[Snomannen]

I'm excepting China would become one of the most powerful countries in the world, as long as the "bubble" will never be broken and riots caused by corruption will be handled wisely.

 

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University of Peking Alumni, 张益唐 Zhang Yitang makes this mathematical breakthrough

First proof that infinitely many prime numbers come in pairs
Mathematician claims breakthrough towards solving centuries-old problem.


科学网—中国科学报- 华人数学家张益唐首次证明存在无穷多素数对

First proof that infinitely many prime numbers come in pairs : Nature News & Comment
Maggie McKee 14 May 2013
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

Mathematician Yitang Zhang has outlined a proof of a 'weak' version of the twin prime conjecture.
MAGGIE MCKEE

It’s a result only a mathematician could love. Researchers hoping to get ‘2’ as the answer for a long-sought proof involving pairs of prime numbers are celebrating the fact that a mathematician has wrestled the value down from infinity to 70 million.

“That’s only [a factor of] 35 million away” from the target, quips Dan Goldston, an analytic number theorist at San Jose State University in California who was not involved in the work. “Every step down is a step towards the ultimate answer.”

That goal is the proof to a conjecture concerning prime numbers. Those are the whole numbers that are divisible only by one and themselves. Primes abound among smaller numbers, but they become less and less frequent as one goes towards larger numbers. In fact, the gap between each prime and the next becomes larger and larger — on average. But exceptions exist: the ‘twin primes’, which are pairs of prime numbers that differ in value by 2. Examples of known twin primes are 3 and 5, or 17 and 19, or 2,003,663,613 × 2195,000 − 1 and 2,003,663,613 × 2195,000 + 1.

The twin prime conjecture says that there is an infinite number of such twin pairs. Some attribute the conjecture to the Greek mathematician Euclid of Alexandria, which would make it one of the oldest open problems in mathematics.

The problem has eluded all attempts to find a solution so far. A major milestone was reached in 2005 when Goldston and two colleagues showed that there is an infinite number of prime pairs that differ by no more than 16 (ref. 1). But there was a catch. “They were assuming a conjecture that no one knows how to prove,” says Dorian Goldfeld, a number theorist at Columbia University in New York.

The new result, from Yitang Zhang of the University of New Hampshire in Durham, finds that there are infinitely many pairs of primes that are less than 70 million units apart without relying on unproven conjectures. Although 70 million seems like a very large number, the existence of any finite bound, no matter how large, means that that the gaps between consecutive numbers don’t keep growing forever. The jump from 2 to 70 million is nothing compared with the jump from 70 million to infinity. “If this is right, I’m absolutely astounded,” says Goldfeld.

Zhang presented his research on 13 May to an audience of a few dozen at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the fact that the work seems to use standard mathematical techniques led some to question whether Zhang could really have succeeded where others failed.

But a referee report from the Annals of Mathematics, to which Zhang submitted his paper, suggests he has. “The main results are of the first rank,” states the report, a copy of which Zhang provided to Nature. “The author has succeeded to prove a landmark theorem in the distribution of prime numbers. … We are very happy to strongly recommend acceptance of the paper for publication in the Annals.”

Goldston, who was sent a copy of the paper, says that he and the other researchers who have seen it “are feeling pretty good” about it. “Nothing is obviously wrong,” he says.

For his part, Zhang, who has been working on the paper since a key insight came to him during a visit to a friend’s house last July, says he expects that the paper’s mathematical machinery will allow for the value of 70 million to be pushed downwards. “We may reduce it,” he says.

Goldston does not think the value can be reduced all the way to 2 to prove the twin prime conjecture. But he says the very fact that there is a number at all is a huge breakthrough. “I was doubtful I would ever live to see this result,” he says.

Zhang will resubmit the paper, with a few minor tweaks, this week.

Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12989


Also in this report:

Proof that an infinite number of primes are paired

 

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Physicists claim microwave-imaging 'breakthrough'
Nov 28, 2012

physicsworld

Short pulses sharpen up thermoacoustic images

Physicists in China say they have made a breakthrough in thermoacoustic imaging that could enable it to be used in hospitals within five years. The technique, which involves firing microwaves at tissue, had previously been considered too dangerous to use on humans, but the researchers have now employed what they say is a safer, nanosecond microwave source.

Thermoacoustic imaging was invented in the early 1980s. The idea is to expose tissue to a microwave pulse, which travels into the tissue until it is absorbed. Exactly how the pulse is absorbed depends on the type of tissue present. When the pulse is absorbed, it does not heat the tissue significantly because it is very short. The energy instead generates a moving deformation, which is an acoustic wave. The profile of this acoustic wave is detected using an array of transducers, and these data are used to create an image of the tissue through which the microwave pulse has passed.

The technique is considered attractive for certain patients, such as those at risk of breast cancer, because it has a higher contrast and is more penetrative than, for example, photoacoustic imaging. However, it has suffered from comparatively poor resolution, and the microwave doses employed hitherto have been considered unsafe for humans. For these reasons the technique has not yet been taken up by medicine.

Shorter, safer pulses boost resolution

Da Xing and colleagues at the South China Normal University in Guangzhou believe that thermoacoustic imaging could be a safe, high-resolution technique with the use of nanosecond microwave pulses. Theory suggests that the shorter the microwave pulse, the shorter the wavelength of the generated acoustic wave, and the higher the resolution. In addition, a shorter pulse reduces the exposure of tissue to harmful microwaves. The researchers' breakthrough is to have developed such a nanosecond microwave source and apply it to thermoacoustics.

