The number zero was invented in Ancient Pakistan

[roadrunner]

More Published books that clearly state the facts:

Elementary Number Theory with Applications
By Thomas Koshy

"Brahmagupta, the most prominent Indian Astronomer and Mathematician, was born in Bhillamala..."
Elementary Number Theory with ... - Google Book Search

This is an acceptable reference, your second one.

Comparative Librarianship: Essays in Honour of Professor D. N. Marshall
By D. N. Marshall, N. N. Gidwani
Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1973
Original from the University of California
Digitized 7 Dec 2006
245 pages

"...he was a native of Bhinmal in Northern Gujarat..."
Comparative Librarianship: Essays in ... - Google Book Search

This is not acceptable, because it says he was a native of Gujerat. I think even my references suggest he lived in Gujerat, but he was born in Multan.

You have to consider the translation of Al-Beruni's texts also. Another thing to consider is that Al-Beruni lived 5 centuries after Brahmagupta had lived, so his research would not have been so accurate as today's.

Proceedings - Indian History Congress
By Indian History Congress
Published by , 1995
Item notes: 1994
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized 29 Aug 2008


"Alberuni, I, 1 53, says that "Bhillamala, between the town of MULTAN & Anhilwara
, 1 6 yojanas from the latter place", was the birth-place of Brahmagupta who .."

Proceedings - Indian History Congress - Google Book Search

brahmagupta bhillamala alberuni - Google Book Search

Ridiculous reference from the Indian History Congress of faked data.

That brings the grand total to 5 University sources, one Journal Paper, and 6 published works.
All the 6 published works identify his birthplace as Bhinmal.

You have 2 references.

I have explained each one in detail.

Your "university references" are not university references. They are holdings stored within universities of 1920s, non peer reviewed manuscripts that were published fictional press prints, that do not hold the same prestige as Harvard University professor's papers, Strasbourg University, Montreal University etc.

In Addition, here is a quote from Kim Plofker, Department of History of Mathematics
Brown University:

The _Brahmasphutasiddhanta_ mentions a ruler of a dynasty
whose capital was at Bhillamala in modern Rajasthan (and a ninth-century
commentator calls Brahmagupta "the teacher from Bhillamala"); I don't
understand the author's reference to Multan.
Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: Re: [HM] The Zero Story: a question

He WORKED in Bhillamala. There is no contesting this from my side. The Multan bit comes in because he was BORN IN MULTAN, as per several sources, not least Montreal.

Clearly, if a professor of the History of Mathematics has no clue where the "Multan" reference came from, then its quite obvious that there ARE NO HISTORICAL SOURCES/DOCUMENTS for that claim.

The only historical sources about Brahmagupta are Brahmagupta's own work (which says it was written in Bhillamala), a ninth century commentator who calls him the "teacher from Bhillamala", Alberuni who refers to him as "Son of Jisnu, from Bhillamala between Multan and Anhilwara", and another source that describes him as the head of the observatory at Ujjain.

No it's not the only reference. Clearly there are more references OR Al Beruni's works are translated differently. Example, Al Beruni may have meant by native that he had been living in Bhillamala for so long that he was considered a native. There's many possibilities. More importantly, even Al Beruni mentions Multan. There would be no point in mentioning Multan when Multan would have been a separate kingdom to that of the Gujarras at the time. Of course if he were born in Multan, and then moved to work in Bhillamala this makes perfect sense for mentioning it.

I'll give you the above non academic source, and you had one credible one from before (though on medicinal mathematics).

 

[roadrunner]

How does it matter? Check the author, and unless you can specifically prove that the publishers are deliberately printing fake stuff you don't have any point at all.

You obviously don't get what you're quoting.

Proceedings.
edited by J.E. Parkinson, R. H. Whitehouse
Published by Printed at the Mufid-i-'Am Press, 1927
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized 18 Nov 2008
718 pages

This is a collection of old writings preserved by the University of Michigan. They are not written by Parkinson and Whitehouse, they were written in 1927 and published by "Mufid-i-'Am" Press. The authors could have been anyone.

University of Michigan did not write that piece, and none of the other universities wrote those pieces either. The University of Michigan only preserved this pieces in a book edited by Parkinsona nd Whitehouse. Nothing more.

 

[roadrunner]

The first recorded zero appeared in Mesopotamia around 3 B.C. The Mayans invented it independently circa 4 A.D. It was later devised in India in the mid-fifth century, spread to Cambodia near the end of the seventh century, and into China and the Islamic countries at the end of the eighth. Zero reached western Europe in the 12th century.

The first recorded zero was actually a dot used by Panini (5 BC), and later by Pingali in the Gandaran country of Ancient Pakistan.

 

[roadrunner]

To summarize the pov that Brahmagupta was born in Multan, lived in Bhillamala and worked in Ujjain..

On Brahamgupta's Multan origins from Ancient Pakistan - he created the rules governing zero's usage

A very good neutral academic reference from Strasbourg University quoting Brahmagupta as from Multan
"Né en 598 au nord-ouest de l’Inde, à Multan, aujourd’hui au Pakistan, Brahmagupta passera une grande partie de sa vie dans la ville de Bhîlmal sous la protection du souverain Gurjara. "
Brahmagupta

The Montreal university reference showing the relationship between Multan, Ujjain, and Bhillamala.
"BRAHMAGUPTA, un des mathématiciens indiens les plus connus, est né dans le nord-ouest de l'Inde en 598 à Multan, aujourd’hui située au Pakistan (1). Il a passé la plupart de sa vie dans la ville de Bhillamala (actuellement Bhinmal, au Rajasthan) sous la protection du souverain Gurjara. Il dirigeait l'observatoire astronomique d'Ujjain, grand centre de recherche en mathématiques au VIIe siècle."
http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/~belbah...E9matiques%20indiennes%20et%20Brahmagupta.doc

