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What is Driving Anti-Muslim Hate Crimes: Trump? Hollywood? Media?

RiazHaq

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http://www.riazhaq.com/2016/12/what-drives-islamophobia-hollywood.html

Attacks against Muslim Americans are surging, according to a recently released FBI report. There were 257 reports of assaults, attacks on mosques and other hate crimes against Muslims in 2015, a jump of about 67% over 2014. It was the highest total since 2001, when more than 480 attacks occurred in the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks, according to New York Times.

Hate Crimes Against Muslims:

An American Muslim was 4.4 times more likely to be a victim of hate crime in America than an average American in 2015. Anti-Muslim hate crimes accounted for 4.4 precent of all hate crimes in 2015 when they made up just 1% of the US population.

Hate crimes against Muslims surged 67% from 154 in 2014 to 257 in 2015, the second highest number on record since national reporting started in 1992. In 2001, the year of the 9/11 attacks anti-Muslim hate crime peaked at 481, and had been in a range of 105 to 160, until 2015’s jump. Anti-Muslim hate crimes in 2015 showed a significant increase in the proportion of hate crimes from the previous year as well.






Why the Surge:

The recent surge in hate crimes against Muslims are attributed to President-Elect Donald Trump's campaign rhetoric against Muslims and other minorities in the United States. Islamophobia did not begin with the Trump campaign but it appears to have contributed to it in the last two years. Other factors include stereotyping of Muslims in the entertainment and news media coverage of terrorist attacks traced to individual Muslim perpetrators.

Trump Campaign:

President-Elect Donald Donald Trump's Muslim ban and Muslim registry have contributed to assigning the blame to all Muslims for acts of terror and the consequent hate crimes against Americans of Islamic faith.

Since winning the majority of the electoral college in US presidential elections 2016, President-elect Trump has begun stacking his cabinet and staff with people known for their anti-Muslim statements. For example, Trump's national security advisor pick General Michael Flynn has called Islam "malignant cancer". Mr. Trump's chief of staff pick Stephen Bannon has described Islam as "a political ideology" and Sharia as "like Nazism, fascism, and communism."

Popular Television Shows:

The US entertainment media in Hollywood has been at the forefront of promoting the image of all Muslims as terrorists. Popular television shows like "24" and "Homeland" have done it on a consistent basis.

In a recent roundtable discussion titled "Can Television be Fair to Muslims?", Showtime's "Homeland's co-creator Howard Gordon acknowledged that his show has fed Islamophobia in America. Participants included both Muslims and Non-Muslims engaged in writing and producing popular TV shows such as Aasif Mandvi, Zarqa Nawaz, Melena Ryzik, Joshua Saffran, Howard Gordon and Cherian Dabis.

Roundtable Discussion:

Here's a brief excerpt of the exchange:

MELENA RYZIK: The F.B.I. has said that attacks against Muslims were up 67 percent last year. Do you have any anxiety about your shows being fodder for that?

HOWARD GORDON: The short answer is, absolutely, yes.

RYZIK: What can you do to handle that?

GORDON: On “Homeland,” it’s an ongoing and very important conversation.

For instance, this year, the beginning of it involves the sort of big business of prosecuting entrapment. It actually tests the edges of free speech. How can someone express their discontent with American policy — even a reckless kid who might express his views that may be sympathetic to enemies of America, but still is not, himself, a terrorist, but is being set up to be one by the big business of government?

For me to answer, personally, that question, it’s a difficult one. “24” having been the launching point for me to engage in these conversations, which I have been having for 10 years, and being very conscious about not wanting to be a midwife to these base ideas. We’re all affected, unwittingly, by who we are and how we see the world. It requires creating an environment where people can speak freely about these things. It requires this vigilant empathy.

Mainstream News Media:

The mainstream US news media, particularly the cable news channels, have contributed to anti-Muslim hysteria after each terror attack traced to a Muslim perpetrator. The 24X7 coverage of such tragedies fails to put them in perspective.

President Barack H. Obama finally asked the questions that many American Muslim victims of Islamophobia have been asking for a long time: How many Americans have been killed through terrorist attacks over the last decade? And how many Americans have died in gun violence.

