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The helicopter carries two mk46 torpedoes or mk50 ALT advanced lightweight torpedoes from Honeywell.
Oliver Hazard Class Frigate Acquisition by Pakistan
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The United States Navy has 30 Oliver Hazard Perry Class guided missile frigates remaining in service of the 50 built for the US Navy during the 1970s and 1980s. The frigates have a full load displacement of 4,100t. The maximum speed is 30kt and the range at an economical speed is 4,500nm.
The frigates were built by Bath Iron Works (24) in Maine and Todd Shipyards (29) in Seattle and San Pedro, California. Oliver Hazard Perry (FFG 7) entered service in December 1977. The last USN vessel, USS Ingraham (FFG 61) was commissioned in August 1989.
Four ships (FFG 17, 18, 35 and 44) were built for Australia. Australia ordered an additional two new Perry Class ships built by the Williamstown Naval Dockyard (now part of Tenix Defence) – HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05) commissioned in 1992 and HMAS Newcastle (FFG 05) commissioned in 1993.
"The United States Navy has 30 Oliver Hazard Perry Class guided missile frigates in service."Six Santa Maria Class frigates built by Bazan (now Navantia) for the Spanish Navy and eight Chen Kung class built by China SB for Taiwan were built to the Perry Class design.
A number of ships have been decommissioned and transferred to other countries: Bahrain (one), Egypt (four), Poland (two) and Turkey (nine).
In October 2008, the US Government approved the transfer of USS McInerney (FFG-8) to the Pakistan Navy. It is scheduled for handover in August 2010.
Command and control
The frigates' combat data system is the naval tactical data system (NTDS).
The Perry Class weapon control system is the Mark 92 FCS which provides X-band radar surveillance integrated with target tracking and fire control for the guns and missile systems. Lockheed Martin is the design agent for the mk92 FCS which is a US derivative of the Thales Netherlands Signaal WM28 fire control system.
Guns
The ship's main gun is the Oto Melara mk75, 76mm naval gun which fires 6kg anti-aircraft shells to a range of 12km and anti-surface ship rounds to 16km.
The close-in-weapon system is the Raytheon mk15 block 1B Phalanx six-barrel 20mm gun. The CIWS fires 4,500 rounds a minute to a range of 1.5km. Phalanx provides short-range defence against surface and airborne incoming threats including high-speed surface craft.
The ships carry four general-purpose 12.7mm machine guns and can be fitted with 25mm mk38 guns supplied by Boeing.
Missiles
The US ships' surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles were removed in 2004 but the ship supports Penguin-missile-armed LAMPS III helicopters.
Other nations' Perry Class frigates retain the missile system capability with the Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles and Raytheon Standard SM-1MR surface-to-air missiles.
Torpedoes
Torpedoes are fired from two deck-mounted mk32 triple-tube torpedo tubes. The ship's torpedoes are the Alliant Techsystems (ATK) mk46 mod 5 lightweight anti-submarine torpedoes and the ATK mk50 torpedo.
"Oliver Hazard Perry Class entered service in 1977."The mk46 mod 5 has a range of 11km. The torpedo is armed with a 44kg warhead and uses passive and active homing to approach the target at a speed of 40kt.
The mk50 torpedo is armed with a 45kg shaped charge warhead and has a range of 15km. The torpedo uses active and passive homing and has a speed of 50kt.
Aircraft
The ship accommodates two Sikorsky SH-60B LAMPS III Seahawk helicopters. The ship has two hangars and a 410m² helicopter deck fitted with a single landing spot and a RAST recovery assist securing and traversing system. The ship is equipped to support LAMPS (light airborne multipurpose system) missions.
The ship's AN/URN-25 TACAN tactical air navigation transponder provides aircraft with data on range, bearing and identification. The IFF interrogator is the mkXII AIMS UPX-29.
The SH-60B LAMPS mkIII helicopter has all weather capability for point defence against submarines and surface ships, and can also carry out fleet support, vertical replenishment, search and rescue and medical evacuation.
Countermeasures
The Perry Class frigates have two deck-mounted six-barrelled SRBOC mk36 decoy dispensers. The Lockheed Martin Sippican super rapid bloom offboard countermeasures SRBOC mk36 launches infrared and chaff flares to counter electro-optically and radar guided missiles and fire control systems.
The Perry Class is also fitted with the BAE Systems Australia mk53 Nulka active expendable decoys for protection against radar-guided anti-ship missiles. Nulka is rocket-propelled and operates over a broad radio band.
The torpedo decoys are the older T-Mk 6 Fanfare towed decoy or the Argon ST SLQ-25 Nixie towed decoy.
The Perry Class frigates are equipped with the Raytheon SLQ-32(V)2 radar warning and jamming electronic warfare system. The AN/SLQ-32(V) detects hostile radar emissions and analyses the pulse repetition rate, scan mode, scan period, and frequency. The system identifies the threat and direction, provides a warning signal, interfaces to the ship's countermeasures systems and jams the hostile radar systems.
"The Oliver Hazard Perry Class accommodates two Sikorsky SH-60B LAMPS III Seahawk helicopters."Sensors
The ship's radar suite includes the Raytheon SPS-49(V)5 or (V)4 air search radar which operates over C and D bands. The radar detects aircraft to a range of 460km. The surface search radar is the ISC Cardion SPS-55 radar operating at I-band.
The Oto Melara mk75 gun is linked to the Sperry 92 fire control radar operating at I and J bands. The Furuno navigation radar also operates at I band.
Sonar
The ship is fitted with a AN/SQQ-89 (CV)2 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) combat system. The system integrates a Raytheon SQS-56 active and passive hull-mounted sonar and a Gould SQR-19 towed sonar array. The system displays the data from the sonar suite and from the helicopter LAMPS sensors and provides detection, classification, designation and targeting of submarines.
Propulsion
The propulsion system is based on two GE LM 2500 gas turbine engines generating 30.59MW (41,000shp) and driving a single shaft with a constant pitch propeller. There are two auxiliary retractable propellers (484kW / 650hp) for manoeuvring and station keeping.
The frigates were built by Bath Iron Works (24) in Maine and Todd Shipyards (29) in Seattle and San Pedro, California. Oliver Hazard Perry (FFG 7) entered service in December 1977. The last USN vessel, USS Ingraham (FFG 61) was commissioned in August 1989.
Four ships (FFG 17, 18, 35 and 44) were built for Australia. Australia ordered an additional two new Perry Class ships built by the Williamstown Naval Dockyard (now part of Tenix Defence) – HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05) commissioned in 1992 and HMAS Newcastle (FFG 05) commissioned in 1993.
"The United States Navy has 30 Oliver Hazard Perry Class guided missile frigates in service."Six Santa Maria Class frigates built by Bazan (now Navantia) for the Spanish Navy and eight Chen Kung class built by China SB for Taiwan were built to the Perry Class design.
A number of ships have been decommissioned and transferred to other countries: Bahrain (one), Egypt (four), Poland (two) and Turkey (nine).
In October 2008, the US Government approved the transfer of USS McInerney (FFG-8) to the Pakistan Navy. It is scheduled for handover in August 2010.
Command and control
The frigates' combat data system is the naval tactical data system (NTDS).
The Perry Class weapon control system is the Mark 92 FCS which provides X-band radar surveillance integrated with target tracking and fire control for the guns and missile systems. Lockheed Martin is the design agent for the mk92 FCS which is a US derivative of the Thales Netherlands Signaal WM28 fire control system.
Guns
The ship's main gun is the Oto Melara mk75, 76mm naval gun which fires 6kg anti-aircraft shells to a range of 12km and anti-surface ship rounds to 16km.
The close-in-weapon system is the Raytheon mk15 block 1B Phalanx six-barrel 20mm gun. The CIWS fires 4,500 rounds a minute to a range of 1.5km. Phalanx provides short-range defence against surface and airborne incoming threats including high-speed surface craft.
The ships carry four general-purpose 12.7mm machine guns and can be fitted with 25mm mk38 guns supplied by Boeing.
Missiles
The US ships' surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles were removed in 2004 but the ship supports Penguin-missile-armed LAMPS III helicopters.
Other nations' Perry Class frigates retain the missile system capability with the Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles and Raytheon Standard SM-1MR surface-to-air missiles.
Torpedoes
Torpedoes are fired from two deck-mounted mk32 triple-tube torpedo tubes. The ship's torpedoes are the Alliant Techsystems (ATK) mk46 mod 5 lightweight anti-submarine torpedoes and the ATK mk50 torpedo.
"Oliver Hazard Perry Class entered service in 1977."The mk46 mod 5 has a range of 11km. The torpedo is armed with a 44kg warhead and uses passive and active homing to approach the target at a speed of 40kt.
The mk50 torpedo is armed with a 45kg shaped charge warhead and has a range of 15km. The torpedo uses active and passive homing and has a speed of 50kt.
Aircraft
The ship accommodates two Sikorsky SH-60B LAMPS III Seahawk helicopters. The ship has two hangars and a 410m² helicopter deck fitted with a single landing spot and a RAST recovery assist securing and traversing system. The ship is equipped to support LAMPS (light airborne multipurpose system) missions.
The ship's AN/URN-25 TACAN tactical air navigation transponder provides aircraft with data on range, bearing and identification. The IFF interrogator is the mkXII AIMS UPX-29.
The SH-60B LAMPS mkIII helicopter has all weather capability for point defence against submarines and surface ships, and can also carry out fleet support, vertical replenishment, search and rescue and medical evacuation.
Countermeasures
The Perry Class frigates have two deck-mounted six-barrelled SRBOC mk36 decoy dispensers. The Lockheed Martin Sippican super rapid bloom offboard countermeasures SRBOC mk36 launches infrared and chaff flares to counter electro-optically and radar guided missiles and fire control systems.
The Perry Class is also fitted with the BAE Systems Australia mk53 Nulka active expendable decoys for protection against radar-guided anti-ship missiles. Nulka is rocket-propelled and operates over a broad radio band.
The torpedo decoys are the older T-Mk 6 Fanfare towed decoy or the Argon ST SLQ-25 Nixie towed decoy.
The Perry Class frigates are equipped with the Raytheon SLQ-32(V)2 radar warning and jamming electronic warfare system. The AN/SLQ-32(V) detects hostile radar emissions and analyses the pulse repetition rate, scan mode, scan period, and frequency. The system identifies the threat and direction, provides a warning signal, interfaces to the ship's countermeasures systems and jams the hostile radar systems.
