Very beautiful ,I always loved Calligraphy . by the way did you knew that Persian Calligraphy was the epitome of Islamic calligraphy . lets look t how is our technique
and this is from 2 century before Islam
Look at these styles that have been invented by Persians
and as you see in this link the calligraphy is more revered in Turkey , Iran and India
Islamic calligraphy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
very nice indeed.
Noble Calligraphers
The lines of calligraphers have neither beginning nor end as they constantly link and unlink. The calligrapher's work lies in search of the absolute; his aim is to penetrate the sense of truth in an infinite movement so as to go beyond the existing world and thus achieve union with God.
-- Salah al-Ali (quotes in Musee d'art et d'histoire. "Islamic Calligraphy: Sacred and Secular Writings". Catalog of an exhibition held at the Musee d'art et d'histoire, Geneva and other locations 1988-1989, p. 30)
Calligraphers were dedicated to their work. David James writes in Sacred and Secular Writings (1988, p.22) that calligraphers often wrote, not at a small table but seated on the floor, holding the paper on their knees and supporting it with a piece of cardboard. Calligraphers had to be trained from a young age, sometimes from childhood; they studied examples called mufradat which had the letters of the alphabet written out singly and in combination with other letters.
The great calligraphers could write perfectly even without the proper tools and materials. Although a calligraphic master might be deprived of the use of his preferred hand either as a punishment or in the battle field, he would learn to write equally well with his other hand. When the other hand failed him, he would astound his admirers by using his mouth or feet to hold the pen.
An aspiring scribe would observe his predecessors' art very carefully. To perfect his touch, sharpen his skills, and find a style of his preference, the scribe would imitate the masters of calligraphy with a diligent hand. Welch (1979, p. 34) cites the following quote from the Sultan Ali's treatise on calligraphy:
Collect the writing of the masters,
Throw a glance at this and at that,
For whomsoever you feel a natural attraction,
Besides his writing, you must not look at others,
So that your eye should become saturated with his writing,
And because of his writing each of your letters should
become like a pearl.
al-Bawwab reproduced the writing of Ibn Muqlah so exactly that his employer, the Buyid amir Baha' ad-Dawlah of Shiraz, could not tell the difference.
Arabic calligraphers integrate inner experiences with their experiences of external reality. By imbuing strokes with life and feeling, an equilibrium of energy flows from all composing elements. A calligrapher's integration of inner and external realities results in a very personalized style and is accompanied by concentrated and unremitting scholarly study. The development of a calligraphy style is as unique as the calligrapher's personality, and its achievement is considered as the representation of the individual's self-cultivation.
It is fascinating to think how great calligraphers such as Ibn Muqlah, Ibn al-Bawwab, and Yaqut al-Musta'simi strove for knowledge and made use of all possible resources from the past.
In almost all of the Arabic scripts, the spacing between lines and words overflows with a sense of freedom and a flexibility that reveals the creativity and spontaneity of the calligrapher. Through the calligrapher's momentum and sense of balance, a tranquil harmony is achieved that immediately appeals to the mind and to the heart.
Arabic Calligraphy, Introduction
About Cuneiform Sumerian Alphabet
Cuneiform Writing
Cuneiform script is one of the oldest known writing forms. It emerged in ‘Sumer’ and is also known as the ‘sumerian cuneiform’. Sumer is a region located in Southern Iraq. The script emerged from 30th century BC and was used simply to write the Sumerian language. Cuneiform developed and swept, moving from Sumer to areas such as the middle east and Egypt.
Each letter in cuneiform is made from wedged-shaped strokes that are inscribed on clay or sometimes other materials such as wax, stone or metal.
This Ugarit script was commonly written on clay tablets. The alphabet was used in the Ugarit city, Western Syria from abound 1300 BC. It is a form of Cuneiform writing. Ugarit was commonly written from left to right and in horizontal rows. In a sentence, words were divided by a slash, no punctuation was used. Ugarit is a Semitic language that is related to Phoenician.
Talking about clear cut writing: