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I hate Indians. They are a beastly people with a beastly religion. The famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits.”译文转自：龙腾网 龙腾网 - 倾听各国草根真实声音，纵论全球平民眼中世界
-Winston Churchill
The British had a ruthless economic agenda when it came to operating in India and that did not include empathy for native citizens. Under the British Raj, India suffered countless famines. But the worst hit was Bengal. The first of these was in 1770, followed by severe ones in 1783, 1866, 1873, 1892, 1897 and lastly 1943-44. Previously, when famines had hit the country, indigenous rulers were quick with useful responses to avert major disasters. After the advent of the British, most of the famines were a consequence of monsoonal delays along with the exploitation of the country’s natural resources by the British for their own financial gain. Yet they did little to acknowledge the havoc these actions wrought. If anything, they were irritated at the inconveniences in taxing the famines brought about.
The first of these famines was in 1770 and was ghastly brutal. The first signs indicating the coming of such a huge famine manifested in 1769 and the famine itself went on till 1773. It killed approximately 10 million people, millions more than the Jews incarcerated during the Second World War. It wiped out one third the population of Bengal. John Fiske, in his book “The Unseen World”, wrote that the famine of 1770 in Bengal was far deadlier than the Black Plague that terrorized Europe in the fourteenth century. Under the Mughal rule, peasants were required to pay a tribute of 10-15 per cent of their cash harvest. This ensured a comfortable treasury for the rulers and a wide net of safety for the peasants in case the weather did not hold for future harvests. In 1765 the Treaty of Allahabad was signed and East India Company took over the task of collecting the tributes from the then Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. Overnight the tributes, the British insisted on calling them tributes and not taxes for reasons of suppressing rebellion, increased to 50 percent. The peasants were not even aware that the money had changed hands. They paid, still believing that it went to the Emperor.
Partial failure of crop was quite a regular occurrence in the Indian peasant’s life. That is why the surplus stock, which remained after paying the tributes, was so important to their livelihood. But with the increased taxation, this surplus deteriorated rapidly. When partial failure of crops came in 1768, this safety net was no longer in place. The rains of 1769 were dismal and herein the first signs of the terrible draught began to appear. The famine occurred mainly in the modern states of West Bengal and Bihar but also hit Orissa, Jharkhand and Bangladesh. Bengal was, of course, the worst hit. Among the worst affected areas were Birbum and Murshidabad in Bengal. Thousands depopulated the area in hopes of finding sustenance elsewhere, only to die of starvation later on. Those who stayed on perished nonetheless. Huge acres of farmland were abandoned. Wilderness started to thrive here, resulting in deep and inhabitable jungle areas. Tirhut, Champaran and Bettiah in Bihar were similarly affected in Bihar.
Prior to this, whenever the possibility of a famine had emerged, the Indian rulers would waive their taxes and see compensatory measures, such as irrigation, instituted to provide as much relief as possible to the stricken farmers. The colonial rulers continued to ignore any warnings that came their way regarding the famine, although starvation had set in from early 1770. Then the deaths started in 1771. That year, the company raised the land tax to 60 per cent in order to recompense themselves for the lost lives of so many peasants. Fewer peasants resulted in less crops that in turn meant less revenue. Hence the ones who did not yet succumb to the famine had to pay double the tax so as to ensure that the British treasury did not suffer any losses during this travesty.
After taking over from the Mughal rulers, the British had issued widespread orders for cash crops to be cultivated. These were intended to be exported. Thus farmers who were used to growing paddy and vegetables were now being forced to cultivate indigo, poppy and other such items that yielded a high market value for them but could be of no relief to a population starved of food. There was no backup of edible crops in case of a famine. The natural causes that had contributed to the draught were commonplace. It was the single minded motive for profit that wrought about the devastating consequences. No relief measure was provided for those affected. Rather, as mentioned above, taxation was increased to make up for any shortfall in revenue. What is more ironic is that the East India Company generated a profited higher in 1771 than they did in 1768.
Although the starved populace of Bengal did not know it yet, this was just the first of the umpteen famines, caused solely by the motive for profit, that was to slash across the country side. Although all these massacres were deadly in their own right, the deadliest one to occur after 1771 was in 1943 when three million people died and others resorted to eating grass and human flesh in order to survive.
