Whats behind Hezbullah's success ? Most of the armies in the middle east has nothing short of been a total failure from Egypt , to Iraq(which is improving now) to Syrian to other armies out there. Just want to know what makes Hezbullah different from these sad lot. Do they get special military training from somewhere else ? or is it simply their circumstances which they were formed in ?
@Irfan Baloch @Oscar @waz @notorious_eagle @Solomon2
You want an outsider's view? This will take me awhile. To begin evaluating Hezbollah one first has to consider its home base, Lebanon. Here's my analysis, for what it's worth:
Lebanon's "confessional system" is rather unique. Although there is a constitutional federal structure and by mandate the P.M. is always a Muslim and the president is always a Christian, the federal gov't is the product of the balance of power between the confessional groups.
This has the effect of tempting foreign powers to sponsor their own favored groups via money, arms, or personnel- and for the different groups to actually invite such intervention - to bring about the results desired. Sometimes the foreigners are pulling the strings, sometimes the Lebanese. Sometimes the foreigners
think they're pulling the strings, only to find out too late that they're not - and sometimes it's the other way 'round, the Lebanese believing they're controlling such interventions, only to find out later they outsmarted themselves.
The Lebanese Army itself is usually rather small. Foreign support to the L.A. does not seem to affect the balance of power: the national leadership is too weak. Sometimes, arms and money sent to the L.A. is simply distributed to the confessional groups. The confessional groups may also exercise some control over their soldiers in the L.A.
The groups contest and ally with one another, both at the political level and periodically - as a test of strength and foreign support - by violence. After each contest a new power-sharing arrangement is hammered out between the confessional bosses. What preserves the confessional system is the unwritten rule that no matter how badly a contestant loses there will always be a redoubt or home base the contestant can retreat to: violate that base and the other confessional bosses get alarmed and re-negotiate their alliances to counter such a move.
The confessional system was broken by the invasion of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the 1970s, After Pakistan's Zia helped kick Arafat's PLO out of Jordan in 1970 the terror organization needed a new home. Lebanon was too weak to resist the armed force and money of the Soviet-backed PLO. The PLO invaded southern Lebanon, took over many army bases, and did not care for the niceties and subtleties of Lebanon's political system. Soon, the foreign body of the PLO was on top, which encouraged further division: the Lebanese civil war.
(The PLO also drew support from the UNRWA-supported network of Palestinian Arab "refugee" camps in Lebanon. The population in the camps had limited opportunities for it had not been accorded Lebanese citizenship, if only because doing so would disrupt the confessional balance.)
The PLO's excuse was that it was a "resistance" organization: southern Lebanon was its base for firing rockets into Israel. When Israel finally invaded to clear out the PLO its soldiers were greeted with flowers. The Lebanese were glad Israel sent the PLO packing. Arafat & co., with Western assistance, fled to Tunisia.
Israeli forces stayed in Lebanon. The idea was not conquest but to "improve the neighborhood": Israel did not want the PLO back, the Lebanese Army was less than a skeleton, and the civil war was still raging.. The Lebanese president was dangling the prospect of a peace treaty between Lebanon and Israel. Israel was eager to seek such an outcome.
Unfortunately, Israelis did not perceive that the primary Lebanese goal was not peace with Israel. To the groups Israel befriended it was a weight on the balance scale of power between confessional groups. So on the one hand they encouraged Israel to stay, while on the other they promised other confessional groups to limit their own actions - sort of leaving the Israelis holding the bag.
The Israelis had sponsored the mostly Maronite Christian "South Lebanon Army". Southern Lebanon was populated by Christians and Shi'a Muslims. The Shi'a were comparatively poor and had little political influence before the civil war and even less under the thumb of the SLA.
And that's where the Hezbollah story begins. (part 2 to follow).