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At least 60 killed as rockets rain down on Rohingyas, children thrown into fire in front of mothers
At least 60 killed as rockets rain down on Rohingyas, children thrown into fire in front of mothers
About Myanmar, Rakhine State and Rohingya
MYANMAROBSERVER.COM|BY EDITOR
http://www.myanmarobserver.com/inde...ire-in-front-of-mothers#.WCi7oexe8jM.facebook
ROHINGYA NEWS 2 days ago
At least 60 killed as rockets rain down on Rohingyas, children thrown into fire in front of mothers
November 13, 2016
At least sixty people, including children and women are feared dead as Tatmadaw fired on entire village tracts with rockets, with the death toll likely to rise.
In the early morning hours of Sunday, Tatmadaw surrounded the village tracts of Sau Raw Gazi Bil and Bor Gazi Bil. At around 6.30am, they started firing from rocket launchers targeting the houses of Rohingya Muslims in the area. When the occupants of the village started fleeing, they continued firing from rockets and heavy machine guns, mowing down civilians indiscriminately.
Multiple members of the same family have been confirmed dead in the ongoing assault.
In some cases, when rockets missed a house, the Tatmadaw followed up with similar shots ensuring anything they targeted was hit. Multiple eyewitness told our correspondent that men, women and children fell as they ran from the hail of rocket fire. Many others had perished inside their houses.
Neighbours of a deceased man told our correspondent that one Shah Alam (s/o Syed Ahmed) was killed inside his house along with his wife and son when it was hit with a rocket. Four members died from the family of Abdu Shukur (s/o Abu Hossain) when they had run out of their houses and tried to escape along with other villagers, say his neighbours.
Many were also killed when military gunboats fired on fleeing civilians as they were trying to escape Sau Raw Gazi Bil.
The situation remains tense as helicopters circling overhead amid a huge Tatmadaw presence with heavy machine guns and rocket launchers.
Attacks have also continued in Sa Li Frang where earlier on Saturday, the Tatmadaw admitted to using helicopter gunships. We are unable at this moment to gather details on the situation in Sa Li Frang on Sunday. However, the earlier reported death toll of 12 killed from air strikes has increased. There are also reports that rockets have been fired into the area at around 10 am.
Fleeing villagers forced to return home before being killed, at least 22 died in overnight attack
Villagers from Sau Raw Gazi Bil say although they had escaped to the surrounding paddy villages the previous night, they were forced to return after soldiers opened fire on them there, killing at least 22 people. Following the incident, many Rohingyas returned home as the Tatmadaw had warned anyone found outside will be killed.
During the night raid, many Rohingyas tried to escape by jumping into the water but Tatmadaw made sure they were hit with gunfire. The actual death toll might be higher as many of the corpses could not be pulled out of the water.
Video clips from the site showed crying Rohingya mothers standing over the bodies of little children killed by the army.
However, the overnight warning was just a ploy by the Tatmadaw to gather civilians in their village tracts before levelling the area with rockets.
Earlier on Saturday afternoon, the Tatmadaw had fired from helicopters forcing villagers to leave their homes.
Two babies thrown into fire in Ra Bai La
Tatmadaw soldiers charged into Ra Bai La where they fell upon villagers who did not manage to flee the area. Arifa Begum (d/o Oli Hossain) told our sources her baby was thrown into the fire, as her house was burned. Our correspondent says at least one more infant child was thrown into the fire after being grabbed from the mother.
One source said a third child might also have been thrown into the fire.
Tatmadaw set fire on houses and looted valuables during the raid. The entire village tract is on the run. The southern areas of the village have been entirely destroyed in the fire.
Zun Bai Na razed to the ground
A huge part of Zun Bai Na has been destroyed after Tatmadaw hit Rohingya houses with rockets. The village tract has only a few hundred Rohingyas left, but Tatmadaw fired with rockets indiscriminately destroying around 25 houses in the area. Multiple casualties are feared.
Wabeik hit with rockets
Multiple casualties are feared in Wabeik after Tatmadaw fired on the restive neighbourhood in Kawa Bil on Sunday morning. Previous raids in the area have killed many civilians with Hlun Htein forcing thousands to evacuate the area.
Imminent crackdown in Bali Bazar
Soldiers intensified their presence in Bali Bazar from Sunday afternoon and began firing into the air. At around 2.30 pm, helicopters appeared in the air. Terror has pervaded the area as locals fear the army is preparing to attack the village.
Women sexually assaulted in Hainda para
Tatmadaw sexually assaulted Rohingya women after entering the restive village tract on Sunday by touching their private parts and passing lewd comments. The area has remained restive since army killed many people during the first week of the ongoing crackdown.
There are also reports of an army attack in Hayong Hali and Kuwa Bil.
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- Myanmar's Buddhist Appeals to Fellow People: End Genocide of Muslim Rohingyas
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By Dr. Maung Zarni
Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi Government continues with the military's decades' old genocidal policies against the Rohingya. The predominantly Buddhist society need to intervene and end it lest they want to go down in history as a Buddhist Nazi Country.
Former U.N. chief ‘deeply concerned’ as Myanmar violence toll jumps
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By Antoni Slodkowski, Reuters
"I wish to express my deep concern over the recent violence in northern Rakhine State, which is plunging the state into renewed instability and creating new displacement," said former UN Secretary General Annan in a statement.
...See more
http://www.thestateless.com/2016/11...ply-concerned-as-myanmar-violence-toll-jumps/
Former U.N. chief ‘deeply concerned’ as Myanmar violence toll jumps
By Antoni Slodkowski, Reuters Up to 69 members of what Myanmar’s government has described as a Rohingya Muslim militant group and 17 members of the…
THESTATELESS.COM
US urges Myanmar to prevent violence in Rakhine
70 Rohingya Muslims killed in past week in worst violence since 2012
http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/us-urges-myanmar-to-prevent-violence-in-rakhine-2565016
Editör / Internet09:36 Kasım 16, 2016Anadolu Agency
Along with the Rohingya Muslims killed in the northern state during the past week, 10 policemen and seven soldiers were also killed in clashes, according to the army.
The bloodshed is considered the most serious since hundreds were killed in communal clashes in Rakhine in 2012.
For years, members of the minority have been using Thailand as a transit point to enter Muslim Malaysia and beyond.
A law passed in Myanmar in 1982 denied Rohingya -- many of whom have lived in Myanmar for generations -- citizenship, making them stateless, removing their freedom of movement, access to education and services, and allowing for arbitrary confiscation of property.
Myanmar: 'Credible' probe demanded into Rakhine deaths
Top diplomats and a United Nations official returning from Rakhine State have called for a credible probe into last month's fatal attacks in the area, along with allegations that Myanmar soldiers killed and raped Rohingya.Since armed individuals killed nine police officers Oct. 9, reporting on the deaths and a subsequent hunt for the attackers has been called into question, with accusations levelled that both pro-and anti-Rohingya groups are using the attacks for political gain. On Friday, Renata Lok-Dessallien, the U.N. Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Myanmar, told a press briefing in commercial capital Yangon that a probe independent of political pressure was needed.“We are not there to investigate," she said of a UN-led 10-member delegation, which has been visiting Maungdaw and Buthidaung townships -- two areas that have been under military lockdown since the attacks. "The visit is just the first step towards broader access. For a clear picture of the situation in the area, we urge the government to launch credible and independent investigations into the attacks and consequences."Lok-Dessallien added that authorities had assured that aid would resume in townships occupied predominantly by displaced Muslim Rohingya in “one or two days".Since the Oct. 9 attacks -- in which armed individuals also stole weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition from on targeted police station outposts -- a military operation in pursuit of culprits has seen at least 29 suspected attackers (including two women) killed along with five soldiers. On Monday, UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar Yanghee Lee said in a statement that even though a probe has been called for into the violence, the attacks continue.“State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi has rightly called for proper investigations to be conducted and for no one to be accused until solid evidence is obtained," Lee said."Instead, we receive repeated allegations of arbitrary arrests as well as extrajudicial killings occurring within the context of the security operations conducted by the authorities in search of the alleged attackers."On Thursday evening -- around an hour after the diplomats (from the United States, United Kingdom, European Union and China) left the area -- a new attack was reported to have taken place on a police station outpost.“The death of 15 government troops is a big problem, and we are concerned about the attack yesterday," the EU ambassador to Myanmar, Roland Kobi, said FridayState-run newspapers reported that attackers on three motorcycles shot the two guards with small weapons fire.“One police officer died of his wounds and the other one was slightly injured," the report said. The UN Special Rapporteur has underlined that a major problem in ascertaining the true picture has been the lack of access for a proper assessment."The blanket security operations have restricted access for humanitarian actors with concerning consequences for communities' ability to secure food and conduct livelihood activities."On Tuesday, the Burma Human Rights Network reported that reports were emerging of soldiers raping Rohingya women."At least ten cases of rape against Rohingya women have been documented by civilians in Maungdaw since the army entered the city," Executive Director Kyaw Win said in a statement."These reports, while difficult to independently verify, contain strong evidence and beg for further investigation."On Thursday, a reporter at Myanmar Times was sacked for an article on the alleged rapes, citing Chris Lewa, director of the Arakan Project -- an NGO that monitors the plight of the Rohingya. The deputy Asia director at Human Rights Watch suggested government involvement, calling the dismissal "a new low" in an email to Anadolu Agency on Friday."What are they trying to hide?" Phil Robertson asked."Rather than trying to shut down reports that it doesn't like, the government should respect press freedom and permit journalists to do their jobs by investigating what is really happening on the ground."
Myanmar army kills 30 Rohingyas
Reuters | Update:
http://en.prothom-alo.com/international/news/129083/Myanmar-army-kills-30-Rohingyas 17:24, Nov 14, 2016
Myanmar’s military has killed about 30 members of what it has described as a Rohingya Muslim militant group, state media said on Monday, marking the largest escalation of the conflict since fighting erupted in the northwest a month ago.
The weekend’s killings in restive Rakhine state have essentially destroyed any hopes for a swift resolution to the fighting and a gradual restoration of communal ties, observers and diplomats say.
Soldiers have poured into the Maungdaw area along Myanmar’s frontier with Bangladesh in the north of Rakhine, responding to coordinated attacks on three border posts on 9 October in which nine police officers were killed.
Security forces have locked down the area, where the vast majority are Rohingya Muslims — shutting out aid workers and independent observers — and conducted sweeps of villages.
Skirmishes took place throughout the weekend with state media reporting casualties sustained both on Saturday and Sunday. The total death toll from the weekend was unclear, but included at least 28 alleged attackers and two soldiers.
This has increased the number of casualties since Oct.9 to more than 60 for the suspected Rohingya Muslim attackers and 17 for the security forces, according to a Reuters estimate based on reports by state-owned media.
The violence is the most serious to hit Rakhine since hundreds were killed in communal clashes in 2012.
Myanmar’s 1.1 million Rohingya Muslims are the majority in northern Rakhine but they are denied citizenship, with many Buddhists regarding them as illegal immigrants from neighbouring Bangladesh. They face severe travel restrictions.
Residents and human rights advocates have accused security forces of summary executions, rapes and setting fire to homes in the recent violence.
Satellite images showed a widespread destruction of Rohingya villages, including some 430 homes that have been burnt down, Human Rights Watch said on Saturday, adding the destruction was worse than initially feared.
The government and the army reject the accusations, saying they were conducting ‘clearance operation’ in the villages in accordance with the rule of law. They have blamed the ‘violent attackers’ for setting fires to homes.
On Sunday, the military killed at least 19 people after coming under attack from a group wielding machetes and wooden clubs, the state-owned Global New Light of Myanmar said.
On Saturday, the army killed six people and called in helicopters to reinforce, the paper said.
Three more bodies of suspected attackers were found ‘in the aftermath of the clearance operation’, it said.
Rohingya rights advocates have spread online video clips showing what they claimed were civilian casualties of the attacks, calling on the international community to investigate.
Because access for independent journalists to the area has been cut, Reuters could not independently verify either the government accounts or the video clips.
Muslim influence in the kingdom of Arakan
Friday, 13 January 2012 14:36
http://www.rohingya.org/portal/inde...uslim-influence-in-the-kingdom-of-arakan.html
14 November 2011
Muslim Arakanese or Rohingya are indigenous to Arakan. Having genealogical linkup with the people of Wesali or Vesali kingdom of Arakan, the Rohingya of today are a perfect example of its ancient inhabitants.
