Islamic faith&Secularism
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- Dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations.
The source: https://global.britannica.com/topic/dictatorship
- Democracy, literally, rule by the people.
The source: https://global.britannica.com/topic/democracy
In Turkey...
- The new amendment to go into referendum:
1-Article 9 The judiciary is required to act on condition of impartially.
2- Article 75 The number of seats in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey is raised from 550 to 600.
3- Article 76 The age requirement to stand as a candidate in an election was lowered from 25 to 18, while the condition of having to complete compulsory military service is removed. Individuals with relations to the military are ineligible to run for election.
4- Article 77 Parliamentary terms are extended from four to five years. Parliamentary and presidential elections will be held on the same day every five years, with presidential elections going to a run-off if no candidate wins a simple majority in the first round.
5- Article 87 The powers of Parliament to scrutinise ministers and hold the government to account, as well has granting ministers the power to issue decrees regarding certain matters, are abolished.
6- Article 98 Parliament now detects cabinet and Vice President with Parliamentry Research,Parliamentary Investigation,General Discussion and Written Question.Interpellation is abolished and replaced with Parliamentary Investigation.Vice President needs to answer Written Questions within 15 days.
7- Article 101 In order to stand as a presidential candidate, an individual requires the endorsement of one or more parties that won 5% or more in the preceding parliamentary elections and 100,000 voters. The elected president no longer needs to terminate their party membership if they have one.
8- Article 104 The President becomes both the head of state and head of government, with the power to appoint and sack ministers and vice presidents. The president can call referendums and issue decrees at will, though decrees will only hold if they concern certain parts of the constitution and are not overridden by parliamentary legislation.
9- Article 105 Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by the President can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favour. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict the President with a two-thirds vote in favour.
10- Article 106 The President can appoint one or more Vice Presidents. If the Presidency falls vacant, then fresh presidential elections must be held within 45 days. If parliamentary elections are due within less than a year, then they too are held on the same day as early presidential elections. If the parliament has over a year left before its term expires, then the newly elected president serves until the end of the parliamentary term, after which both presidential and parliamentary elections are held. This does not count towards the President's two-term limit. Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by Vice Presidents and ministers can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favour. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict Vice Presidents or ministers with a two-thirds vote in favour. If found guilty, the Vice President or minister in question is only removed from office if their crime is one that bars them from running for election. If a sitting MP is appointed as a minister or Vice President, their parliamentary membership is terminated and is taken by a reserve MP.
11- Article 116 The President and five-third of the Parliament can decide to renew elections. In this case, the enactor also dissolves itself until elections.
12- Article 119 The ability to declare a state of emergency is given to the President, taking effect following parliamentary approval. States of emergency can be extended for up to four months at a time except during war, where the state of emergency is indefinite.Every bylaws President makes in State of emergency will need an approval of Parliament.
13- Article 142 Military courts are abolished unless they are erected to investigate actions of soldiers under conditions of war.
14- Article 159 Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors is renamed to "Board of Judges and Prosecutors", members are reduced to 13 from 22, departments are reduced to 2 from 3. 4 members are appointed by President, 7 will be appointed by the Grand Assembly (Other 2 members are Justice Minister and Ministry of Justice Undersecretary, which is unchanged).
15- Article 161 President proposes fiscal budget to Grand Assembly 75 days prior to fiscal new year. Parliamentary members cannot make change proposals to public expenditures. If budget is not approved, then temporary budget will be proposed. If temporary budget also not approved, previous year's budget would be used with previous year's increment ratio.
16- Several articles Adaptation of several articles of the constitution with other changes, mainly transferring executive powers of cabinet to President.
17- Temporary Article 21 Next presidential and General elections will be held in 3 November 2019. If Grand Assembly decides early elections, both will be held at the same day. Board of Judges and Prosecutors elections will be made within 30 days of approval of this law. Military courts are abolished once the law came into force.
18- Several articles The amendments (2, 4 and 7) will came into force after new elections, other amendments (except temporary article) will come into force once newly elected president swears. Annulled the article which elected Presidents loses their memberships in a political party.
In Bureaucracy:
- to appoint/remove vice president posts, all ministers and high-level bureaucrats,
- to issue decrees relating to the form of their appointment and the system of administration.
- to organize the army,
- to organize the education ( the ministry of education, the Higher Education Council, university chancellors)
- to found public entities
- to remain as leader in political party,
- to select representatives,
- to legislate by decree,
- to issue decrees relating to matters of executive power in the name of the parliament,
- to dissolve parliament,
- to make budget,
- to veto powers over legislation initiated by parliament,
- to determine national security policies and to take necessary measures,
- to declare a state of emergency for six month,
- to call fresh elections,
- to represant the parliament as the commander of the army
In Justice:
- to control judicial appointments both from the presidency and from parliament,
- to appoint the head of the Higher Council of Judges and Prosecution
- to directly appoint half of the members of the Higher Council of Judges and Prosecution, inderectly the other half in parliament,
- to appoint 11 out of 15 members in Constitutional Court ( which is the only court to judge the ruler in any law breach)
- to approve international treaties,
- to appoint ambassadors
The Balance for such power:
- the ruler to use the power without any control,
- the check by courts limited,
- to check by courts possbile only with signatures of 400 out of 600 representatives,
A step forward to Democracy or dictatorship?
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