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The first integrated circuits were developed in Germany in 1949
Are computer chips made out of sand?
The small integrated circuits are usually built out of semiconducting materials such as quartz.
Computer chips are made of sand, but not just any kind of sand. Scientifically speaking, the term “sand” is an expression of a certain grain size — 0.063 to 2 mm, to be precise.
Computer chips are made of silicon, which is a semiconductor, and in order to make the most efficient use of it, chip manufacturers use sand that contains as much silicon as possible.
The mineral quartz is ideal for this purpose because its two main components are silicon and oxygen. Quartz is a very common mineral, present in many types of rock; and sand often has a high quartz content because it’s mostly pulverised rock.
In its pure form, quartz is a colorless mineral, which explains why many non-tropical beaches have white sand, but ordinary beach sand is unfit for the manufacturing of computer chips. The process requires sand with a very high quartz content from a rock called quartzite, which is made of 99 per cent pure quartz. These types of rocks are formed from sand that was squeezed together over time and heated deep in the Earth, so that almost all other elements have disappeared from the rock.
Germany's Siemens is a Giant.
U.S. tech giants made up the top three. Apple Inc. retained the title of the world’s largest stock with its market cap growing 20.8 percent on year to $814.3 billion. Alphabet Inc., Google Inc.’s parent company, was the second-largest with value of $774.9 billion, followed by Microsoft Corp. with $706.7 billion. The ranking of the top three firms has remained unchanged for the third year in a row.
Among the world’s 100 largest companies based on market cap, U.S. firms accounted for the biggest share with 51 firms while China had the second-largest share with 13 companies. At a distant third was Germany with six, trailed by France with five, the United Kingdom with four, and Switzerland and Australia with three firms each.
Korea had only one, Samsung Electronics, in the global top 100.