The early people in Arakan were descended from Aryans. They were Indians resembling the people of Bengal. "The area now known as North Arakan had been for many years before the 8th century the seat of Hindu dynasties. In 788 A.D. a new dynasty, known as the Chandras, founded the city of Wesali; this city became a noted trade port to which as many as a thousand ships came annually;… their territory extended as far north as Chittagong; …Wesali was an easterly Hindu kingdom of Bengal following the Mahayanist form of Buddhism and that both government and people were Indian..”[1]
The Burmese do not seem to have settled in Arakan until possibly as late as the tenth century AD.[2] The Rakhines were the last significant group to come to Arakan.[3] They appear to have been an advance guard of Burmans who began to cross the Arakan Yoma in ninth century.[4] And they “could not be genealogically the same as to the people of Dannya Waddy and Wethali dynasties.”[5] In old Burmese the name Rakhine first appeared in slave names in the inscriptions of 12th century. [6] Dr. S.B. Kanango, said the name Rakhine was given by Burman and it was found in 12th to 15th century stone inscriptions of Tuparon, Sagaing. In early days not a single inscription was found in present day speaking Rakhine language. “The scripture of those early days found in Arakan indicate that they were in early Bengali script and thence the culture there also was Bengali.”[7] Hence earlier dynasties are thought to have been Indians, ruling over a population similar to that of Bengal”[8]
But in medieval times there was a reorientation eastward; the area fell under Pagan’s dominance, and Arakanese people began to speak a dialect of Burmese, something that continues to this day. With Burmese influence came ties to Ceylon and the gradual prominence of Theravada Buddhism.[9]
Arabs were the earliest people to travel to the east by sea. They were in contact with Arakan even during the pre-Islamic days. The Arakanese first received the message of Islam from the ship wracked Arabs in 788 A.D. Such ship-wrecks were occurred over and over in the coasts of Arakan and Chittagong.
This Arab presence, with the message of Islam, made up the nucleus of Muslim society in Arakan. Thus in Wesali the Arakanese practised Hinduism, Mahayanist form of Buddhism and Islam. The Burmese military regime affirmed in its official book Sasana Ronwas Htunzepho, published in 1997, “Islam spread and deeply rooted in Arakan since 8th century from where it further spread into interior Burma”. Meanwhile, “the Arab influence increased to such a large extent in Chittagong during mid 10thcentury AD that a small Muslim kingdom was established in this region, and the ruler of the kingdom was called Sultan. Possibly the area from the east bank of the Meghna River to the Naf was under this Sultan.”[10]
Islam developed slowly but surely in natural way. After the advent of Muslim rule in Bengal in 1203, the Muslim population of Arakan increased. Their number grew fast during the Mrauk-U dynasty. There was large scale conversion of Buddhists to Islam during 15th to 18thcenturies. When the Dutch industrialists were ordered by the king to quit Arakan they were afraid of leaving behind their offspring through local wives for fear of their conversion to Islam. “It had been reported at Batavia that these children were being brought up as Muslims, and the pious Dutch Calvinists were extremely horrified”[11]
The relations between Arakan and Chittagong were based on historical, geo-political and ethnological considerations. “The Chittagong region was under the Vesali kingdom of Arakan during the 6th to 8th centuries and under the Mrauk U kingdom of Arakan in the 16th and 17th centuries.”[12] Because of the political, cultural and commercial links between those two territories, Arakan used to be called ‘extended Chittagong’[13].
The 15th century was a great turning point in the history of Arakan; during this time a large contingent of Muslims entered Arakan from Bengal and they went there by invitation of the ruling princes. The cause was political.[14] Here the history of Arakan intersects with the history of India and especially with Bengal. An age old intercourse between Bengal and Arakan has left distinctive marks on various aspects of society, culture and administration of both countries. The Muslims were an integral part in the political entity of Arakan. They were rulers, administrators andkingmakers in Arakan for more than 350 years.
In 1430, after nearly three decades in exile in the Bengali Royal city of Gaur, king Narameikhla also known as Min Saw Mun (1404-1434) returned to Arakan at the head of a formidable force largely made up of Afghan adventurers, who swiftly overcame local oppositions and drove off the Burmans and Mons. This was the start of a new golden age for this country – a period of power and prosperity – and creation of a remarkably hybrid Buddhist- Islamic court, fusing tradition from Persia and India as well as the Buddhist worlds to the east. …This cosmopolitan court became great patrons of Bengali as well as Arakanese literature. Poet Dulat Qazi, author of the first Bengali romance, and Shah Alaol, who was considered the greatest of seventeenth-century Bengali poets, were among the eminent courtiers of Arakan. Mrauk-U kings adopted Muslim titles, appeared in Persian-inspired dress and the conical hats of Isfahan and Mughal Delhi, minted coins and medallions inscribing kalima (Islamic declaration of faith) in Persian and Arabic scripts, spoke several languages.