"The Oliver Hazard Perry Class accommodates two Sikorsky SH-60B LAMPS III Seahawk helicopters."Sensors
The ship's radar suite includes the Raytheon SPS-49(V)5 or (V)4 air search radar which operates over C and D bands. The radar detects aircraft to a range of 460km. The surface search radar is the ISC Cardion SPS-55 radar operating at I-band.
The Oto Melara mk75 gun is linked to the Sperry 92 fire control radar operating at I and J bands. The Furuno navigation radar also operates at I band.
Sonar
The ship is fitted with a AN/SQQ-89 (CV)2 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) combat system. The system integrates a Raytheon SQS-56 active and passive hull-mounted sonar and a Gould SQR-19 towed sonar array. The system displays the data from the sonar suite and from the helicopter LAMPS sensors and provides detection, classification, designation and targeting of submarines.
Propulsion
The propulsion system is based on two GE LM 2500 gas turbine engines generating 30.59MW (41,000shp) and driving a single shaft with a constant pitch propeller. There are two auxiliary retractable propellers (484kW / 650hp) for manoeuvring and station keeping.
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One of two triple-tube 324mm torpedo launchers on the USS Curts (FFG 38).
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SH-60B Seahawk helicopter lifts off from USS Stephen W Groves (FFG 29) in the Caribbean in December 2003.
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USS Doyle (FFG 39) en route to Colombia, South America to take part in the 43rd annual UNITAS exercise with countries from South and Central America in February 2002
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In October 2008, the US Government approved the transfer of USS McInerney (FFG-8) to the Pakistan Navy. It is scheduled for handover in August 2010
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(formerly GKN Westland Helicopters). The UK Royal Navy is equipped with the Lynx HMA Mark 8 helicopters and the UK Army with AH Mk 7 and AH Mk 9 Lynx scout / attack helicopters.
The Super Lynx has been ordered by Germany (seven) and South Korea (13) and Germany and Denmark are upgrading their Lynx helicopters to Super Lynx standard. The first Super Lynx for Germany was delivered in July 1999 (for service on the Type 122 and Type 123 frigates), for Singapore in December 1999 and for Denmark in November 2000.
The naval Super Lynx is a multi-role helicopter for anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue and utility operations.
"Lynx combat helicopters are battle proven in several major conflicts including Operation Iraqi Freedom."Over 200 naval Lynx helicopters are operational with 11 navies and are battle proven in several major conflicts including Operation Iraqi Freedom in March / April 2003. Over 200 Lynx scout / attack helicopters have also been produced.
The Super Lynx 300 has been ordered by Malaysia (six), South Africa (four for the Valour Class Meko A-100 frigates), Oman (16) and Thailand (two). The Malaysian Navy was the first country to receive the Super Lynx 300 in September 2003 and all six were delivered by July 2004. The Royal Air Force of Oman received its first Super Lynx 300 in June 2004. Two helicopters were delivered to the Royal Thai Navy in September 2004 and entered operational service in February 2005. The four helicopters for South Africa were delivered in July 2007 and entered service in February 2008.
FUTURE LYNX
In March 2005, the UK Ministry of Defence selected a version of Super Lynx 300, known as Future Lynx, as the preferred option to replace the UK Army’s Mk 7 and Mk 9 Lynx helicopters and Royal Navy Lynx HAS.3 and HMA.8. helicopters. A contract for 70 (plus ten options) Future Lynx helicopters was awarded in June 2006, 40 for the Army and 30 for the Navy. First flight is scheduled for late 2009, initial deliveries in 2011 and entry into service in 2014 with the British Army and 2015 with the Royal Navy.
Suppliers so far selected for Future Lynx include: GKN Aerospace for the airframe, LHTEC CTS800-4 engine (fitted to the Super Lynx 300), Thales UK for avionics, communications and navigation systems, Smiths Aerospace for SDS-5000 cockpit display system and Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) and Selex Sensors & Airborne Systems Helicopter Integrated Defensive Aids System (HIDAS).
"A hydraulically operated harpoon deck-lock securing system secures the helicopter to the deck."SUPER LYNX 300
The latest generation, the Super Lynx 300 took its maiden flight in June 2001. The first production version (for the Malaysian Navy) flew in May 2002. It incorporates an all new glass cockpit with seven colour active matrix LCDs (liquid crystal displays), new avionics, improved airframe, more powerful CTS800-4N engines (jointly developed by Rolls-Royce and Honeywell partnership, LHTEC) with FADEC (Full Authority Digital Electronic Control).
The new engines will operate more effectively in hot and high conditions.
DESIGN
The Lynx airframe is constructed of composite and light alloy. The non-retractable tricycle-type landing gear is designed for the helicopter to operate from small ships in Sea State 6 and features oleo-pneumatic struts, which absorb the shock of a 6ft/s descent rate.
A hydraulically operated harpoon deck-lock securing system secures the helicopter to the deck. The main wheels can be towed out, allowing the aircraft to turn into the wind while the deck-lock harpoon remains engaged. This removes the need for the ship to change course.
The cabin space of approximately 5.2m³ can accommodate up to nine troops. Up to 1,360kg of cargo can be underslung from an external cargo hook for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship replenishment.
WEAPONS
Sea Skua is an all-weather anti-ship missile developed by MBDA (formerly Matra BAe Dynamics) to provide medium- and long-range defence. Countries deploying the Sea Skua missile include the UK, Bahrain, Germany, South Korea, Brazil and Turkey. Malaysian Navy Super Lynx 300 will also be armed with Sea Skua. The Lynx carries four Sea Skua missiles. The range of both the semi-active radar-guided Sea Skua missile and the Seaspray radar is approximately 25km, which gives a stand-off capability to the Lynx helicopter.
Super Lynx can carry a range of depth charges, including the Mark 11 depth charges, and torpedoes, including the Mark 44, Mark 46, the A244S and the Stingray torpedoes.
UK Royal Navy Lynx HMA8 helicopters are being fitted with Defensive Aids Subsystem (DAS), following operational experience in Iraq.
"Super Lynx can carry a range of depth charges."The DAS consists of ATK AN/AAR-47 missile warner, Selex Sensors & Airborne Systems AN/ALQ-144A infrared jammer and Selex M147 flare dispenser. An initial 12 helicopters are being fitted with the system.
SENSORS
Super Lynx is equipped with a 360° scan radar, either the BAE Systems (now Selex S&AS) Seaspray Mark 3000 (being fitted on the German Lynxes) or the Telephonics RDR 1500, mounted in the chin fairing under the nose.
The UK Royal Navy Lynx, (Lynx HMA Mark 8) has a Seaspray Mark 1 radar housed in a modified chin radome and a Sea Owl thermal imager from Selex S&AS. Sea Owl is fitted on a gimballed mount in the nose of the helicopter, above the radar. Super Lynx has a forward looking infra-red system for passive target identification. Selex S&AS Multi-Role Turret thermal imaging system is being fitted to the Lynxes for Germany. FLIR Systems 2000HP and Safire FLIR have also been fitted to the Lynx.
The Super Lynx is equipped with an AN/AQS-18 active dipping sonar from L-3 Communications. The operation of the dipping sonar is by an hydraulically powered winch and the automatic flight control system includes a cable hover mode control. The naval Lynx can be equipped with a magnetic anomaly detector.
The Lynx may be fitted with a range of surveillance equipment including the Vipa 1 reconnaissance pod from Thales Optronics (Vinten) or the Agiflite reconnaissance camera.
POWER
"The Super Lynx is equipped with an AN/AQS-18 active dipping sonar."The Lynx is powered by two Rolls Royce Gem 42-1 turboshaft engines, which each provide 835kW. The fully developed Gem Mark 42 engines are fitted on the British, French, Danish, Netherlands and Norwegian Lynx helicopters. The Gem is a fully marinised engine for operation in harsh erosive and corrosive environments, from desert and tropical conditions to freezing and arctic environments.
Super Lynx 200 and 300 are fitted with CTS800-4N turboshaft engines from LHTEC which have full authority digital engine control (FADEC).
The Super Lynx has been ordered by Germany (seven) and South Korea (13) and Germany and Denmark are upgrading their Lynx helicopters to Super Lynx standard. The first Super Lynx for Germany was delivered in July 1999 (for service on the Type 122 and Type 123 frigates), for Singapore in December 1999 and for Denmark in November 2000.
The naval Super Lynx is a multi-role helicopter for anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue and utility operations.
"Lynx combat helicopters are battle proven in several major conflicts including Operation Iraqi Freedom."Over 200 naval Lynx helicopters are operational with 11 navies and are battle proven in several major conflicts including Operation Iraqi Freedom in March / April 2003. Over 200 Lynx scout / attack helicopters have also been produced.
The Super Lynx 300 has been ordered by Malaysia (six), South Africa (four for the Valour Class Meko A-100 frigates), Oman (16) and Thailand (two). The Malaysian Navy was the first country to receive the Super Lynx 300 in September 2003 and all six were delivered by July 2004. The Royal Air Force of Oman received its first Super Lynx 300 in June 2004. Two helicopters were delivered to the Royal Thai Navy in September 2004 and entered operational service in February 2005. The four helicopters for South Africa were delivered in July 2007 and entered service in February 2008.
FUTURE LYNX
In March 2005, the UK Ministry of Defence selected a version of Super Lynx 300, known as Future Lynx, as the preferred option to replace the UK Army’s Mk 7 and Mk 9 Lynx helicopters and Royal Navy Lynx HAS.3 and HMA.8. helicopters. A contract for 70 (plus ten options) Future Lynx helicopters was awarded in June 2006, 40 for the Army and 30 for the Navy. First flight is scheduled for late 2009, initial deliveries in 2011 and entry into service in 2014 with the British Army and 2015 with the Royal Navy.
Suppliers so far selected for Future Lynx include: GKN Aerospace for the airframe, LHTEC CTS800-4 engine (fitted to the Super Lynx 300), Thales UK for avionics, communications and navigation systems, Smiths Aerospace for SDS-5000 cockpit display system and Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) and Selex Sensors & Airborne Systems Helicopter Integrated Defensive Aids System (HIDAS).
"A hydraulically operated harpoon deck-lock securing system secures the helicopter to the deck."SUPER LYNX 300
The latest generation, the Super Lynx 300 took its maiden flight in June 2001. The first production version (for the Malaysian Navy) flew in May 2002. It incorporates an all new glass cockpit with seven colour active matrix LCDs (liquid crystal displays), new avionics, improved airframe, more powerful CTS800-4N engines (jointly developed by Rolls-Royce and Honeywell partnership, LHTEC) with FADEC (Full Authority Digital Electronic Control).