Winston Churchill, the hallowed British War prime minister who saved Europe from a monster like Hitler was disturbingly callous about the roaring famine that was swallowing Bengal’s population. He casually diverted the supplies of medical aid and food that was being dispatched to the starving victims to the already well supplied soldiers of Europe. When entreated upon he said, “Famine or no famine, Indians will breed like rabbits.” The Delhi Government sent a telegram painting to him a picture of the horrible devastation and the number of people who had died. His only response was, “Then why hasn’t Gandhi died yet?”
“我讨厌印度人。他们是残忍的民族，有着野蛮的宗教。饥荒是他们自己的错，他们繁殖起来象兔子。”
-- 温斯顿·丘吉尔
英国政府执行严厉的经济政策，并不同情印度人民。在英国的统治期间，印度遭受了无数次严重的大饥荒，其中最严重的一次是孟加拉大饥荒是1770年。随后发生了发生严重饥荒的年份在1783年、1866年、1873年、1892年、1897年，最后一次饥荒是1943-1944年。
以前的印度统治者如果一出现饥荒，会迅速采取措施应对灾难。而在英国殖民统治期间，大多数饥荒是由于季风延迟以及英国为了自己的经济利益而过度开发自然资源。他们并不关心到饥荒导致的严重破坏。他们唯一关心的是饥荒对税收带来的影响。
首次大饥荒发生在1770年，当时情况相当严重。这场大饥荒从1769开始到1773年结束，造成1000万人死亡，比二战期间被大屠杀的犹太人还要多几百万。这场大饥荒让当时孟加拉人口锐减了三分之一。John Fiske在他的《未见的世界》一书中写到：1770年孟加拉大饥荒死亡人数要比14世纪欧洲黑死病的死亡人数还要多。在莫卧儿王朝统治期间，印度人民被征10~15%的税。这些钱部分用于供养统治阶层，也有部分用于设立安全基金，用于预防来年收成差出现灾荒。
根据1765年签订的《阿拉哈巴德条约》，莫卧儿王朝的沙阿拉姆二世皇帝将收税权授予东印度公司，英国将税收增加到50%。印度农民甚至没有意识到税收易主了。他们仍然相信税收交给了他们的皇帝。
收成每年有好有坏，这个很正常也很常见。这就是交税之后有点结余对于他们的生计是如此的重要。1768年收成较差，而原来的安全基金已经不复存在，而次年又出现了可怕的干旱，饥荒主要发生在西孟加拉邦、比哈尔邦，但也涉及奥里萨邦、恰尔肯德邦等地。其中受灾最严重的是孟加拉的Birbum和Murshidabad。成千上万的饥民急于寻找食物，最后都死于饥饿。呆在原处意味着死亡。大片的农田被抛荒。田野杂草丛生，成了深不可测的丛林。
而在先前，每当出现饥荒的前兆，印度的统治者会减免税收并给予一些援救措施援助灾民。而英国殖民地统治者忽视饥荒警告，1770年大饥荒终于爆发。1771年开始大规模的死亡。而在那一年，东印度公司反而把税增加到60%用以弥补征税人口的减少。劳动人口越少导致产量越少，意味着收越少。而那些在饥荒中幸存下来的农民反而被迫支付两倍的税收，以确保英国财政部的收入不减少。
从莫卧儿王朝统治者接手孟加拉后，英国殖民者推行种植单一的经济作物，这些都是为了出口。原来种植水稻和蔬菜的农民现在被迫种植靛蓝、罂粟等经济作物，虽然市场价值高，但却不能解决食品短缺。饥荒之下，没有可替代的食物。干旱接二连三。种植品种单一导致了灾难性后果。统治者对饥荒没有任何积极的应对措施。更有讽刺意味的是，东印度公司在1771年大饥荒那年的收入反而要比1768年要高。
当年孟加拉的饥民并不知道，这只是无数饥荒的第一次，完全是因为商业利益而引发的人祸。这些饥荒都非常严重，但是最严重的一次发生在1943年，当时有三百万人死亡，幸存者以食草甚至食人肉为生。
英国领袖温斯顿·丘吉尔首相从战争狂人希特勒手里拯救了欧洲，但对于饥饿的孟加拉民众他却是毫无同情心甚至大发雷霆。本应该供应给孟加拉的医疗援助和食品被他随意转移到欧洲。有一次他说：“有没有饥荒，印度人都会像兔子一样繁殖。”
德里政府发出了一封电报描绘了当时灾难的可怕情景和巨大的死亡人数。丘吉尔的唯一反应是：“为什么甘地还没有死呢？”
http://worldobserveronline.com/2014...rofit/?utm_source=taboola&utm_medium=referral
孟加拉大饥荒：人类历史上最严重的种族灭绝
-Winston Churchill
The British had a ruthless economic agenda when it came to operating in India and that did not include empathy for native citizens. Under the British Raj, India suffered countless famines. But the worst hit was Bengal. The first of these was in 1770, followed by severe ones in 1783, 1866, 1873, 1892, 1897 and lastly 1943-44. Previously, when famines had hit the country, indigenous rulers were quick with useful responses to avert major disasters. After the advent of the British, most of the famines were a consequence of monsoonal delays along with the exploitation of the country’s natural resources by the British for their own financial gain. Yet they did little to acknowledge the havoc these actions wrought. If anything, they were irritated at the inconveniences in taxing the famines brought about.
The first of these famines was in 1770 and was ghastly brutal. The first signs indicating the coming of such a huge famine manifested in 1769 and the famine itself went on till 1773. It killed approximately 10 million people, millions more than the Jews incarcerated during the Second World War. It wiped out one third the population of Bengal. John Fiske, in his book “The Unseen World”, wrote that the famine of 1770 in Bengal was far deadlier than the Black Plague that terrorized Europe in the fourteenth century. Under the Mughal rule, peasants were required to pay a tribute of 10-15 per cent of their cash harvest. This ensured a comfortable treasury for the rulers and a wide net of safety for the peasants in case the weather did not hold for future harvests. In 1765 the Treaty of Allahabad was signed and East India Company took over the task of collecting the tributes from the then Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. Overnight the tributes, the British insisted on calling them tributes and not taxes for reasons of suppressing rebellion, increased to 50 percent. The peasants were not even aware that the money had changed hands. They paid, still believing that it went to the Emperor.
Partial failure of crop was quite a regular occurrence in the Indian peasant’s life. That is why the surplus stock, which remained after paying the tributes, was so important to their livelihood. But with the increased taxation, this surplus deteriorated rapidly. When partial failure of crops came in 1768, this safety net was no longer in place. The rains of 1769 were dismal and herein the first signs of the terrible draught began to appear. The famine occurred mainly in the modern states of West Bengal and Bihar but also hit Orissa, Jharkhand and Bangladesh. Bengal was, of course, the worst hit. Among the worst affected areas were Birbum and Murshidabad in Bengal. Thousands depopulated the area in hopes of finding sustenance elsewhere, only to die of starvation later on. Those who stayed on perished nonetheless. Huge acres of farmland were abandoned. Wilderness started to thrive here, resulting in deep and inhabitable jungle areas. Tirhut, Champaran and Bettiah in Bihar were similarly affected in Bihar.
Prior to this, whenever the possibility of a famine had emerged, the Indian rulers would waive their taxes and see compensatory measures, such as irrigation, instituted to provide as much relief as possible to the stricken farmers. The colonial rulers continued to ignore any warnings that came their way regarding the famine, although starvation had set in from early 1770. Then the deaths started in 1771. That year, the company raised the land tax to 60 per cent in order to recompense themselves for the lost lives of so many peasants. Fewer peasants resulted in less crops that in turn meant less revenue. Hence the ones who did not yet succumb to the famine had to pay double the tax so as to ensure that the British treasury did not suffer any losses during this travesty.
After taking over from the Mughal rulers, the British had issued widespread orders for cash crops to be cultivated. These were intended to be exported. Thus farmers who were used to growing paddy and vegetables were now being forced to cultivate indigo, poppy and other such items that yielded a high market value for them but could be of no relief to a population starved of food. There was no backup of edible crops in case of a famine. The natural causes that had contributed to the draught were commonplace. It was the single minded motive for profit that wrought about the devastating consequences. No relief measure was provided for those affected. Rather, as mentioned above, taxation was increased to make up for any shortfall in revenue. What is more ironic is that the East India Company generated a profited higher in 1771 than they did in 1768.
Although the starved populace of Bengal did not know it yet, this was just the first of the umpteen famines, caused solely by the motive for profit, that was to slash across the country side. Although all these massacres were deadly in their own right, the deadliest one to occur after 1771 was in 1943 when three million people died and others resorted to eating grass and human flesh in order to survive.
Winston Churchill, the hallowed British War prime minister who saved Europe from a monster like Hitler was disturbingly callous about the roaring famine that was swallowing Bengal’s population. He casually diverted the supplies of medical aid and food that was being dispatched to the starving victims to the already well supplied soldiers of Europe. When entreated upon he said, “Famine or no famine, Indians will breed like rabbits.” The Delhi Government sent a telegram painting to him a picture of the horrible devastation and the number of people who had died. His only response was, “Then why hasn’t Gandhi died yet?”