Translated:
"BRAHMAGUPTA, one of the most famous Indian mathematicians, was born in the northwest of India in 598 in Multan, today located in Pakistan (1). He spent the most part of his life in the city of Bhillamala (nowadays Bhinmal, in Rajasthan) under the protection of the sovereign Gurjara. He worked in the astronomic observatory of Ujjain, a big research centre in mathematics in the VIIth century."
http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/~belbah...E9matiques%20indiennes%20et%20Brahmagupta.doc


Another academic reference from an Italian researcher quoting Brahmagupta as from Multan
"Indians became adept mathematicians around 3000BC, but only the usage of zero became well known around the 6th century when Brahmagupta of Multan formulated rules of operation usig it. For 400 years from the 6th century, India was foremost in maths, and zero began its journey around the world. With the rise of trade among Arabs, Greeks and Indians, caravans carried more than goods to China, Arabia and Greece."
http://www.ooffouro.org/ita/RESEARCH/ABQ/OOFFOURO_ABQ - ResearchArea.pdf

Yet another academic reference, this time from the University of Wisconsin, quoting Brahamgupta as from Multan, Pakistan

“Exponentiation and Euler measure,” is reminiscent of an interesting
“mistake” made by Brahmagupta of Multan in his 6th century treatise
Brahmasphutasiddantha."
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/math/pdf/0203/0203289v2.pdf

What's that.. And ANOTHER reference to Brahmagupta as being Multan-born!! Can it be true??!!

"The eminent Multan-born Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598 A.D. - 660A.D.) went on to give the rules of operation of zero in his treatise Brahmasphutasiddhanta as though zero were any other number. Today, his rules may sound trivial, but imagine their significance when zero was ‘nothing’ in the rest of the world."
http://www.vidyaonline.net/arvindgupta/numeracy.pdf

 

[roadrunner]

On the first usage of the number zero in Ancient Pakistan we have (to name only the most important)

An excellent reference from a top website by a well known western, neutral mathematician quoting:

"So you can see that when no beads have been moved, you need a symbol to represent “0". This symbol is very important, in order to show that this is the number 15730 and not the much smaller number 1573. It was probably in using an abacus that the Hindus of the Indus valley in today’s Pakistan first invented zero."
From Zero to Hero - MSN Encarta

As for Johnny Ball's credentials he has three honorary doctorates from universities, and lectures regularly at universities.

MSN Encarta is a good website also, and neutrality is a given.


We have the Bakhshali Manuscript, proving that "zero" was used in Ancient Pakistan first.

Bakhshali manuscript

We have Pingala's usage of the number zero in his treatizes which though in Binary, count up using the number zero to reset the count system after 9. Another Ancient Pakistani

We have Panini's early usage, before Pingali, and the Bakhshali's, of the shunya in his works - another Ancient Pakistani

To this the early Mahayanists added the post-Paranirvana development of shunya, that can be traced in Panini’s fourth-century BCE use of it, as an emptiness that is pregnant due to its situation in relation to another concept, like the potential of a term to have a suffix, even when it doesn’t have one. Which was followed slightly-later, by the mathematicians adoption of this same shunya as the zero, place holder, in their creation of the decimal system.

 

[Captain03]

india has looted much from pakistan
historic wise too lol

 

[EagleEyes]

btw Pakistan existed only in 1947 before it was India get your facts right.

Pakistan existed before India.

August 14 < August 15.

Get your facts straight.

 

[roadrunner]

my thread's back up.

And to put the record straight, India was originally Pakistan, then it became a region (not a country) until 1947, when the name was stolen.

 

[kallu_be]

Pakistan existed before India.

August 14 < August 15.

Get your facts straight.

I don't want to involve in this stupid conversation but just to get the facts straight, India was the name given by the westerners and the actual name of India was Bharat (Name in Indian languages), as far as i know Bharat was there before Pakistan were created. One thing i didn't able to understand is what point the author want to convey through this thread. Is he having some sort of identity crisis?

 

[toxic_pus]

And to put the record straight, India was originally Pakistan, then it became a region (not a country) until 1947, when the name was stolen.

Can you please show a reference to the name "Pakistan", prior to early 1900 AD. Meanwhile, you can read this.

The originator of the word PAKISTAN, Chowdhry Rehmat Ali wrote of his concepts,
" 'Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands- 'Indian' and 'Asian', that is Punjab, Afghania (North- West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Iran, Sindh (including Kachch and Kathiawar), Tukharistan, Afghanistan and BaluchistaN. It means the land of the Paks - the spiritually pure and clean. It symbolizes the religious beliefs and the ethnical stocks of our people; and it stands for all the territorial constituents of our original Fatherland. It has no other origin and no other meaning; and it does not admit of any other interpretation."

PAKISTAN: "THE LAND OF THE PURE"

 

[toxic_pus]

Is he having some sort of identity crisis?

What else do you think it is ?

 

[shukla_swapnil]

Bye Bye Kilo.

Hope you have a long stay in the banned list and also hope We'll never have to read you again.

 

[third eye]

The world & our region has so many pressing probs. The kind that should keep us awake for our very existence as a civilised society as we know it is at stake.

.. and we are debating who invented a zero ?

Does it matter who invented a wheel ?

 

[DarkStar]

thanks for the laughs kilo...now be a good boy, go back to school as the easter holidays have finished, and never come back!

 

[ARSENAL6]

The world & our region has so many pressing probs. The kind that should keep us awake for our very existence as a civilised society as we know it is at stake.

.. and we are debating who invented a zero ?

Does it matter who invented a wheel ?

oK WHY does india goes on about that they invented the zero
Heck its reached here in London !

If i'm correct it was invented by Arabs