“It's great to see new applications of microwave technology finding their way to the biomedical-research community ”
Russell Witte, University of Arizona

"One obstacle in this area has been the difficulty getting access to cutting-edge pulsed-microwave technology, which has either been very expensive or highly classified in the US for many years," says biomedical engineer Russell Witte at the University of Arizona at Tucson, US, who was not involved with the work. "So, it's great to see new applications of microwave technology finding their way to the biomedical-research community."

Xing and colleagues' microwave source is based around a Tesla coil – a type of electrical transformer that can generate a high-voltage discharge. The researchers collect this discharge at a coiled antenna, which generates a microwave pulse of just a few nanoseconds' duration. The subsequent microwave dosage, the researchers claim, is some 100 times lower than the safety standards set by the American National Standards Institute.

Tested on gelatin

The Chinese group tested the microwave source on samples consisting of copper wires, and rings made of gelatin. They found that they could image the samples at a resolution of 100 μm, which is five times better than previous thermoacoustic imaging devices. "Our device opens up exciting opportunities for non-invasive, high-resolution clinical thermoacoustic imaging," says Xing.
Group member Cunguang Lou adds that, with suitable transducers for detection, the source could allow thermoacoustic imaging to be performed in real time, which has not been done before. "We can predict that thermoacoustic imaging will be used to image actual patients within five years," he says.

"The scarcity of short-pulsed microwave sources has been a major bottleneck in the development of microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography, which has the potential to image human bodies without using harmful X-rays or other ionizing radiation," says biomedical engineer Lihong Wang at Washington University in St Louis, Missouri. He adds: "The development of this new microwave source will propel the growth of microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography, especially toward microscopic imaging."

The research is published in Physical Review Letters.

Researchers and affiliations:

Cunguang Lou, Sihua Yang, Zhong Ji, Qun Chen, and Da Xing

MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China

 

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More research papers published by Chinese
Updated: 2013-05-30 03:51(Xinhua)

Chinadaily

LONDON - Research papers published by China-based authors in Nature branded journals in 2012 increased by 35 percent on the 2011 figure, the Nature Publishing Index 2012 (NPI) China showed on Wednesday.

The report, published as a supplement to Nature, showed that authors from institutions in China contributed 8.5 percent, or 303 papers, of all research papers published in Nature branded journals in 2012, up from 7.0 percent in 2011 and 5.3 percent in 2010. In 2000, just six articles published in Nature branded journals had co-authors from institutions in China.

The top two institutions remain stable from 2011 to 2012: the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) leads, followed by the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) complete the top five.

The NPI also provides indicators that China, traditionally strong in physical sciences, is making gains in high quality life sciences research.

The Nature Publishing Index 2012 China supplement also presents a ranking by city. Beijing continues to dominate, followed by Shanghai, Hefei, Hong Kong and Wuhan.

 

[Yzd Khalifa]

China is a nation that we should all admire and respect. Over the last three decades, the PRC has done a great job, which is merely unrestricted to building its military machine, but also working on development in the medical sector, and technological advancement. We should all learn from the PRC, its success story is more than a fairy tail to many nations on earth including my country.

You may continue to flourish and prosper.

 

[cirr]

China’s Science Foundation Sets Aside US$3.9 Billion For R&D In 2013

Academia

June 3, 2013

China’s National Natural Science Foundation has set aside US$3.9 billion in funds for scientific R&D this year.

AsianScientist (Jun. 6, 2013) – China’s National Natural Science Foundation has set aside US$3.9 billion (23.8 billion yuan) in funds for scientific research and development (R&D) this year, it announced Tuesday.

About 71 percent of the funds will be covered by the central government, as reported by the state-run Xinhua news agency.

More than 70 percent of the funds will be channeled into projects in intensive disciplines that promote innovation-driven economic development, said Yang Wei, president of the foundation. The foundation has received over 158,000 applications for funding so far in 2013.

The foundation will also promote talent development and seek expanded cooperation with international collaborators, said Yang. He added that it will complete amended regulations to punish misconduct and promote research integrity, and create a database for cases of research ethics violations.

In 2012, out of a total of 177,000 applications, the foundation awarded 38,411 a portion of funds totalling 23.7 billion yuan.


China’s Science Foundation Sets Aside US$3.9 Billion For R&D In 2013 | Asian Scientist Magazine | Science, Technology and Medicine News Updates From Asia

 

[East Asia United]

Only about US $3 billion??

Why china is spending so low on science and technology for next five years ?????????

India is spending US$ 24 billion on Science and Technology

India is spending 8 times bigger amount US$ 24 billion against china's US$ 3 billion


[India commits to boosting science - Five year spending plan backs massive investment in research and scientific facilities.[/url]

Typical Indian

China: $296.8 billion

Korea: $55.8 billion

India: $36.1 billion

 

[East Asia United]

These are only “infrastructure investments” in the 16 projects listed。

India's TOTAL spending on science and technology does not even come close to China's。

My recollection tells me that China spent over 200 billion dollars in S&T in 2012 alone。

No, China spent $300 billion on S&T in 2012, compared to the US which spend about $440 billion.