“我讨厌印度人。他们是残忍的民族，有着野蛮的宗教。饥荒是他们自己的错，他们繁殖起来象兔子。”
-- 温斯顿·丘吉尔
英国政府执行严厉的经济政策，并不同情印度人民。在英国的统治期间，印度遭受了无数次严重的大饥荒，其中最严重的一次是孟加拉大饥荒是1770年。随后发生了发生严重饥荒的年份在1783年、1866年、1873年、1892年、1897年，最后一次饥荒是1943-1944年。
以前的印度统治者如果一出现饥荒，会迅速采取措施应对灾难。而在英国殖民统治期间，大多数饥荒是由于季风延迟以及英国为了自己的经济利益而过度开发自然资源。他们并不关心到饥荒导致的严重破坏。他们唯一关心的是饥荒对税收带来的影响。
首次大饥荒发生在1770年，当时情况相当严重。这场大饥荒从1769开始到1773年结束，造成1000万人死亡，比二战期间被大屠杀的犹太人还要多几百万。这场大饥荒让当时孟加拉人口锐减了三分之一。John Fiske在他的《未见的世界》一书中写到：1770年孟加拉大饥荒死亡人数要比14世纪欧洲黑死病的死亡人数还要多。在莫卧儿王朝统治期间，印度人民被征10~15%的税。这些钱部分用于供养统治阶层，也有部分用于设立安全基金，用于预防来年收成差出现灾荒。
根据1765年签订的《阿拉哈巴德条约》，莫卧儿王朝的沙阿拉姆二世皇帝将收税权授予东印度公司，英国将税收增加到50%。印度农民甚至没有意识到税收易主了。他们仍然相信税收交给了他们的皇帝。
收成每年有好有坏，这个很正常也很常见。这就是交税之后有点结余对于他们的生计是如此的重要。1768年收成较差，而原来的安全基金已经不复存在，而次年又出现了可怕的干旱，饥荒主要发生在西孟加拉邦、比哈尔邦，但也涉及奥里萨邦、恰尔肯德邦等地。其中受灾最严重的是孟加拉的Birbum和Murshidabad。成千上万的饥民急于寻找食物，最后都死于饥饿。呆在原处意味着死亡。大片的农田被抛荒。田野杂草丛生，成了深不可测的丛林。
而在先前，每当出现饥荒的前兆，印度的统治者会减免税收并给予一些援救措施援助灾民。而英国殖民地统治者忽视饥荒警告，1770年大饥荒终于爆发。1771年开始大规模的死亡。而在那一年，东印度公司反而把税增加到60%用以弥补征税人口的减少。劳动人口越少导致产量越少，意味着收越少。而那些在饥荒中幸存下来的农民反而被迫支付两倍的税收，以确保英国财政部的收入不减少。
从莫卧儿王朝统治者接手孟加拉后，英国殖民者推行种植单一的经济作物，这些都是为了出口。原来种植水稻和蔬菜的农民现在被迫种植靛蓝、罂粟等经济作物，虽然市场价值高，但却不能解决食品短缺。饥荒之下，没有可替代的食物。干旱接二连三。种植品种单一导致了灾难性后果。统治者对饥荒没有任何积极的应对措施。更有讽刺意味的是，东印度公司在1771年大饥荒那年的收入反而要比1768年要高。
当年孟加拉的饥民并不知道，这只是无数饥荒的第一次，完全是因为商业利益而引发的人祸。这些饥荒都非常严重，但是最严重的一次发生在1943年，当时有三百万人死亡，幸存者以食草甚至食人肉为生。
英国领袖温斯顿·丘吉尔首相从战争狂人希特勒手里拯救了欧洲，但对于饥饿的孟加拉民众他却是毫无同情心甚至大发雷霆。本应该供应给孟加拉的医疗援助和食品被他随意转移到欧洲。有一次他说：“有没有饥荒，印度人都会像兔子一样繁殖。”
德里政府发出了一封电报描绘了当时灾难的可怕情景和巨大的死亡人数。丘吉尔的唯一反应是：“为什么甘地还没有死呢？”
http://worldobserveronline.com/2014...rofit/?utm_source=taboola&utm_medium=referral
孟加拉大饥荒：人类历史上最严重的种族灭绝
