Despite arrests, doubts persist on Pakistan's resolve
By Jane Perlez
December 10, 2008
ISLAMABAD: In the wake of efforts to curb militants like Lashkar-e-Taiba, the group suspected of conducting the Mumbai attacks, questions remained about how far the Pakistani government would go to rein in these groups.
Details of exactly what the government has actually done are unclear. Some of the groups have functioned as an arm of Pakistan's military and intelligence services for two decades.
This week, the authorities raided some of the militants' properties and arrested about 20 members, security officials said.
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani said Wednesday that Maulana Masood Azhar, the leader of another militant group, Jaish-e-Muhammad, had been arrested.
Bush administration officials publicly praised the steps, which Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Admiral Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, demanded during their visits to the region last week.
The Indian police on Wednesday identified the key trainers of the 10 gunmen in the Mumbai attacks as Zaki ur-Rahman Lakhvi, Abu Hamza and a man known only as Khafa. All three are leading members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, said Rakesh Maria, the Mumbai joint police commissioner.
Lakhvi, who has been mentioned as a key figure in the plot, "planned out this whole thing," and was present throughout the men's training, Maria said.
Abu Hamza provided maritime training, along with lessons in explosives and weapons, and Khafa was a mentor, who worked closely with the gunmen and helped familiarize them with their targets, Maria said.
During their training, the 10 men also got a motivational talk from Hafiz Muhammed Saeed, the Lashkar founder, Maria said, and there were more than three people involved in training them. But Lakhvi appears to have been the key figure throughout the preparations for the assault.
He traveled with the gunmen to the Pakistani coast before they left for Mumbai and "bid farewell to them as they left Karachi," Maria said.
The Pakistani prime minister said Lakhvi and another militant, Zarrar Shah, had been arrested, Reuters reported. "They have been detained for investigation," Gilani said at a news conference in Punjab Province.
American counterterrorism officials in Washington have struck a skeptical tone, saying that they wanted to see proof that Lakhvi was actually in custody and that the arrests and raids actually represented a firm commitment by the government to crack down on the groups. The officials spoke before the prime minister's comments on Wednesday.
"In the past when they've promised to move against these guys, they'd pick up one or two of them and then several months later, they'd release them," said a senior U.S. official who has dealt with the Pakistani authorities for several years.
"Based on past patterns, we shouldn't expect much of this," said the official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to comment publicly on the case.
Administration officials said they were watching India's reaction to Pakistan's words and deeds to gauge whether the raids and arrests would ease tensions between the countries.
"There's a practical part of this - will these arrests lead to preventing further attacks and bringing people to justice," one senior administration official said, "and there's a political dimension - to what extent does this lower tensions between the two countries."
Pakistani officials have indicated in the past few days that there were no plans for a large-scale crackdown on Lashkar-e-Taiba, a group founded in the 1980s by the Pakistani Army to fight a proxy war against India in Kashmir.
The group's name means army of the pure.
Such a crackdown would run counter to popular sentiment and would appear to be at the behest of India and the United States, a politically unpalatable perception for Pakistan's government.
The Pakistani foreign minister, Shah Mehmood Qureshi, said Tuesday that those detained so far would not be extradited to India. "They are Pakistani citizens and will be dealt with according to the law of the land," he said.
Qureshi said Pakistan had offered India the chance to carry out a joint investigation of the terrorist attacks but had not yet received a reply.
Under pressure from the United States, Pakistan banned Lashkar in 2002 after it was accused of orchestrating an attack against the Indian Parliament.
But the Pakistani Army and its premier spy agency, the Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence, has kept the group alive, regarding Lashkar fighters as reservists who could be called on according to need, the diplomats said.
It would be difficult, they said, for the army, the most powerful institution in Pakistan, to quickly abandon its policy of nurturing militants, even after the embarrassment of the Mumbai siege.
"The agenda of the establishment is to find a way out of this morass with the least damage to the institutions of the army and the ISI," a Pakistani politician said on the condition of anonymity because of the delicacy of the matter. Zardari, the politician said, had a different agenda of "pleasing the Americans."
The United States has said that it cannot discern the involvement of the Pakistani military in the planning and operation of the Mumbai attacks.
Rather, it appeared that the assaults presented a predicament for Pakistan's military because they showed that a group that had been protected had gotten out of control, said a Western diplomat, who spoke on the condition of anonymity according to diplomatic custom.
"Pakistan needs to make a profound change in its attitude to Lashkar-e-Taiba, and that doesn't seem to have happened yet," the Western diplomat said.
An important sign of whether Pakistan was serious in shutting down Lashkar would be if the group were demobilized by the government, and its fighters given alternative employment, experts on jihadist groups said.
After the ban in 2002, the United States and Britain tried to persuade Pakistan to demobilize the fighters but failed to do so, the experts said. Instead thousands of members were rounded up and then quietly released.
The groups were then offered a trade-off, the diplomats said. They were directed to slow down their militant activities against the Indian-controlled portion of Kashmir but were allowed to transfer their assets to Pakistan's tribal areas. There, some Lashkar members have worked alongside the Pakistani Taliban, the diplomats said.
Since the start of the current roundup of Lashkar members, the group's founder, Saeed, has not been arrested. He remains at his headquarters in Lahore, where he gave the sermon at Friday prayers last week.
Saeed, a firebrand speaker who laces his speeches with anti-Semitic and anti-Indian statements, now calls himself the leader of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, the charity that is Lashkar's parent.
Eric Schmitt contributed reporting from Washington, and Robert F. Worth from Mumbai.
I'm waiting for you in Pakistan.
Toooooo eager.