Here's the exact quote from Obama's speech after yet another mass shooting--this time in rural Oregon:

“I would ask news organizations – because I won’t put these facts forward – have news organizations tally up the number of Americans who’ve been killed through terrorist attacks over the last decade and the number of Americans who’ve been killed by gun violence, and post those side-by-side on your news reports. This won’t be information coming from me; it will be coming from you. “We spend over a trillion dollars, and pass countless laws, and devote entire agencies to preventing terrorist attacks on our soil, and rightfully so. And yet, we have a Congress that explicitly blocks us from even collecting data on how we could potentially reduce gun deaths. How can that be?”

The President's question got the media attention. CNN, among others, compiled the data and put the following graph on its website:


Sources: CDC and US Security Officials Via CNN



The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has reported 316,545 people deaths by firearms on U.S. soil from 2004 to 2013. This figure is 1000 times higher than the total deaths of 313 Americans by terrorism at home and abroad in the same period.



Aided by the gun lobby and its conservative supporters, anti-terrorism and Islamophobia have emerged as major new US industries in the wake of the terrorist attacks of 911. Anti-terror industry is worth trillions of dollars. Islamophobia industry, estimated at $200 million, reinforces and promotes the fear of Islam and Muslims for its own gains. With their entrenched vested interests, the growth of these industries has served to distract attention from the 1000X bigger problem of gun violence. The National Rife Association, also know as the gun lobby, has taken full advantage of the situation by buying out the majority of US Congress which opposes even most modest gun safety regulations.

In addition to distracting Americans' attention from growing gun violence, increased spending on Islamophobia is having a significant impact on Americans' perception of Muslim Americans. Results differ by political party, with the majority of Republicans holding negative views of both Arab-Americans and Muslims. Democrats gave Arab-Americans a 30 percent unfavorable rating and Muslim-Americans a 33 percent unfavorable rating, while Republicans gave Arab-Americans a 54 percent unfavorable rating and Muslim-Americans a 63 percent unfavorable rating, according to public opinion survey conducted by Zogby Analytics.

Summary:

Hate crimes against Muslim Americans are surging, rising 67% in 2015 over the prior year. A Muslim American is 4.4 times more likely to be victim of a hate crime than an average American. President-Elect Donald Trump's Islamophobic campaign and the American news and entertainment media are contributing to the rise of hatred against Muslims. The situation of Muslims is likely to get worse unless Mr. Trump speaks out against hate crimes and his administration takes steps to check organized hate groups. At the same time, the news and entertainment media need to play their role to put this genie back in the bottle.

Related Links:

Haq's Musings

Funding of Hate Groups in America

Hollywood: America's Ministry of Propaganda?

Silicon Valley Stands Against Islamophobia

US Gun Violence

Money is Free Speech in America

King's Hypocrisy

FBI Entrapping Young Muslims

Saudi Prince Funding Hate in America




http://www.riazhaq.com/2016/12/what-drives-islamophobia-hollywood.html
 
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Can the Popular #Muslim Invocation of God's Will survive ‘Inshallah’ in the Age of #Trump? #Islamophobia

https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/01/inshallah-in-the-age-of-trump-islamophobia-us/

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These days, another word is making inroads into the American English lexicon. It’s “inshallah” — an Arabic Islamic expression that means “God willing.” Inshallah first made its English debut in the 19th century, but it’s only since 9/11 that the word has become fashionable among non-Muslim, non-Arabic-speaking Americans. You’ve probably heard it already in passing, which is my point. The Atlantic’s James Fallows has tweeted it. Even actor Lindsay Lohan has made a faltering attempt. I’ve heard it in meetings, on the metro, and at a casual Sunday brunch in Brooklyn.

For all these inshallah-invokers, the phrase seems to combine the prestige of French and the multiculturalism of Sanskrit — with an added thrill of risk.

President-elect Donald Trump is stacking his administration with supporters who believe that Islam is inherently violent, dangerous, and threatening. Some who evince this view believe that anything associated with Islam has a diabolical power, an insidious evil that has to be guarded against at every turn as the Puritans guarded against witchcraft.

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The latent Islamophobia the word can conjure seems to be part of the its growing appeal among progressive urbanites in the United States. As the Islamophobia industrial complex has expanded, so has a cultural push against it. Garnishing your conversation with an inshallah or two is a small act of resistance, a direct jab at the belief that Islam — and by association, Arabic — is sinister. It’s the linguistic equivalent of donning a headscarf in solidarity for World Hijab Day. Or the spoken version of the anti-Trump ad near Dearborn, Michigan, a city with a large population of Arab-Americans, which was written in Arabic and read: “Donald Trump can’t read this, but he is scared of it.” It’s a subtle political statement, a critique of Republicans who believe certain sounds, like incantations, must cross the lips in order to defeat evil (“radical Islamic terrorism”) whereas other sounds (“inshallah,” “Allahu akbar”) must remain taboo.

But why inshallah and not some other Arabic word? There are dozens of other common Islamic expressions, including bismillah (in the name of God), barakallah (blessings of God), and alhamdulillah (praise be to God), that haven’t crossed into English (though bismillah makes a cameo in Queen’s 1975 classic “Bohemian Rhapsody”).

The reason is that inshallah is a charming, maddening, and undeniably useful expression. On paper, the word is very similar to “God willing,” its Christian, English equivalent. It’s an acknowledgment of the human inability to foresee or control the future while harking to the belief that a Greater Being holds humanity’s fragile plans in its omnipotent hands.

But unlike the English “God willing,” inshallah also serves as a convenient preordained excuse for what may go wrong. If your toilet is broken and your plumber says he’ll come “tomorrow, inshallah,” you may be in for quite a wait. In countries such as Egypt, inshallah has expanded into a society-wide verbal tic invoked by Muslims, Christians, and even the nonreligious for occasions as mundane as ordering a hamburger or riding an elevator — a phenomenon that a 2008 article in the New York Times dubbed “inshallah creep.”

That’s what has made it so easy for visitors to pick up. Inshallah conveys an uncertainty that “hopefully” lacks. “The project will be done by 9 p.m., hopefully” implies that a sense of control still resides in your hands and thus a lingering amount of responsibility if the deadline isn’t met. “The project will be done by 9 p.m., inshallah,” by contrast, indicates that some outside force — an indolent contract worker, slow trains, spotty internet, even fate itself — is now in the driver’s seat and that if things go wrong, it’s not your fault.
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Can the Popular #Muslim Invocation of God's Will survive ‘Inshallah’ in the Age of #Trump?
curious, have you ever been a victim of "Islamophobia" in the US yourself ?

you guys (if you're an American citizen) should stop with the fear mongering already.

#YesYourPresident
 
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Propaganda. There are many sites that no nothing more than portray muslims negatively and since the majority of Americans havent seen a muslim they believe these sites. I am still waiting ONE of these muslim haters to make a comment about the fact that US bombs 7 muslim countries. They wont make any comment because they try to mislead the public about who is the attacker here
 
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What is driving it?

  • September 11 attacks, 2001
    • (New York, NY): Islamic hijackers steer two planes packed with fuel and passengers into the World Trade Center, killing hundreds on impact and eventually killing thousands when the towers collapsed. At least 200 are seriously injured.
    • (Washington, DC): Nearly 200 people are killed when Islamic hijackers steer a plane full of people into the Pentagon.
    • (Shanksville, PA): Forty passengers are killed after Islamic radicals hijack the plane in an attempt to steer it into the U.S. Capitol building.
  • July 28, 2006 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting, (Seattle, WA): An "angry" Muslim-American uses a young girl as hostage to enter a local Jewish center, where he shoots six women, one of whom dies.
  • June 1, 2009, 2009 Little Rock recruiting office shooting, (Little Rock, AR): A Muslim shoots a local soldier to death inside a recruiting center explicitly in the name of Allah.
  • November 5, 2009 2009 Fort Hood shooting, Ft. Hood, Texas: A Muslim psychiatrist guns down thirteen unarmed soldiers while yelling praises to Allah.
  • September 11, 2011 2011 Waltham triple murder, (Waltham, MA): Three Jewish men have their throats slashed by Muslim terrorists.
  • April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombing (Boston, MA): Foreign-born Muslims detonate two bombs packed with ball bearings at the Boston Marathon, killing three people and causing several more to lose limbs.
  • September 25, 2014 Vaughan Foods beheading incident, (Moore, OK): A Sharia advocate beheads a woman after calling for Islamic terror and posting an Islamist beheading photo.
  • July 16, 2015, 2015 Chattanooga shootings, Chattanooga, Tennessee: A Muslim commits a shooting spree at a recruiting center at a strip mall and a naval center, leaving five soldiers dead at the latter location.
  • December 2, 2015, 2015 San Bernardino attack, San Bernardino, California: A Muslim couple opens fire at a Christmas party, leaving fourteen dead.
  • June 12, 2016, 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, Orlando, Florida: Omar Mateen shoots and kills 49 people and injures 53 more at a gay bar, the largest mass shooting in U.S. history.

That is what's driving it.
 
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I think mostly it is the Media (News , Movies and Main stream pressure groups)

  • Since 90's there were influx of movies portraying the idea of terrorism in movies and ideas about foreign militant groups
  • In USA, mostly on prime time or on Holidays when people sit with their families on holidays they specifically run shows and material that focuses on negative aspect of Islam as a religion. Most of time it is negativity that is highlighted over and over again never do they promote the doctors or nurses or volunteers doing humanitarian work in conflict zones.
  • So the average Amercian , develops this persona of Muslims as violent and people who have no logic or they don't love life and love death all the time.
  • Now how Christians portray themselves is "Loving" , Caring and people who love "Humanitarian" work , most of time they show Christians doing work like feeding the poor or charity or donation work you know working with kids however when it comes to Muslims these same deeds that Muslim do all the time they NEVER EVER highlight these aspects.
  • So when this preception exists in the media and news exists for 10-20 years , people start to belief that idealogy and that is why there is this "Anti Islam" hate anti Muslim hate that is prominent in USA these days.
  • How evident is it well BARAK OMABA , openly stated million times he is not Muslim out of fear he would lose in elections.
  • If you have local radio most of time they run shows where folks openly call Muslim Faith Islam with abusive language , or they say carpet bomb the whole region , it is completely allowed practice , radio host starts a rant and then people will start to phone in and start ranting about Muslims and saying Racist stuff , all legal stuff and this happens on local regional news channels all time (night or evening host shows)
This prime time coverage promotes hate and it happens all the time in USA and especially in Europe its like their favourite pass time

Normal petty crimes can't be used as a evidence to claim any hate is justified, criminal offences are normally just that a individual act of criminality , however what we normally see is that Media jumps the gun with BOLD letters front page news when ever a petty crime is commited by Muslims

However even with that stated there are educated folks who knows what is true and what is not and many folks simply don't believe in the "Propaganda" in media and treat Muslims normally


Is hate justified , I don't know but I know reporting and media preception and representation is heavily biased

Most of the time when a Muslim correspondant is brought in to talk about Muslim and Islamic matters or theory of life , they pick a person who is "EXTREMELY distant from anything remotely close to Islamic faith. It is normally a person who hates their own religion , they don't claim this hate openly but they criticize their own faith on Prime time tv and that is the type of person Western Media love to show case to solidify their preception they like to present about Muslims


  • Does western media talks about Muslim charity or social workers (No)
  • Does western media talks about Muslim kids doing charity work (No)
  • Does western media talks about bravery of Doctors and nurses doing work in syria (No)
  • Does western media covers about Muslim lives lost due to Terrorism (No)
  • Does western media covers loses suffered by Pakistani Army (No)
  • Does western media covers the old guy who lives on 2-3 bucks a day teaching children in streets (No)
  • Does western media covers the Muslim guy who has been married for 40 years with solid family values (No)
  • Does western media covers girls who play soccer banned by international groups for their religion (No)

Its all a Media war , a preception war

A war where we are lead to believe that Christianity is love , life and goodness and Islam is war , evil , and don't love life

Most of these preceptions are more accpted in rural america , lack of education lack of understanding or working with Muslims , so the redneck is generally keen to abuse or hit and then commit a crime (hate crime)

Most educated folks in USA don't behave that way but they are brain wash
ed daily on Anti Muslim garbage

As for the man claiming all sort of crime done by Muslims he listed it above but in reality these are just petty crimes , and most of time Christians do much more in USA however the media does not covers these for 2-3 weeks with title Crime commited by Christan White guy


Presenty there is a Blackout on War in Syria on Western Media at least CNN that blackout is evident as you can't see ground realities , what you do see is useless news like