The new engines will operate more effectively in hot and high conditions.
DESIGN
The Lynx airframe is constructed of composite and light alloy. The non-retractable tricycle-type landing gear is designed for the helicopter to operate from small ships in Sea State 6 and features oleo-pneumatic struts, which absorb the shock of a 6ft/s descent rate.
A hydraulically operated harpoon deck-lock securing system secures the helicopter to the deck. The main wheels can be towed out, allowing the aircraft to turn into the wind while the deck-lock harpoon remains engaged. This removes the need for the ship to change course.
The cabin space of approximately 5.2m³ can accommodate up to nine troops. Up to 1,360kg of cargo can be underslung from an external cargo hook for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship replenishment.
WEAPONS
Sea Skua is an all-weather anti-ship missile developed by MBDA (formerly Matra BAe Dynamics) to provide medium- and long-range defence. Countries deploying the Sea Skua missile include the UK, Bahrain, Germany, South Korea, Brazil and Turkey. Malaysian Navy Super Lynx 300 will also be armed with Sea Skua. The Lynx carries four Sea Skua missiles. The range of both the semi-active radar-guided Sea Skua missile and the Seaspray radar is approximately 25km, which gives a stand-off capability to the Lynx helicopter.
Super Lynx can carry a range of depth charges, including the Mark 11 depth charges, and torpedoes, including the Mark 44, Mark 46, the A244S and the Stingray torpedoes.
UK Royal Navy Lynx HMA8 helicopters are being fitted with Defensive Aids Subsystem (DAS), following operational experience in Iraq.
"Super Lynx can carry a range of depth charges."The DAS consists of ATK AN/AAR-47 missile warner, Selex Sensors & Airborne Systems AN/ALQ-144A infrared jammer and Selex M147 flare dispenser. An initial 12 helicopters are being fitted with the system.
SENSORS
Super Lynx is equipped with a 360° scan radar, either the BAE Systems (now Selex S&AS) Seaspray Mark 3000 (being fitted on the German Lynxes) or the Telephonics RDR 1500, mounted in the chin fairing under the nose.
The UK Royal Navy Lynx, (Lynx HMA Mark 8) has a Seaspray Mark 1 radar housed in a modified chin radome and a Sea Owl thermal imager from Selex S&AS. Sea Owl is fitted on a gimballed mount in the nose of the helicopter, above the radar. Super Lynx has a forward looking infra-red system for passive target identification. Selex S&AS Multi-Role Turret thermal imaging system is being fitted to the Lynxes for Germany. FLIR Systems 2000HP and Safire FLIR have also been fitted to the Lynx.
The Super Lynx is equipped with an AN/AQS-18 active dipping sonar from L-3 Communications. The operation of the dipping sonar is by an hydraulically powered winch and the automatic flight control system includes a cable hover mode control. The naval Lynx can be equipped with a magnetic anomaly detector.
The Lynx may be fitted with a range of surveillance equipment including the Vipa 1 reconnaissance pod from Thales Optronics (Vinten) or the Agiflite reconnaissance camera.
POWER
"The Super Lynx is equipped with an AN/AQS-18 active dipping sonar."The Lynx is powered by two Rolls Royce Gem 42-1 turboshaft engines, which each provide 835kW. The fully developed Gem Mark 42 engines are fitted on the British, French, Danish, Netherlands and Norwegian Lynx helicopters. The Gem is a fully marinised engine for operation in harsh erosive and corrosive environments, from desert and tropical conditions to freezing and arctic environments.
Super Lynx 200 and 300 are fitted with CTS800-4N turboshaft engines from LHTEC which have full authority digital engine control (FADEC).
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The operation of the dipping sonar is by an hydraulically powered winch and the automatic flight control system includes a cable hover mode control
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The Sea King helicopter is manufactured by AgustaWestland in the UK. Development started in the late 1950s under licence from Sikorsky. Westland initially developed the S-61 as an anti-submarine warfare helicopter (or Helicopter Anti-Submarine, HAS) for the UK Royal Navy. Sea King is also operational as a Search-And-Rescue (SAR) and Airborne Early Warning (AEW) helicopter.
Sea King has been in service for more than 25 years, and more than 300 are in service with the Royal Navy, the Royal Air Force, with the navies of Australia, Egypt, Germany, India and Pakistan, and the airforces of Belgium, Egypt, Norway and Qatar.
Under an urgent operational requirement, UK Royal Navy HC mk4 Sea Kings deployed in Afghanistan in 2008 have been fitted with new Carson composite main rotor blades and AgustaWestland five-bladed tail rotor. Qinetiq was the prime contractor for the programme.
WEAPONS
The helicopter can carry four torpedoes, either ATK (formerly Alliant Techsystems) mk46, Whitehead A244S or BAE Systems Sting Ray torpedoes. It can also be armed with four mk11 depth charges.
The helicopter can carry two anti-ship missiles, either Sea Eagle or Exocet. Sea Eagle from MBDA (formerly Matra BAe Dynamics, UK) is an all-weather, fire-and-forget, sea-skimming anti-ship missile, with a range of 100km. Guidance is by inertial navigation system with active radar homing.
Sea Eagle is carried by British and Indian Navy Sea Kings. The AM39 Exocet anti-ship missile by MBDA (formerly Aerospatiale Matra) is carried by the Pakistan Navy Sea Kings. The missile has inertial guidance with active radar homing.
ENGINES
The helicopter is powered by two Rolls-Royce Gnome H1400-1T turboshaft engines, which provide 2,700shp.
The six flexible bag fuel tanks hold 3,700l of fuel, which gives the helicopter a range of 1,500km. For long-range operation, an auxiliary fuel tank can be fitted internally to extend the ferry range to 1,750km.
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
The ASW helicopter is equipped with two type 4 marine markers, two mk2 smoke floats and mini-sonobuoys supplied by Ultra Electronics. BAE Systems type 2069 sonar with an AQS-902G-DS acoustic signal processor provides the capability to carry out dipping sonar operations to a depth of 700ft.
"The Sea King helicopter is manufactured by AgustaWestland in the UK."The magnetic anomaly detector is the AN/ASQ-504(V) AIMS supplied by CAE Electronics. The Thales Defence Super Searcher radar is installed on the mk6 fleet of Sea Kings built for the UK Fleet Air Arm. The helicopter is also equipped with the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) terminal IDS-2000 from Rockwell Collins.
The helicopter's navigation systems include Thales Defence Doppler 71 navigation radar, Honeywell AN/APN-171 radar altimeter and mk31 automatic flight control system from Smiths Newmark.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
The search and rescue helicopters are equipped with an hydraulic hoist rated at 600lb. The radar is either the Thales Defence ARI5955 or Telephonics RDR-1500B. The Norwegian Air Force Sea King is also equipped with the Telephonics RDR-1300C nose radar.
AgustaWestland were awarded a contract in 1995 to build three new mk3A Search and Rescue helicopters and to upgrade the Royal Air Force mk3 fleet to mk3A standards. The new systems include Thales Defence ARI 5955/2 radar, Thales Defence RNAV-2 navigation system, Thales Defence Doppler 91 and Cossor STR2000 global positioning system.
With the helicopter configured in the search-and-rescue role, the cabin can accommodate up to 22 survivors or nine stretchers and two medical officers.
UK Royal Air Force Search and Rescue Sea Kings are fitted with the FLIR Systems Sea King Multi-Sensor Systems (SKMSS). The system entered service in June 2004.
AIRBORNE SURVEILLANCE AND AREA CONTROL (ASAC)
The 13 Royal Navy airborne early warning AEW.2 helicopters are being upgraded to AEW.7 standard with the Thales Defence Searchwater 2000 radar and Cerberus mission system.
The helicopters' designation has been changed to Airborne Surveillance and Area Control (ASaC mk7). The Searchwater 2000 radar processing system incorporates a new pulse Doppler mode and Link 16 JTIDS (Joint Tactical Information Distribution System) datalink. The upgrade programme also includes the installation of an additional HaveQuick II secure radio communications system together with an AN/APX-113(V) interrogator transponder from Hazeltine and a video recorder unit.
"The Sea King helicopter can carry two anti-ship missiles, either Sea Eagle or Exocet."The first two upgraded Sea Kings were delivered in May 2002 and the programme is scheduled for completion in 2005. ASaC mk7 helicopters were deployed for the first time onboard HMS Ark Royal as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. Two helicopters were lost in a mid-air collision during the conflict and, in May 2005, Thales UK was awarded a contract for the conversion of two RN Sea King HAS mk6 ASW helicopters to ASaC mk7 configuration.
TACTICAL TROOP TRANSPORT AND LOGISTIC SUPPORT
This variant has a cabin with large sliding access doors for transporting bulky loads. Large loads up to 8,000lb (3,692kg) can be carried underslung. The cabin can be equipped with seats for 28 fully equipped troops.
Sea King has been in service for more than 25 years, and more than 300 are in service with the Royal Navy, the Royal Air Force, with the navies of Australia, Egypt, Germany, India and Pakistan, and the airforces of Belgium, Egypt, Norway and Qatar.
Under an urgent operational requirement, UK Royal Navy HC mk4 Sea Kings deployed in Afghanistan in 2008 have been fitted with new Carson composite main rotor blades and AgustaWestland five-bladed tail rotor. Qinetiq was the prime contractor for the programme.
WEAPONS
The helicopter can carry four torpedoes, either ATK (formerly Alliant Techsystems) mk46, Whitehead A244S or BAE Systems Sting Ray torpedoes. It can also be armed with four mk11 depth charges.
The helicopter can carry two anti-ship missiles, either Sea Eagle or Exocet. Sea Eagle from MBDA (formerly Matra BAe Dynamics, UK) is an all-weather, fire-and-forget, sea-skimming anti-ship missile, with a range of 100km. Guidance is by inertial navigation system with active radar homing.
Sea Eagle is carried by British and Indian Navy Sea Kings. The AM39 Exocet anti-ship missile by MBDA (formerly Aerospatiale Matra) is carried by the Pakistan Navy Sea Kings. The missile has inertial guidance with active radar homing.
ENGINES
The helicopter is powered by two Rolls-Royce Gnome H1400-1T turboshaft engines, which provide 2,700shp.
The six flexible bag fuel tanks hold 3,700l of fuel, which gives the helicopter a range of 1,500km. For long-range operation, an auxiliary fuel tank can be fitted internally to extend the ferry range to 1,750km.
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
The ASW helicopter is equipped with two type 4 marine markers, two mk2 smoke floats and mini-sonobuoys supplied by Ultra Electronics. BAE Systems type 2069 sonar with an AQS-902G-DS acoustic signal processor provides the capability to carry out dipping sonar operations to a depth of 700ft.
"The Sea King helicopter is manufactured by AgustaWestland in the UK."The magnetic anomaly detector is the AN/ASQ-504(V) AIMS supplied by CAE Electronics. The Thales Defence Super Searcher radar is installed on the mk6 fleet of Sea Kings built for the UK Fleet Air Arm. The helicopter is also equipped with the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) terminal IDS-2000 from Rockwell Collins.
The helicopter's navigation systems include Thales Defence Doppler 71 navigation radar, Honeywell AN/APN-171 radar altimeter and mk31 automatic flight control system from Smiths Newmark.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
The search and rescue helicopters are equipped with an hydraulic hoist rated at 600lb. The radar is either the Thales Defence ARI5955 or Telephonics RDR-1500B. The Norwegian Air Force Sea King is also equipped with the Telephonics RDR-1300C nose radar.
AgustaWestland were awarded a contract in 1995 to build three new mk3A Search and Rescue helicopters and to upgrade the Royal Air Force mk3 fleet to mk3A standards. The new systems include Thales Defence ARI 5955/2 radar, Thales Defence RNAV-2 navigation system, Thales Defence Doppler 91 and Cossor STR2000 global positioning system.
With the helicopter configured in the search-and-rescue role, the cabin can accommodate up to 22 survivors or nine stretchers and two medical officers.
UK Royal Air Force Search and Rescue Sea Kings are fitted with the FLIR Systems Sea King Multi-Sensor Systems (SKMSS). The system entered service in June 2004.
AIRBORNE SURVEILLANCE AND AREA CONTROL (ASAC)
The 13 Royal Navy airborne early warning AEW.2 helicopters are being upgraded to AEW.7 standard with the Thales Defence Searchwater 2000 radar and Cerberus mission system.
The helicopters' designation has been changed to Airborne Surveillance and Area Control (ASaC mk7). The Searchwater 2000 radar processing system incorporates a new pulse Doppler mode and Link 16 JTIDS (Joint Tactical Information Distribution System) datalink. The upgrade programme also includes the installation of an additional HaveQuick II secure radio communications system together with an AN/APX-113(V) interrogator transponder from Hazeltine and a video recorder unit.
"The Sea King helicopter can carry two anti-ship missiles, either Sea Eagle or Exocet."The first two upgraded Sea Kings were delivered in May 2002 and the programme is scheduled for completion in 2005. ASaC mk7 helicopters were deployed for the first time onboard HMS Ark Royal as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. Two helicopters were lost in a mid-air collision during the conflict and, in May 2005, Thales UK was awarded a contract for the conversion of two RN Sea King HAS mk6 ASW helicopters to ASaC mk7 configuration.
TACTICAL TROOP TRANSPORT AND LOGISTIC SUPPORT
This variant has a cabin with large sliding access doors for transporting bulky loads. Large loads up to 8,000lb (3,692kg) can be carried underslung. The cabin can be equipped with seats for 28 fully equipped troops.
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The Nato frigate helicopter (NFH) is one of two versions of the NH90 twin-engine multi-role helicopter being developed by NH Industries. The other version is the NH90 TTH tactical transport helicopter.
NH Industries, the prime contractor for the programme, is a joint venture company owned by AgustaWestland (32%
of Italy, Eurocopter (62.5%) and Stork Fokker (5%) of the Netherlands. Eurocopter is a subsidiary of EADS (European Aeronautics Defence and Space) company formed by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace of Germany, Aerospatiale Matra of France and CASA of Spain.
"The Nato frigate helicopter (NFH) is one of two versions of the NH90 twin-engine multi-role helicopter from NH Industries."In June 2000, the participating countries signed a contract for the production of 243 NH90s: France 27 NFH, Germany 80 TTH (with an option on a further 54), Italy 46 NFH and 70 TTH, and the Netherlands 20 NFH. Germany converted 42 options to firm orders (30 TTH for the Army and 12 TTH for the Air Force in June 2007. The first series production TTH helicopter made its maiden flight in May 2004 and the first NFH in August 2007. France ordered an additional 12 TTH variants for the French Army Aviation (ALAT) in 2007. It procured 22 NH90 TTH helicopters in December 2008 and may procure an additional 34 in 2010. These will replace aging Puma helicopters.
First deliveries of the NH90 took place on 13 December 2006, when three TTH transport helicopters were handed over to the German Army following German type certification.
Deliveries of the TTH to Italy began in December 2007. Deliveries of the NFH naval variant are expected to begin in 2009. Italy is to receive the first NFH helicopter.
In June 2001, Portugal became the fifth nation to join the NH90 programme, with a requirement for ten NH90 TTH helicopters. The Portuguese industrial partner is OGMA.
In September 2001, the NH90 was chosen as the common helicopter for the Nordic standard helicopter programme, for the navies of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Sweden has ordered 18 (13 TTT, five NFH), Finland 20 TTH and Norway 14 NFH (six for ASW and six for the coastguard). The first, a transport variant (called Hkp 14 in Swedish service), was delivered to Sweden in June 2007. Sweden is the first customer for the high-cabin version (HCV), which has a cabin height of 1.82m compared to 1.58m for the standard version. Deliveries to Finland began in March 2008.
In July 2004, 20 NH90 helicopters were ordered by the Royal Air Force of the Sultanate of Oman.
In August 2004, the Australian Ministry of Defence selected a version of the helicopter, the MRH 90, to meet the Australian Army requirement for 12 troop transport helicopters under the Air 9000 programme. The contract was signed in June 2005.
The first four helicopters are being built by Eurocopter in France, the remainder by Australian Aerospace, a subsidiary of Eurocopter. The first MRH90 made its maiden flight in March 2007. The first two helicopters were delivered in November 2007 and entered service with the Australian Army in December 2007. Deliveries are scheduled to complete in December 2009.
A further 35 helicopters were ordered for the Australian Navy in June 2006 for delivery by 2014. The first locally assembled MRH90 was delivered in December 2008. Initial operating capability (IOC) for the Navy is scheduled for 2010 and 2011 for the army. The MRH90 replaces aging Navy Sea King and Army Black Hawk helicopters.
In April 2005, the NH90 was selected to replace the Royal New Zealand Air Force's fleet of UH-1H Iroquois helicopters. A contract for nine helicopters was signed in July 2006.
"In 2003, the NH90 became the first medium-sized transport helicopter to fly with full fly-by-wire controls."In June 2007, Belgium placed an order for eight NH90, four NFH naval and four TTH transport plus two optional TTH helicopters.
In January 2007, the Spanish government placed an order for an initial batch of 45 helicopters in the TTH configuration.
In December 2003, the NH90 became the first medium-sized transport helicopter to fly with full fly-by-wire controls, with no mechanical back-up. This is the serial production configuration.
Total NH90 orders are 529 fixed and 60 options from 14 countries.
NH90 NFH roles
The primary missions of the NH90 NFH helicopter are in the autonomous anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface ship warfare (AsuW) role.
In a typical four-hour 'relocation on call' operation, the helicopter would take: 35 minutes to reach the area of operation; 20 minutes releasing sonobuoys; two hours on surveillance in the area of operations; 30 minutes releasing torpedoes; and 35 minutes to return to ship and land, with 20 minutes in reserve.
In a typical four-hour 'screening' operation, the helicopter would take: 15 minutes to reach the area of operation; three hours and 30 minutes in the operations zone carrying out 11 consecutive cycles of ten-minute sonar dipping; and 15 minutes to return to the ship and land, with 20 minutes reserve.
In the anti-surface warfare role, the helicopter is capable of detection, tracking, classification, identification and attack of hostile ships, and has over-the-horizon capability. Secondary roles include anti-air warfare (AAW), vertical replenishment (VERTREP), search and rescue (SAR), troop transport and mine laying.
Cockpit and avionics systems
The helicopter has a crew of three: the pilot and Tacco (the tactical coordinator responsible for mission management) and the Senso (sensor systems operator) in the cabin. The cabin of the NFH is equipped with an avionics bay with a sensor operator station and a tactical coordinator station, a dipping sonar and a sonobuoy launcher.
"The cabin of the NH90 is equipped with an avionics bay with a sensor operator station."The NH90 has 'fly-by-wire' all electric flight controls from Goodrich Actuation Systems and Liebherr Aerospace. This full authority quadruplex system increases the manoeuvrability of the aircraft while decreasing the weight. The avionics system is supplied by Thales Avionics and is based on a dual MIL-STD-1553B digital databus.
The cockpit has five 8in×8in colour multifunction liquid crystal displays for flight, mission systems and maintenance data. Honeywell Primus 701A weather radar is fitted.
The avionics package includes the Thales Topowl helmet-mounted sight and display which has a 40° field of view. Topowl also equips the Tiger and Rooivalk attack helicopters.
Under a contract awarded in January 2008, German NH90 helicopters will be fitted with EADS Defence Electronics MilOWS, a military version of the HELLAS laser-based helicopter obstacle warning system.
Armament
The Nato frigate helicopter can be armed with anti-submarine torpedoes, air-to-surface missiles and air-to-air missiles.
Countermeasures
The helicopters for France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Finland are fitted with a self-protection suite from EADS Defence Electronics, which is also being supplied to the Tiger helicopter. The suite includes EADS AN/AAR-60 MILDS missile approach warning system, Thales TWE threat warning equipment with integrated radar warning and laser warning receivers and MBDA Saphir-M chaff and flare dispenser.
Norwegian NFH are to have the ITT AN/ALQ-211 integrated radio frequency countermeasures (IRFCM) suite. Swedish helicopters will be equipped with an EW suite supplied by Saab Avionics, in conjunction with Avitronics of South Africa. Avitronics is jointly owned by Saab and Grintek.
"The NH90 is equipped with an integrated communications and identification management system. "Sensors
The NFH is equipped with a tactical forward-looking infrared (FLIR) system mounted in the nose, a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and a sonar suite. French Navy NFH will be fitted with the Flash Sonics sonar system from Thales Underwater Systems, which combines the Flash active dipping sonar with the TMS 2000 sonobuoy processing system.
The Norwegian and Swedish Navy NFH will also operate a version of the system, Flash-S, optimised for conditions in the Baltic Sea.
Dutch, Italian and German NFH will be equipped with the helicopter long-range active sonar (HELRAS). The HELRAS dipping sonar is supplied by ELAC Nautik of Kiel, Germany, a subsidiary of L-3 Communications.
The NFH is equipped with a Thales European navy radar (ENR) 360° surveillance radar mounted under the nose. ENR is derived from Thales Ocean Master and has been developed in conjunction with EADS and Galileo Avionica. Swedish NFH will have AN/APS-143B(V)3 Ocean Eye multimode surveillance radar from US company, Telephonics. Ocean Eye has both SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and ISAR (inverse synthetic aperture radar) imaging modes.
Communications
The NH90 is equipped with an integrated communications and identification management system. The secure radio system provides air-to-air and air-to-ground communications. The TSC 2000 IFF (identification friend or foe) supplied by Thales was developed under German and French cooperation. The helicopter is equipped with a Link 11 secure datalink.
Propulsion
The NFH Helicopter is powered by two RTM 322-01/9 engines supplied by Rolls-Royce Turbomeca.
"The NH90 NFH can be armed with anti-submarine torpedoes."For the Italian requirement, GE Aircraft Engines and Avio are co-producing another engine model, the T700/T6E1. The engines are fitted with a FADEC system. This engine has also been selected by Spain.
In August 2007, a version of the RTM-322 for hot-and-high conditions was certificated by Rolls-Royce Turbomeca, for the helicopters for Oman.
The fuel tanks, which hold 1,900kg of fuel, are fitted with crash-resistant, self-sealing cells supplied by Uniroyal Englebert Reifen, based in Aachen, Germany.
The fuel management system is by AFG. The auxiliary power unit (APU), from the Microturbo division of the Labinal Group, provides electrical engine starting and powers the ground operation environmental control system (ECS).
NH Industries, the prime contractor for the programme, is a joint venture company owned by AgustaWestland (32%
of Italy, Eurocopter (62.5%) and Stork Fokker (5%) of the Netherlands. Eurocopter is a subsidiary of EADS (European Aeronautics Defence and Space) company formed by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace of Germany, Aerospatiale Matra of France and CASA of Spain."The Nato frigate helicopter (NFH) is one of two versions of the NH90 twin-engine multi-role helicopter from NH Industries."In June 2000, the participating countries signed a contract for the production of 243 NH90s: France 27 NFH, Germany 80 TTH (with an option on a further 54), Italy 46 NFH and 70 TTH, and the Netherlands 20 NFH. Germany converted 42 options to firm orders (30 TTH for the Army and 12 TTH for the Air Force in June 2007. The first series production TTH helicopter made its maiden flight in May 2004 and the first NFH in August 2007. France ordered an additional 12 TTH variants for the French Army Aviation (ALAT) in 2007. It procured 22 NH90 TTH helicopters in December 2008 and may procure an additional 34 in 2010. These will replace aging Puma helicopters.
First deliveries of the NH90 took place on 13 December 2006, when three TTH transport helicopters were handed over to the German Army following German type certification.
Deliveries of the TTH to Italy began in December 2007. Deliveries of the NFH naval variant are expected to begin in 2009. Italy is to receive the first NFH helicopter.
In June 2001, Portugal became the fifth nation to join the NH90 programme, with a requirement for ten NH90 TTH helicopters. The Portuguese industrial partner is OGMA.
In September 2001, the NH90 was chosen as the common helicopter for the Nordic standard helicopter programme, for the navies of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Sweden has ordered 18 (13 TTT, five NFH), Finland 20 TTH and Norway 14 NFH (six for ASW and six for the coastguard). The first, a transport variant (called Hkp 14 in Swedish service), was delivered to Sweden in June 2007. Sweden is the first customer for the high-cabin version (HCV), which has a cabin height of 1.82m compared to 1.58m for the standard version. Deliveries to Finland began in March 2008.
In July 2004, 20 NH90 helicopters were ordered by the Royal Air Force of the Sultanate of Oman.
In August 2004, the Australian Ministry of Defence selected a version of the helicopter, the MRH 90, to meet the Australian Army requirement for 12 troop transport helicopters under the Air 9000 programme. The contract was signed in June 2005.
The first four helicopters are being built by Eurocopter in France, the remainder by Australian Aerospace, a subsidiary of Eurocopter. The first MRH90 made its maiden flight in March 2007. The first two helicopters were delivered in November 2007 and entered service with the Australian Army in December 2007. Deliveries are scheduled to complete in December 2009.
A further 35 helicopters were ordered for the Australian Navy in June 2006 for delivery by 2014. The first locally assembled MRH90 was delivered in December 2008. Initial operating capability (IOC) for the Navy is scheduled for 2010 and 2011 for the army. The MRH90 replaces aging Navy Sea King and Army Black Hawk helicopters.
In April 2005, the NH90 was selected to replace the Royal New Zealand Air Force's fleet of UH-1H Iroquois helicopters. A contract for nine helicopters was signed in July 2006.
"In 2003, the NH90 became the first medium-sized transport helicopter to fly with full fly-by-wire controls."In June 2007, Belgium placed an order for eight NH90, four NFH naval and four TTH transport plus two optional TTH helicopters.
In January 2007, the Spanish government placed an order for an initial batch of 45 helicopters in the TTH configuration.
In December 2003, the NH90 became the first medium-sized transport helicopter to fly with full fly-by-wire controls, with no mechanical back-up. This is the serial production configuration.
Total NH90 orders are 529 fixed and 60 options from 14 countries.
NH90 NFH roles
The primary missions of the NH90 NFH helicopter are in the autonomous anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface ship warfare (AsuW) role.
In a typical four-hour 'relocation on call' operation, the helicopter would take: 35 minutes to reach the area of operation; 20 minutes releasing sonobuoys; two hours on surveillance in the area of operations; 30 minutes releasing torpedoes; and 35 minutes to return to ship and land, with 20 minutes in reserve.
In a typical four-hour 'screening' operation, the helicopter would take: 15 minutes to reach the area of operation; three hours and 30 minutes in the operations zone carrying out 11 consecutive cycles of ten-minute sonar dipping; and 15 minutes to return to the ship and land, with 20 minutes reserve.
In the anti-surface warfare role, the helicopter is capable of detection, tracking, classification, identification and attack of hostile ships, and has over-the-horizon capability. Secondary roles include anti-air warfare (AAW), vertical replenishment (VERTREP), search and rescue (SAR), troop transport and mine laying.
Cockpit and avionics systems
The helicopter has a crew of three: the pilot and Tacco (the tactical coordinator responsible for mission management) and the Senso (sensor systems operator) in the cabin. The cabin of the NFH is equipped with an avionics bay with a sensor operator station and a tactical coordinator station, a dipping sonar and a sonobuoy launcher.
"The cabin of the NH90 is equipped with an avionics bay with a sensor operator station."The NH90 has 'fly-by-wire' all electric flight controls from Goodrich Actuation Systems and Liebherr Aerospace. This full authority quadruplex system increases the manoeuvrability of the aircraft while decreasing the weight. The avionics system is supplied by Thales Avionics and is based on a dual MIL-STD-1553B digital databus.
The cockpit has five 8in×8in colour multifunction liquid crystal displays for flight, mission systems and maintenance data. Honeywell Primus 701A weather radar is fitted.
The avionics package includes the Thales Topowl helmet-mounted sight and display which has a 40° field of view. Topowl also equips the Tiger and Rooivalk attack helicopters.
Under a contract awarded in January 2008, German NH90 helicopters will be fitted with EADS Defence Electronics MilOWS, a military version of the HELLAS laser-based helicopter obstacle warning system.
Armament
The Nato frigate helicopter can be armed with anti-submarine torpedoes, air-to-surface missiles and air-to-air missiles.
Countermeasures
The helicopters for France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Finland are fitted with a self-protection suite from EADS Defence Electronics, which is also being supplied to the Tiger helicopter. The suite includes EADS AN/AAR-60 MILDS missile approach warning system, Thales TWE threat warning equipment with integrated radar warning and laser warning receivers and MBDA Saphir-M chaff and flare dispenser.
Norwegian NFH are to have the ITT AN/ALQ-211 integrated radio frequency countermeasures (IRFCM) suite. Swedish helicopters will be equipped with an EW suite supplied by Saab Avionics, in conjunction with Avitronics of South Africa. Avitronics is jointly owned by Saab and Grintek.
"The NH90 is equipped with an integrated communications and identification management system. "Sensors
The NFH is equipped with a tactical forward-looking infrared (FLIR) system mounted in the nose, a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and a sonar suite. French Navy NFH will be fitted with the Flash Sonics sonar system from Thales Underwater Systems, which combines the Flash active dipping sonar with the TMS 2000 sonobuoy processing system.
The Norwegian and Swedish Navy NFH will also operate a version of the system, Flash-S, optimised for conditions in the Baltic Sea.
Dutch, Italian and German NFH will be equipped with the helicopter long-range active sonar (HELRAS). The HELRAS dipping sonar is supplied by ELAC Nautik of Kiel, Germany, a subsidiary of L-3 Communications.
The NFH is equipped with a Thales European navy radar (ENR) 360° surveillance radar mounted under the nose. ENR is derived from Thales Ocean Master and has been developed in conjunction with EADS and Galileo Avionica. Swedish NFH will have AN/APS-143B(V)3 Ocean Eye multimode surveillance radar from US company, Telephonics. Ocean Eye has both SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and ISAR (inverse synthetic aperture radar) imaging modes.
Communications
The NH90 is equipped with an integrated communications and identification management system. The secure radio system provides air-to-air and air-to-ground communications. The TSC 2000 IFF (identification friend or foe) supplied by Thales was developed under German and French cooperation. The helicopter is equipped with a Link 11 secure datalink.
Propulsion
The NFH Helicopter is powered by two RTM 322-01/9 engines supplied by Rolls-Royce Turbomeca.
"The NH90 NFH can be armed with anti-submarine torpedoes."For the Italian requirement, GE Aircraft Engines and Avio are co-producing another engine model, the T700/T6E1. The engines are fitted with a FADEC system. This engine has also been selected by Spain.
In August 2007, a version of the RTM-322 for hot-and-high conditions was certificated by Rolls-Royce Turbomeca, for the helicopters for Oman.
The fuel tanks, which hold 1,900kg of fuel, are fitted with crash-resistant, self-sealing cells supplied by Uniroyal Englebert Reifen, based in Aachen, Germany.
The fuel management system is by AFG. The auxiliary power unit (APU), from the Microturbo division of the Labinal Group, provides electrical engine starting and powers the ground operation environmental control system (ECS).
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The multi-mission Sikorsky MH-60S Knighthawk is the US Navy's newly designed helicopter, which entered service in February 2002. The US Navy is expected to acquire a total of 237 of the MH-60S helicopters, to carry out missions such as vertical replenishment, combat search and rescue, special warfare support and airborne mine countermeasures.
132 aircraft have been ordered to date. The helicopter began full-rate production in August 2002 and over 100 aircraft have been delivered. All 237 aircraft are scheduled to be in service by 2011. First deployment of the new helicopter took place on board USS Essex, Wasp Class amphibious assault ship, in January 2003 and a number of MH-60S helicopters were deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
The helicopter was originally designated CH-60S, as a replacement for the US Navy's Boeing CH-46D Sea Knight heavy-lift helicopters in the vertical replenishment role. The helicopter was redesignated MH-60S as a result of an expansion in mission requirements to include a range of additional combat support capabilities.
Retirement of US Navy Sea Knights concluded in September 2004. By 2010 the MH-60S and the MH-60R, which will replace the Seahawk, will be the only helicopters in the US Navy inventory.
Sikorsky was awarded the US Navy contract to develop the MH-60S in 1997. The production aircraft made its maiden flight in January 2000. The operational evaluation (Opeval) began in November 2001 at the Naval Air Warfare Centre at Patuxent River in Maryland and concluded in May 2002.
In June 2007, the Royal Navy of Thailand became the first international customer for the MH-60S, with an order for two helicopters to be delivered in 2009. They will be used for maritime utility.
MH-60S DESIGN
The structure of the MH-60S is based on the proven design features of the UH-60L Black Hawk and the naval variant, the SH-60B Seahawk.
The helicopter uses the baseline structure of the Black Hawk with Seahawk T-700-GE-401C engines, hover in flight refuelling and fuel dumping. It also has the Seahawk's rotor system and dynamics, including the automatic rotor blade folding system, rapid folding tail pylon, transmission and drive train with improved durability gearbox, rotor brake and automatic flight control computer. The helicopter also uses the Seahawk rescue hoist for search and rescue missions and the naval cockpit doors.
The MH-60S uses the Black Hawk airframe, which provides the larger cabin volume and double-doors needed for cargo and passenger transport, enabling troops to embark and disembark quickly. The MH-60S retains the Black Hawk's provisions for mounting the external pylons to carry stores and equipment, providing added capability to carry out a wide range of missions. The MH-60S has the Black Hawk's 9,000lb external cargo hook, gunner's window, landing gear with tie downs and wire strike protection, along with hover IR suppresser, automatic stabilisation equipment and fuel cells.
New design features incorporated into the Knighthawk include the tail cone bulkhead and the large cabin is fitted with a new cabin cargo handling system.
MH-60 COMMON COCKPIT
The helicopter is equipped with the new glass MH-60 Common Cockpit, which is also being fitted on the US Navy MH-60R, developed by Sikorsky to replace the Seahawk. Prime contractor for the Common Cockpit is the Owego Helo Systems division of Lockheed Martin Systems Integration at Owego New York.
"The structure of the MH-60S is based on the proven design features of the UH-60L Black Hawk and the SH-60B Seahawk."The cockpit includes four 8in x 10in active matrix liquid crystal displays and dual programmable operator keysets. The avionics includes dual flight management computers and an audio management computer. The navigation suite includes a Northrop Grumman (Litton) LN-100G dual embedded global positioning system and inertial navigation system. Telephonics Corp. supplies the communication management system.
The pilot and co-pilot sit side by side on armour-protected seats. A third crew member is seated next to the forward cabin window. The forward hinged doors are jettisonable.
Lockheed Martin was awarded a USN contract in November 2004 for an upgrade which includes the integration of Link 16, a Ku-band datalink and an improved multi-spectral targeting system, MTS-A. MTS-A includes seven fields of view colour TV camera, forward-looking infrared system with electronic zoom, laser rangefinder / designator / illuminator and triple mode avieo autotracker. The upgrade is planned to enter service in 2009. A further contract in September 2005 includes a 12-satellite GPS receiver and ground proximity warning system.
MISSION SYSTEMS
The helicopter is designed in an air transport configuration that is easily modified with mission kits, for example mine countermeasures systems and combat search and rescue kits. The heated and ventilated main cabin can accommodate up to 20 armed troops.
AIRBORNE MINE COUNTERMEASURES
The MH-60S, fitted with Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM) made its first flight in July 2003.
Lockheed Martin Systems Integration – Owego, with Sikorsky, is integrator for the MH-60S mine countermeasures systems which includes: Raytheon Airborne Mine Neutralisation System (AMNS) with BAE Systems Archerfish expendable underwater vehicle that destroys the mines; Northrop Grumman Rapid Airborne Mine Clearance System (RAMICS), a non-towed mine neutralisation system that will clear near-surface and surface-moored mines using a Kaman Aerospace laser target sensor and a 30mm mk44 gun; Raytheon AN/AQS-20A towed sonar with mine identification system which entered production in September 2005; Northrop Grumman airborne laser mine detection system, AN/AES-1 ALMDS, which began low-rate initial production in September 2005; and EDO Corporation Organic Airborne and Surface Influence Sweep (OASIS).
AN/AES-1 ALMDS detects and classifies floating and near-surface moored mines, using pulsed laser light. The ALMDS pod is mechanically attached to the MH-60S with a standard Bomb Rack Unit 14 (BRU-14) mount.
COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE (CSAR)
In the combat search and rescue role the MH-60S will replace the current HH-60H starting in 2007. Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract in December 2004 to integrate the armed helicopter mission kit on the CSAR MH-60S.
The kit includes a digital map, AN/AAS-44 FLIR, the electronic warfare self-defence suite fitted on the MH-60R, an additional pylon to carry Hellfire air-to-surface missiles and mk54 digital torpedo, and crew-served weapons, including 7.62mm guns from port and starboard cabin windows and 0.50-calibre guns from port and starboard cabin doors. Development testing was completed in February 2007 to be followed by operational evaluation and service entry.
"In the combat search and rescue role the MH-60S will replace the current HH-60H."COUNTERMEASURES
The MH-60S countermeasures suite includes: Northrop Grumman AN/APR-39AV(2) radar warner, ATK AN/AAR-47V(2) missile warner and the BAE Systems IEWS AN/ALQ-144V(6) Infrared Countermeasures Set.
ENGINES
The helicopter is equipped with two General Electric T700-GE-401C turboshaft engines. The engine is configured with one centrifugal and five axial stages and has a take-off rating of 1,260kW. The helicopter carries 2,233l of fuel in internal fuel tanks. The helicopter is equipped with a Hover In Flight Refuelling system (HIFR) and fuel dump vents.
The Pentagon has initiated the Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology program (IHPTET) with the US Army, leading to the definition of the Common Engine Program (CEP). It is planned that the all-new engine defined under the CEP will eventually be fitted on the MH-60S helicopter.
The engines drive a four-bladed main rotor. The helicopter is equipped with electrically actuated blade folding for ease of stowage of the helicopter on board ship.
132 aircraft have been ordered to date. The helicopter began full-rate production in August 2002 and over 100 aircraft have been delivered. All 237 aircraft are scheduled to be in service by 2011. First deployment of the new helicopter took place on board USS Essex, Wasp Class amphibious assault ship, in January 2003 and a number of MH-60S helicopters were deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
The helicopter was originally designated CH-60S, as a replacement for the US Navy's Boeing CH-46D Sea Knight heavy-lift helicopters in the vertical replenishment role. The helicopter was redesignated MH-60S as a result of an expansion in mission requirements to include a range of additional combat support capabilities.
Retirement of US Navy Sea Knights concluded in September 2004. By 2010 the MH-60S and the MH-60R, which will replace the Seahawk, will be the only helicopters in the US Navy inventory.
Sikorsky was awarded the US Navy contract to develop the MH-60S in 1997. The production aircraft made its maiden flight in January 2000. The operational evaluation (Opeval) began in November 2001 at the Naval Air Warfare Centre at Patuxent River in Maryland and concluded in May 2002.
In June 2007, the Royal Navy of Thailand became the first international customer for the MH-60S, with an order for two helicopters to be delivered in 2009. They will be used for maritime utility.
MH-60S DESIGN
The structure of the MH-60S is based on the proven design features of the UH-60L Black Hawk and the naval variant, the SH-60B Seahawk.
The helicopter uses the baseline structure of the Black Hawk with Seahawk T-700-GE-401C engines, hover in flight refuelling and fuel dumping. It also has the Seahawk's rotor system and dynamics, including the automatic rotor blade folding system, rapid folding tail pylon, transmission and drive train with improved durability gearbox, rotor brake and automatic flight control computer. The helicopter also uses the Seahawk rescue hoist for search and rescue missions and the naval cockpit doors.
The MH-60S uses the Black Hawk airframe, which provides the larger cabin volume and double-doors needed for cargo and passenger transport, enabling troops to embark and disembark quickly. The MH-60S retains the Black Hawk's provisions for mounting the external pylons to carry stores and equipment, providing added capability to carry out a wide range of missions. The MH-60S has the Black Hawk's 9,000lb external cargo hook, gunner's window, landing gear with tie downs and wire strike protection, along with hover IR suppresser, automatic stabilisation equipment and fuel cells.
New design features incorporated into the Knighthawk include the tail cone bulkhead and the large cabin is fitted with a new cabin cargo handling system.
MH-60 COMMON COCKPIT
The helicopter is equipped with the new glass MH-60 Common Cockpit, which is also being fitted on the US Navy MH-60R, developed by Sikorsky to replace the Seahawk. Prime contractor for the Common Cockpit is the Owego Helo Systems division of Lockheed Martin Systems Integration at Owego New York.
"The structure of the MH-60S is based on the proven design features of the UH-60L Black Hawk and the SH-60B Seahawk."The cockpit includes four 8in x 10in active matrix liquid crystal displays and dual programmable operator keysets. The avionics includes dual flight management computers and an audio management computer. The navigation suite includes a Northrop Grumman (Litton) LN-100G dual embedded global positioning system and inertial navigation system. Telephonics Corp. supplies the communication management system.
The pilot and co-pilot sit side by side on armour-protected seats. A third crew member is seated next to the forward cabin window. The forward hinged doors are jettisonable.
Lockheed Martin was awarded a USN contract in November 2004 for an upgrade which includes the integration of Link 16, a Ku-band datalink and an improved multi-spectral targeting system, MTS-A. MTS-A includes seven fields of view colour TV camera, forward-looking infrared system with electronic zoom, laser rangefinder / designator / illuminator and triple mode avieo autotracker. The upgrade is planned to enter service in 2009. A further contract in September 2005 includes a 12-satellite GPS receiver and ground proximity warning system.
MISSION SYSTEMS
The helicopter is designed in an air transport configuration that is easily modified with mission kits, for example mine countermeasures systems and combat search and rescue kits. The heated and ventilated main cabin can accommodate up to 20 armed troops.
AIRBORNE MINE COUNTERMEASURES
The MH-60S, fitted with Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM) made its first flight in July 2003.
Lockheed Martin Systems Integration – Owego, with Sikorsky, is integrator for the MH-60S mine countermeasures systems which includes: Raytheon Airborne Mine Neutralisation System (AMNS) with BAE Systems Archerfish expendable underwater vehicle that destroys the mines; Northrop Grumman Rapid Airborne Mine Clearance System (RAMICS), a non-towed mine neutralisation system that will clear near-surface and surface-moored mines using a Kaman Aerospace laser target sensor and a 30mm mk44 gun; Raytheon AN/AQS-20A towed sonar with mine identification system which entered production in September 2005; Northrop Grumman airborne laser mine detection system, AN/AES-1 ALMDS, which began low-rate initial production in September 2005; and EDO Corporation Organic Airborne and Surface Influence Sweep (OASIS).
AN/AES-1 ALMDS detects and classifies floating and near-surface moored mines, using pulsed laser light. The ALMDS pod is mechanically attached to the MH-60S with a standard Bomb Rack Unit 14 (BRU-14) mount.
COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE (CSAR)
In the combat search and rescue role the MH-60S will replace the current HH-60H starting in 2007. Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract in December 2004 to integrate the armed helicopter mission kit on the CSAR MH-60S.
The kit includes a digital map, AN/AAS-44 FLIR, the electronic warfare self-defence suite fitted on the MH-60R, an additional pylon to carry Hellfire air-to-surface missiles and mk54 digital torpedo, and crew-served weapons, including 7.62mm guns from port and starboard cabin windows and 0.50-calibre guns from port and starboard cabin doors. Development testing was completed in February 2007 to be followed by operational evaluation and service entry.
"In the combat search and rescue role the MH-60S will replace the current HH-60H."COUNTERMEASURES
The MH-60S countermeasures suite includes: Northrop Grumman AN/APR-39AV(2) radar warner, ATK AN/AAR-47V(2) missile warner and the BAE Systems IEWS AN/ALQ-144V(6) Infrared Countermeasures Set.
ENGINES
The helicopter is equipped with two General Electric T700-GE-401C turboshaft engines. The engine is configured with one centrifugal and five axial stages and has a take-off rating of 1,260kW. The helicopter carries 2,233l of fuel in internal fuel tanks. The helicopter is equipped with a Hover In Flight Refuelling system (HIFR) and fuel dump vents.
The Pentagon has initiated the Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology program (IHPTET) with the US Army, leading to the definition of the Common Engine Program (CEP). It is planned that the all-new engine defined under the CEP will eventually be fitted on the MH-60S helicopter.
The engines drive a four-bladed main rotor. The helicopter is equipped with electrically actuated blade folding for ease of stowage of the helicopter on board ship.
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The structure of the MH-60S is based on the proven design features of the UH-60L Black Hawk and the SH-60B Seahawk."
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The Zhi-9C (Z-9C) is the naval helicopter developed by the Harbin Aircraft Manufacture Co. (HAMC) for shipborne anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and search and rescue (SAR) missions. The helicopter resembles the naval variant of the French Eurocopter AS 565 Panther, of which a small number is also operational with the PLA Navy, but the two helicopters have no direct link. The Z-9C was based on the airframe of the HAMC Z-9B (AS 365N Dauphin II copy), added with surface search radar and landing assistance system.
HMAC began to develop a naval variant of its Z-9 helicopter in the mid-1980s. The first flight of the helicopter took place on 2 December 1987. However, the early naval variant Z-9 was not fitted with any ASW equipment, and could only be used for training and transport roles. As a result, the PLA Navy had to rely on the French-made AS 565 Panther for shipborne ASW and SAR missions. A further improved variant fitted with an indigenous KLC-1 surface search radar and a ASW suite was introduced in the late 1990s. This variant joined the PLA Navy service under the designation Z-9C.
The Z-9C was designed for both ASW role, equipped with dipping sonar, sonar buoys, magnetic anomaly detector (MAD), and two external weapon pylons to carry 1~2 ET52 (A244/S copy) anti-submarine torpedoes. A second mission for the Z-9C is target detection and data relay. The helicopter could use its KLC-1 surface search radar to locate enemy surface vessels at ‘over-the-horizon’ distance, and transmit the target information to the YJ-83 anti-ship missile during its midcourse flight using the datalink antenna installed on the helicopter’s cockpit roof. Some Z-9Cs are configured for SAR missions with a hoist, FLIR unit, and searchlight.
A recent Internet-source photo revealed that the HAMC is currently developing an improved variant of the Z-9C designated Z-9D. The helicopter can carry two TL-10 anti-ship missiles developed by Hongdu Aviation Industry Group
Design
The Z-9C is generally identical to the Z-9B / SA 365 N2 Dauphin-II. The helicopter has a four-blade main rotor, with two turboshaft engines mounted side by side on top of the cabin with an air intake on side of motor hump and exhausts at the rear of the hump. The teardrop-shaped body features a tapered boom to the tail fin, a rounded nose and stepped-up cockpit. The nose of the Z-9C is slightly stretched to accommodate the surface search radar antenna. A pair of weapon pylon for carrying torpedoes are attached to the lower part of the fuselage.
The tail flats feature swept-back tips forward of the swept-back and tapered fin with a blunt tip. Like the Z-9B, the Z-9C also features a modified 11-blade Fenestron faired-in tail rotor with wider-chord, all-composite blades instead of 13 all-metal blades as in AS 365N1.
The helicopter has hydraulically-operated retractable tricycle type landing gear. The nose unit is twin-wheeled and retracts rearward. The main units are single-wheeled and retract into wheel troughs in the fuselage. All three units of the land gear are equipped with oleopneumatic shock absorbers. Some Z-9Cs are equipped with a landing assistance system.
Cockpit Systems
The helicopter can be fitted with a BG-06 radio altimeter, Type 150 single-sideband radio, and KJ-13 autopilot, and can choose the KDF-806 radio compass, KTR-908 radio, and TB-31 intercom as optional.
Mission Equipments
The Z-9C carries an indigenous KLC-1 surface search radar developed by the Nanjing Electronic Research institute (14 Institute). The X-band radar was designed to search and track surface vessels, with a maximum detection range of 92km against fishing boat-sized targets and 118km against small- to medium-sized surface vessel.
ASW equipments onboard the Z-9C include a Type 605 (Chinese copy of the U.S. AN/AQS-13) dipping sonar, a box of 12 passive sonobuoys, four active sonobuoys, a temperature buoy and a maritime environment buoy. The helicopter is equipped with a radio receiver, allowing it to receive the signal of sonobuoys at 10km range when flying at 120km/h speed.
For search and rescue missions, the helicopter can be fitted with a 250kg-capacity hoist with winch and scoop fitted externally above the starboard side cabin door, an FLIR unit and a searchlight.
Weapons
The Z-9C is fitted with a pair of external pylon to carry 1~2 Chinese indigenous ET52 anti-submarine torpedoes. The ET52 was a Chinese copy of the Italian Whitehead A244/S, using active/passive acoustic homing to a maximum range of 9.5km.
The latest Z-9D can carry two Hongdu TL-10 lightweight anti-ship missiles under its weapon pylons. The missile uses active-radar homing and has a maximum range of 15km. The warhead is 30kg and flying speed is Mach 0.85.
Engines
The Z-9C is powered by two 550kW (739hp) Turbomeca Arriel-IC1 turboshafts, which are produced by SAEC at Zhuzhou as Wozhou-8A (WZ-8A). The fuel capacity is 1,140 litre, with option for a 400 litre ferry tank.
HMAC began to develop a naval variant of its Z-9 helicopter in the mid-1980s. The first flight of the helicopter took place on 2 December 1987. However, the early naval variant Z-9 was not fitted with any ASW equipment, and could only be used for training and transport roles. As a result, the PLA Navy had to rely on the French-made AS 565 Panther for shipborne ASW and SAR missions. A further improved variant fitted with an indigenous KLC-1 surface search radar and a ASW suite was introduced in the late 1990s. This variant joined the PLA Navy service under the designation Z-9C.
The Z-9C was designed for both ASW role, equipped with dipping sonar, sonar buoys, magnetic anomaly detector (MAD), and two external weapon pylons to carry 1~2 ET52 (A244/S copy) anti-submarine torpedoes. A second mission for the Z-9C is target detection and data relay. The helicopter could use its KLC-1 surface search radar to locate enemy surface vessels at ‘over-the-horizon’ distance, and transmit the target information to the YJ-83 anti-ship missile during its midcourse flight using the datalink antenna installed on the helicopter’s cockpit roof. Some Z-9Cs are configured for SAR missions with a hoist, FLIR unit, and searchlight.
A recent Internet-source photo revealed that the HAMC is currently developing an improved variant of the Z-9C designated Z-9D. The helicopter can carry two TL-10 anti-ship missiles developed by Hongdu Aviation Industry Group
Design
The Z-9C is generally identical to the Z-9B / SA 365 N2 Dauphin-II. The helicopter has a four-blade main rotor, with two turboshaft engines mounted side by side on top of the cabin with an air intake on side of motor hump and exhausts at the rear of the hump. The teardrop-shaped body features a tapered boom to the tail fin, a rounded nose and stepped-up cockpit. The nose of the Z-9C is slightly stretched to accommodate the surface search radar antenna. A pair of weapon pylon for carrying torpedoes are attached to the lower part of the fuselage.
The tail flats feature swept-back tips forward of the swept-back and tapered fin with a blunt tip. Like the Z-9B, the Z-9C also features a modified 11-blade Fenestron faired-in tail rotor with wider-chord, all-composite blades instead of 13 all-metal blades as in AS 365N1.
The helicopter has hydraulically-operated retractable tricycle type landing gear. The nose unit is twin-wheeled and retracts rearward. The main units are single-wheeled and retract into wheel troughs in the fuselage. All three units of the land gear are equipped with oleopneumatic shock absorbers. Some Z-9Cs are equipped with a landing assistance system.
Cockpit Systems
The helicopter can be fitted with a BG-06 radio altimeter, Type 150 single-sideband radio, and KJ-13 autopilot, and can choose the KDF-806 radio compass, KTR-908 radio, and TB-31 intercom as optional.
Mission Equipments
The Z-9C carries an indigenous KLC-1 surface search radar developed by the Nanjing Electronic Research institute (14 Institute). The X-band radar was designed to search and track surface vessels, with a maximum detection range of 92km against fishing boat-sized targets and 118km against small- to medium-sized surface vessel.
ASW equipments onboard the Z-9C include a Type 605 (Chinese copy of the U.S. AN/AQS-13) dipping sonar, a box of 12 passive sonobuoys, four active sonobuoys, a temperature buoy and a maritime environment buoy. The helicopter is equipped with a radio receiver, allowing it to receive the signal of sonobuoys at 10km range when flying at 120km/h speed.
For search and rescue missions, the helicopter can be fitted with a 250kg-capacity hoist with winch and scoop fitted externally above the starboard side cabin door, an FLIR unit and a searchlight.
Weapons
The Z-9C is fitted with a pair of external pylon to carry 1~2 Chinese indigenous ET52 anti-submarine torpedoes. The ET52 was a Chinese copy of the Italian Whitehead A244/S, using active/passive acoustic homing to a maximum range of 9.5km.
The latest Z-9D can carry two Hongdu TL-10 lightweight anti-ship missiles under its weapon pylons. The missile uses active-radar homing and has a maximum range of 15km. The warhead is 30kg and flying speed is Mach 0.85.
Engines
The Z-9C is powered by two 550kW (739hp) Turbomeca Arriel-IC1 turboshafts, which are produced by SAEC at Zhuzhou as Wozhou-8A (WZ-8A). The fuel capacity is 1,140 litre, with option for a 400 litre ferry tank.
Super Falcon
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The Z-9C was designed for both ASW role, equipped with dipping sonar, sonar buoys, magnetic anomaly detector (MAD), and two external weapon pylons to carry 1~2 ET52 (A244/S copy) anti-submarine torpedoes. A second mission for the Z-9C is target detection and data relay. The helicopter could use its KLC-1 surface search radar to locate enemy surface vessels at ‘over-the-horizon’ distance, and transmit the target information to the YJ-83 anti-ship missile during its midcourse flight using the datalink antenna installed on the helicopter’s cockpit roof. Some Z-9Cs are configured for SAR missions with a hoist, FLIR unit, and searchlight.
A recent Internet-source photo revealed that the HAMC is currently developing an improved variant of the Z-9C designated Z-9D. The helicopter can carry two TL-10 anti-ship missiles developed by Hongdu Aviation Industry Group
A recent Internet-source photo revealed that the HAMC is currently developing an improved variant of the Z-9C designated Z-9D. The helicopter can carry two TL-10 anti-ship missiles developed by Hongdu Aviation Industry Group
Super Falcon
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The Ka-27 and Ka-28 are naval anti-submarine helicopters and the Ka-29 is a naval combat and transport helicopter, designed and manufactured by the Kamov Design Bureau in Russia. The helicopters are known in the West by the Nato reporting name Helix. Over 60 Ka-27/28s and 15 Ka-29s are in service with Russia, and the helicopters have been exported to Cuba, India, Syria, Vietnam and the former Yugoslavia. China has recently taken delivery of three Ka-27s and five Ka-28s to operate from their Russian-built Sovremenny destroyers.
A further variant, the Ka-31, has been developed for Airborne Early Warning (AEW). Nine Ka-31 helicopters have been ordered by India, for deployment on the INS Viraat aircraft carrier and Talwar frigates. First deliveries are scheduled for late 2003. Also based on the Ka-27, the multi-role Ka-32 has been chosen by South Korea for search and rescue duties.
KA-27 AND KA-28 ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE HELICOPTERS
The mission of the helicopters is to detect, track and destroy submerged submarines at a depth of 500m and running at speeds up to 75km/h at any time of year and in all weather conditions. The Ka-28 has both day and night operations capability. The helicopters can operate in conditions up to sea state 5 and at ranges up to 200km from the take-off pads.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The helicopter is fitted with a coaxial main rotor with folding blades. The composite blades are fitted with an electric thermal de-icing system. The aerodynamic and design parameters allow the helicopters to be stowed in small shipborne hangars. The landing gear provides for safe take-off and landing on rocking ship decks. Corrosion-resistant materials have been used in the construction to ensure normal operation in active sea environments. The helicopter is fitted with ballonet flotation devices for emergency landing on water.
TV3-117 TURBOSHAFT ENGINES
The Ka-27 helicopter is powered by two TV3-117KM turboshaft engines. The Ka-28, a modification of the Ka-27, is powered by two more powerful TV3-117VK turboshaft engines, with increased fuel and take-off weight.
MISSION SYSTEMS
The helicopter is equipped with a radar system for navigation and to detect surfaced submarines and responder beacons. The VGS-3 dipping sonar detects submarines, determines the coordinates of the submarine and transfers the data in semi-automatic mode to data transmission equipment. The mission computer carries out automatic control, stabilisation and guidance of the helicopter to the mission areas to attack targets. The helicopter also has a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and an airborne receiver to detect and guide the helicopter towards sonar buoy radio transmissions. The export version Ka-28 also has an IFF (interrogation friend or foe) system.
WEAPON SYSTEMS
The helicopter is armed with one homing torpedo, one torpedo rocket, ten PLAB 250-120 bombs and two OMAB bombs. It is fitted with a heated torpedo bay, ensuring the reliability of weapons in low-temperature weather conditions.
KA-29 NAVAL COMBAT AND TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
The Ka-29 is the naval combat and transport helicopter version of the Ka-27. The mission of the helicopter is to land navy and infantry units with armament from combatant ships, ensure fire support for seaborne assault troops, ferry personnel and cargo from ship bases, and supply vessels to combatant ships.
The structure of the Ka-29 is very similar to the Ka-27 and Ka-28. The helicopter is powered by two TV3-117V turboshaft engines.
MISSION SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
The Ka-29 can be re-equipped while on the assembly line, and transport and combat versions can be produced during assembly at the manufacturing plant, while the variants can also be reciprocally changed in the field.
The cargo cabin accommodates 16 armed troops, or four stretcher patients and seven seated casualties with one medical attendant, or at least two tons of cargo.
The helicopter can be fitted with four weapon suspension stations. According to the mission requirements, the helicopter can be armed with rockets, bombs and machine gun pods mounted on the weapon pylons on both sides of the fuselage. Alternatively, tanks or container pods can be carried. Bombs and containers can be also arranged in the helicopter's torpedo bay.
The helicopter is fitted with a 7.62mm flexibly mounted machine gun with 1,800 cartridges.
A number of measures are taken to increase combat survivability, including armour protection. The helicopter has been in service with the Russian armed forces since 1985.
A further variant, the Ka-31, has been developed for Airborne Early Warning (AEW). Nine Ka-31 helicopters have been ordered by India, for deployment on the INS Viraat aircraft carrier and Talwar frigates. First deliveries are scheduled for late 2003. Also based on the Ka-27, the multi-role Ka-32 has been chosen by South Korea for search and rescue duties.
KA-27 AND KA-28 ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE HELICOPTERS
The mission of the helicopters is to detect, track and destroy submerged submarines at a depth of 500m and running at speeds up to 75km/h at any time of year and in all weather conditions. The Ka-28 has both day and night operations capability. The helicopters can operate in conditions up to sea state 5 and at ranges up to 200km from the take-off pads.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The helicopter is fitted with a coaxial main rotor with folding blades. The composite blades are fitted with an electric thermal de-icing system. The aerodynamic and design parameters allow the helicopters to be stowed in small shipborne hangars. The landing gear provides for safe take-off and landing on rocking ship decks. Corrosion-resistant materials have been used in the construction to ensure normal operation in active sea environments. The helicopter is fitted with ballonet flotation devices for emergency landing on water.
TV3-117 TURBOSHAFT ENGINES
The Ka-27 helicopter is powered by two TV3-117KM turboshaft engines. The Ka-28, a modification of the Ka-27, is powered by two more powerful TV3-117VK turboshaft engines, with increased fuel and take-off weight.
MISSION SYSTEMS
The helicopter is equipped with a radar system for navigation and to detect surfaced submarines and responder beacons. The VGS-3 dipping sonar detects submarines, determines the coordinates of the submarine and transfers the data in semi-automatic mode to data transmission equipment. The mission computer carries out automatic control, stabilisation and guidance of the helicopter to the mission areas to attack targets. The helicopter also has a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and an airborne receiver to detect and guide the helicopter towards sonar buoy radio transmissions. The export version Ka-28 also has an IFF (interrogation friend or foe) system.
WEAPON SYSTEMS
The helicopter is armed with one homing torpedo, one torpedo rocket, ten PLAB 250-120 bombs and two OMAB bombs. It is fitted with a heated torpedo bay, ensuring the reliability of weapons in low-temperature weather conditions.
KA-29 NAVAL COMBAT AND TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
The Ka-29 is the naval combat and transport helicopter version of the Ka-27. The mission of the helicopter is to land navy and infantry units with armament from combatant ships, ensure fire support for seaborne assault troops, ferry personnel and cargo from ship bases, and supply vessels to combatant ships.
The structure of the Ka-29 is very similar to the Ka-27 and Ka-28. The helicopter is powered by two TV3-117V turboshaft engines.
MISSION SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
The Ka-29 can be re-equipped while on the assembly line, and transport and combat versions can be produced during assembly at the manufacturing plant, while the variants can also be reciprocally changed in the field.
The cargo cabin accommodates 16 armed troops, or four stretcher patients and seven seated casualties with one medical attendant, or at least two tons of cargo.
The helicopter can be fitted with four weapon suspension stations. According to the mission requirements, the helicopter can be armed with rockets, bombs and machine gun pods mounted on the weapon pylons on both sides of the fuselage. Alternatively, tanks or container pods can be carried. Bombs and containers can be also arranged in the helicopter's torpedo bay.
The helicopter is fitted with a 7.62mm flexibly mounted machine gun with 1,800 cartridges.
A number of measures are taken to increase combat survivability, including armour protection. The helicopter has been in service with the Russian armed forces since 1985.
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