It was Bengal King Sultan Jalal Uddin (1415-1433 AD) of Gaur, a Hindu convert Muslim who helped Rakhine King Narameit Hla with a strong Muslim force to restore him to his throne in Arakan. “Why Muslim army? Because there virtually was no Rakhaing of prime age left to be soldiers”.[15] So the Muslims were the backbone of the defence “He (Narameikhla) spoke Persian, Hindi, and Bengali on the top of his mother tongue Rakhaing.” [16]
The Arakanese Kings nurtured sincere admiration towards the Muslim communities. “For this reason they entrusted the chief administrative posts of government department including that of the defence to the Muslims.”[17] Burhanuddin, Ashraf Khan, Sri Bara Thakur were distinguished Lashkar Wazirs (Defence or War Ministers); Magan Thakur, Syyid Musa, NavarajMajlis were efficient Prime Ministers; and Syyid Muhammad Khan , Srimanta Sulaiman were capable ministers in Arakan. There were lots of other Muslim ministers, high civil and military officers. They contributed a great deal to the growth of Islamic culture in Arakan.
From 1430 to 1645, for a period of more than two hundred years, the Arakanese kings took Muslim titles and used Muslim names in their coins. They followed Muslim traditions and culture at home, even when there were no good relations with Muslim Bengal. Arakan was turned into a sultanate. Col. Ba Shin, the then Chairman of the Burma Historical Commission states, “Arakan was virtually ruled by Muslim from 1430 to 1531.” [18] It was depicted as an Islamic State in the map of The Times Complete History of the World, showing cultural division of Southeast Asia (distribution of major religions) in 1500.(Edited by Richard Overy, Eighth edition 2010, page 148.)
In accordance with the Muslim tradition like Gaur and Delhi, the whole kingdom of Arakan was provided with the sets of officials by the imperial order. The head of officials was known as Qazi. Some of them were prominent in the history of Arakan. They are Daulat Qazi, Sala Qazi, Gawa Qazi, Shuza Qazi, Abdul Karim, Muhammad Hussain, Osman, Abdul Jabbar, Abdul Gafur, Mohammed Yousuf, Rawsan Ali and Nur Mohammed etc..[19] Gradually a mixed Muslim society and culture developed and flourished around the capital. [20]
This practice was prevalent among the Arakanese kings till the first half of seventeenth century. This was because they not only wished to be thought of as sultans in their own rights, but also because there were Muslims in ever larger number among their subjects. A.P. Phayre observes that the practice of assuming Muslim name and inscribing Kalima in their coins was probably first introduced in fulfilment of the promise made by Mung-Somwun but was continued in later time as a token of sovereignty over Chittagong.[21] He also mentions that “These they assumed as being successorsof Musalman kings, or as being anxious to imitate the prevailing fashion of India.”[22]
Panditta U Oo Tha Aung (Rakhine), honorary archaeological officer of Mrauk-U Museum writes: “Arakan remained vassalage of Gaur until 1531 A.D. In the time of ninth Mrauk-U king, Zeleta Saw Mun, three missionaries, Kadir, Musa and Hanu Meah from the country of Rum Pasha (Delhi Empire) came to Arakan to propagate their religion, Islam. They built mosques all over the country and preached their religion among the people daily. Some people believed in their faith and it spread all over the country. People converted in groups. They gave gifts to the kings and he was very friendly with them. The preachers brought later other ministers from Delhi and Kadir built a mosque at Baung Due, Mrauk-U and other preachers, too, built such mosques through out the country. Their religion flourished much.[23]
By 17th century, the Muslims entered Arakan in a big way on four different occasions; the Arabs in course of their trading activities including the ship wracked ones; the Muslim army, actually two big contingents, in course of restoring the King Saw Mun to Arakanese throne; the captive Muslims carried by pirates in the 16th-17th centuries, and the family retinue of Shah Shuja in 1660 A.D. Of them the army contingents who entered into Arakan with the restored King Min Saw Mun were numerically very great; they also influenced the Arakanese society and culture in a great manner. In the 17th century Muslims thronged the capital Mrohaung and they were present in the miniature courts of ministers and other great Muslim officers of the kingdom.”[24]
According to court poet Shah Aloal, “The Muslim population of Arakan consisted roughly of four categories, namely, the Bengalee, other Indian, Afro-Asian and native. Among these four categories of the Muslims the Bengalee Muslims formed the largest part of the total Muslim population of Arakan. The inflow of the captive Muslims from Lower Bengal contributed much to the ever-increasing Bengalee Muslims in the Arakanese kingdom.”[25]