Front Page:
a) Some artist died
b) Some idiotic news about car that drives itself failing a test
c) Some crappy cell phone is not doing well
d) Some crappy gopro company sucking badly
e) Some dumb news about Saturday night live comedy show on front page
f) sometimes there us new about a cat or dog who acted in a cute matter on video
g) Some artist puked due to too much drugs in his system that is priority
h) There might be news about someone's tattoo or butt surgery

Muslims are not stupid to have wars in our land and our cities nor is it true that we love to kill and not enjoy life (with our families and friends)

These ideas being spread in news , and various programming in USA are racist in nature

Infact the Muslim council should have filed a law suit against Politicians openly claiming Muslims are lesser human beings by constantly brating them in elections

Now returning back to the claim of Criminal acts on US soil , sure certain crims were commited by "individuals" but Media and Officials jump to signal "RELIGION" as cause of problem

Why don't the media reports like this

  • A Christian , drunk driver killed 14 people on highway because he was drunk in his love of life (Front page , you never hear that)
  • A Cristian guy in Joker costume , killed people in Batman primere , TERROR in cinema by Christanity (You will never hear that on any newspaper)
  • A Christan guy shot a mother of 2 , in a dispute about sleeping with his brother (You never hear that it would be called a crime)
  • A Christian group hung a Black man , by the tree (You will never hear this story on main page)
  • A Christan Mother dumped by Christian boyfriend who ran off with baby sitter (You will never hear this on main news with the Christianity tagline)
  • If a Truck ran thru a mall or grocery store , you will never hear the news reported like CHRISTAN man man drives thru a store killing 10 people with his action
  • If a man dies in Hospital waiting for medicine you will never hear CHRISTAN HOSPITAL REFUSE service to christian patient who waited in room for 1 hour for service

99% of hate is ignorance 1 % is the criminal act by individuals as it happens in any society
Just like we don't blame Christianity for all crimes , Muslims can't be held responsible for individual crimes by people.

Now here is why people in USA are angry

1) Jobs moving overseas
2) Big corporations moving tax centers overseas
3) Country is not interested in preserving the world by anti carbon and anti emission pledges
4) Prolonged envolvement in world's affairs for which US economy does not have juice

Now Media is playing its part to also mix Muslims into the anger or even Mexicons or Immigrants
and when you really look at the issue the issue is really

FAILED US POLICIES LAST 50 years promoting wars world wide if US policies were about creating jobs locally , or creating tax rules for Big corporations or Big Pharma companies US woud be still leader in Economic terms

I don't want My religion being Hijacked by Your Christan Media because your Christian media is not reporting that your own Political parties or people in Government are authorizing weapons sales to various groups who are active in civil war or any other type of wars in region.

After every 4-8 years when government changes your policies changes and your leaders don't openly tell your people why these policies failed , they simply remain quiet This is called NATIONAL INTEREST in your terminology. Have a party and laugh about it , make jokes about the error in judgement. You don't care if 50,000 or two to 3 million people got relocated in war zones?

You know why because you never went to war it was all UAV or proxy units or indirect wars

These are all war crimes
  • Viet Nam war
  • Afghan wars (Orphans of the war become future tools for rouges)
  • Iran-Iraq wars millions killed by weapons from you know who
  • Iraq war competely stable country destabalized
  • Iraq sanctions, hospitals mostly suffered and economies
  • Afghan - Iraq wars post events in 2000
  • Libya conflict and weapons supply to rouge entities
  • Syria conflic and destruction of a historic region , rouge weapon supplies

These are political policies and direct consequences of these policies are economic pressure and failure in many sense

You know if you PASS law in US senate that gives Immunity to President he can kill 100,000-300,000 people by authorizing a war and then he can retire and claim hey History will judge me , what a awesome CHRISTIAN who loves life

You know why Don't we read in News paper in BIG RED

"CHRISTIAN US PRESIDENT , authorizes 100,000 deaths in country X,Y, Z yet he loves life folks , send your LOVE to him , he is so amazing"

No this will never happen , his FAITH and religion would never be questioned it will be only his decisions as a individual and really the issue would not be on front page may be a small article after 10 years from his retirement from office he will say in interview , I don't admit it but I know some stuff happened that was not planned

Really

While the US people , the folks on the ground who do the jobs 9 to 5 who come across work with Muslims they get along just fine , it is normally the "Elites" who just have no clue about anything

Most of US policies come from the 5% elites , the people have already lost control over their own country since Keneddy days

(PS: I request apology from Christan readers but I had to explain the differences in media reporting how they differentiate and have bias and for that I had to bring Christianity into mix, and I can rest assure you Muslims LOVE life , becasue it is a sin in our religion to commit suicide. If a suicide bombing happens in Pakistan , Turkey , France , USA , Saudia , Iraq it is all a sin specially when done against civilians. However bombing civilians in Palestine and other muslim countries is also a sin no one has right to Bomb any civilians or any refugee or any women or children from any Military Advance fighter Jet or UAV)

Well some folks in US would argue well ok the media is not Christain it is controlled by You know who , and that is another debate even Donald Trump himself is facing same issues and no one knows what is the agenda with US media who controls it and for what purpose but the reporting is tremendously biased

**The more inland you go rural areas the level of Ignorance tends to increase, city folks are generally more friendly and specially Educated class stick to the blue (Democratic states). The problem escalates in the inlands of US because influence of media who run anti Muslim programming or hate driven shows under the context of free speach
 
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Nothing is driving anti-Muslim hate crimes. This is a made up issue. Most of the incidents that are labelled "crimes" are not "crimes" but "pranks". And, many such "pranks" are false-flag affairs perpetrated to enhance the narrative of Islamophobia.
 
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In USA, mostly on prime time or on Holidays when people sit with their families on holidays they specifically run shows and material that focuses on negative aspect of Islam as a religion.

Can you name even just one example of a program run during the Holidays that focuses on the negative aspects of Islam?

I can't think of any. Please enlighten us. Luckily you aren't talking about the Jews since during the Christmas holidays they get put through the wringer (but of course you are ignoring that fact). Luckily for Islam that was all early history or you'd be on here trying to figure out a way of squawking up a storm.

Front Page:
a) Some artist died
b) Some idiotic news about car that drives itself failing a test
c) Some crappy cell phone is not doing well
d) Some crappy gopro company sucking badly
e) Some dumb news about Saturday night live comedy show on front page
f) sometimes there us new about a cat or dog who acted in a cute matter on video
g) Some artist puked due to too much drugs in his system that is priority
h) There might be news about someone's tattoo or butt surgery

How often does the war in Syria make the front page of news sites in China? Probably zero. How often does it make the front page in Pakistan news sites?
 
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And then there are the politicians.

We have a new one today, a freshly-elected congresswoman who claims a D.C. cabbie threatened her with physical assault because she was a Muslim.

She must have been VERY scared because the first thing she did was tweet about it, rather than call the D.C. police.

She writes she will not report it until she returns to Minnesota - when the incident will be old and where the D.C. police can't interview her about it in person.
 
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Given the questionable nature of numerous unverifiable-by-design reports like the one above, I surmise that many - perhaps most - reports of anti-Muslim hate crimes are inventions to feed the Islamist supremacist narrative that Muslims are somehow unjustly oppressed by non-Muslims and therefore all Muslims need to band together immediately to conquer non-Muslims to conquer/victimize them, which is Allah's intent anyway.

This is patently unfair both to real Muslim victims of hate crimes and other citizens who wish to reduce hate crimes in their neighborhoods for those incidents that are real. But if the last few decades have taught us anything, it's that to the supremacists people are only useful to the extent that they help The Cause, not as individuals with rights and deserved sympathy of their own.
 
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An American Muslim was 4.4 times more likely to be a victim of hate crime in America than an average American in 2016.
 
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An American Muslim was 4.4 times more likely to be a victim of hate crime in America than an average American in 2016.
I didn't do that math. The FBI says that 52.1% of the religion-motivated incidents are classified as anti-Jewish (Jews ~1.4% of U.S. population) and 21.9% of them are classified as anti-Muslim. Although their worth may vary, these are from reports collected by law enforcement, not anecdotal as we must classify the congresswoman's incident above. So high-visibility but deliberately un-investigate-able reports like hers demean the rest. Her purpose appears to be to radicalize Muslims, yes?

Nothing is driving anti-Muslim hate crimes. This is a made up issue -
I recall an Ahmaddiyya mosque was vandalized a few years ago about fifty miles from my home. The police charged someone for the deed. Don't remember the rest of the story.
 
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