Thus the Rohingya with bona fide historical roots in the region have evolved with distinct ethnic characteristics in Arakan from peoples of different ethnical backgrounds over the past several centuries. Genealogically Rohingya are Indo-Aryan descendants. Genetically they are an ethnic mix of Bengalis, Indians, Moghuls, Pathans, Arabs, Persians, Turks, Moors and central Asians, and have developed a separate culture and a mixed language, which is absolutely unique to the region. “Dr. Swapna Bhattacharya called this mixed language “Rohingya Bengala”[26]
The picture of the Muslim influence on the King’s Court of Arakan portrayed in the Bengali literature has been presented below:[27]
[“The Arakanese kings could not be free from the influence of the Muslim civilization, politics and culture, which is superior to theirs…They entrusted the chief administrative posts of the government departments including that of the defence to the Muslims. “Lashkar Uzir” or “War Secretary” Asharaf khan was King’s trusted favourite person. The King felt relieved by entrusting all statecraft to him. The Queen also considered him to be more “worth and profoundly learned” than her own son…In fact he ran the country and was the supreme authority. ..Chief poets of the Roshang (Arakan) [when vacant] were not filled without the Muslims. The Muslims were without doubt skilled statesmanship. War Minister of Narapadigyi was Alaol’s first protector and Muslim, Magan Thakur’s father, “Sri Bara Takur”. During Sri Bara Takur’s lifetime, his son “Magan” was holding the post of a minister. King Narapadigyi trusted and loved Magan Takur so much that, at the hour of his death he left his only daughter under Magan’s custody. When this prince became the principal queen of Tado Mintar, she entrusted the Roshang King’s Chief Minister to Magan Thakur realizing the guardianship she enjoyed in childhood.”
“After the death of Thado Mintar, when his son Sandha-thu-dhamma (1652-1684) ascended the throne he had not acquired the skill to run the country yet. Therefore the minor King’s mother ruled as Regent by appointing Magan Thakur as the Chief Minister. After Magan Thakur, Solaiman – another Muslim – filled the position, that is, became the “Prime Minister” (chief counsellor/courtier of the highest rank) of Roshang King Sanda-thu-dhamma. The treasury and general administration of the country was entrusted to this Muslim Chief Minister. During Thanda-thu-dhamma’s rule the important posts of Roshang kingdom were given to the Muslims. Syed Muhammad was his “War Minister” (armed forces minister). Another Muslim named Majlis was “Navaraj” [Nawa-raja] was in the King’s Court. It seems that the civil and criminal courts were run by the Muslim Qazis [judges]. It is known that during that period a man by the name of Saud Shah was a Qazi of Roshang.”]
Followings are some of the developments that reflect Muslim’s influence in Arakan particularly during the glorious period of Mrauk-U dynasty (1430-1784).
- 1.The Mrauk-U dynasty was a new golden age of power and prosperity with hybrid Buddhist-Islamic court, fusing tradition from Persia and India as well as the Buddhist worlds to the east.
- 2.Muslim etiquettes andmanners, system of administration copying the imperial courts of Delhi and Guar had been practiced. Taslim or Muslim solution was performed in the king’s palace.
- 3.The Muslim played the phenomenal roleof kingmakers with Muslim Prime Ministers, Lashkar Wizirs (Defence Ministers), and Ministers, Qadis, other administrators and large contingents of Muslim army.
- 4.The kings had involuntarily as well as voluntarily to adopt Muslim names and titles “Shah” in addition to Buddhists names and titles. Mrauk-U kings appeared in Persian-inspired dress and the conical hats of Isfahan and Mughal Delhi.
- 5.Some aristocratic Buddhists, including members of the royal families and class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status also willingly adopted Muslim names.
- 6.Muslim Qazi courts had been set up through out the kingdom.
- 7.Persian and Bengali languages were patronized and used as the official and court languages of Arakan.
- 8.Coins and medallions had been struck and issued inscribing “Kalema”, the profession of faith in Islam in Arabic.
- 9.The people followed the Muslim tradition at home. Buddhist women of those days practice “purda”.
- 10.Muslim missionary works hit the highest point. People converted into Islam in groups.
- 11.Muslims were in the control of trade and business. They were the main forces of agriculture. Particularly the alluvial rice-growing valleys of Kaladan River were populated by captives Muslims from
- 12.Minted coins and medallions inscribing kalima (Islamic declaration of faith) in Persian and Arabic scripts.