No big bang? Universe had no beginning

[Imtiaz_Sarwar]

They executed the guy who said Earth isnt flat. For bringing this horrible news I must execute you. Any last wish?

A good joke.

 

[Ray_of_Hope]

So the big bang, again, postulates that the universe started out as an infinitely small point in space called a singularity, then exploded and created space where there was no space before, and that it is continually expanding. One big question regarding that expansion is; how did it happen? As you can see in the picture, “who is that guy?!”

He is Allah Almighty,Jesus,bhagwan,god or whatever u may say

“For every action there is an equal opposite reaction.” is one of the most foundational and proven concepts in all of physics. Therefore, if the universe is expanding then “the guy” (or whatever “he” is), who is blowing up that balloon, has to have some huge lungs that are contracting to be able to blow it up. This a concept that Nassim Haramein began exploring when creating an alternative unified field theory to explain the universe.” [r]

 

[definitelynotIndian]

This guy hasn't incorporated dark energy in his theory. I cant take this seriously

 

[The SC]

The universe is dynamically expanding and contracting in time, this could have had been all time or it might have started after a "big bang", which makes more sense if we refer to nature. One has only to look at the human embryo - or any living thing as a matter of fact- formation, its origin(s) and its expansion and contraction in time and multiply that by 10 power the infinite or something tending to the infinite, to get the whole picture from microcosm to the macrocosm.

No one can make a graph of the universe, since everything is incorporated into it. Any attempt at graphing the universe will make it look like if it was contained in some other space, which is not the case.
This theory is another attempt to explain the origin of the universe or the lack of it, one has to keep an open mind and take it with a grain of salt like other thousands of attempts that were made before. Even the Authors of the papers are taking it with prudence and say that they have to work on it with other parameters involved. It might just lead to the discovery of some new scientific perspectives or scientific breakthroughs but obviously not the mind boggling _although simple to understand, so why not complicate it_ origin of the universe.

 

[Kloitra]

This theory does say that universe must have gone through some expansions and contractions regularly, which we human might not see or feel in our life time.

Most of what we see is the past. But we see universe over the span of billions of years.

“who is that guy?!”

No one. It is like a blowing cracker, or a bomb. Once it explodes, the gases keep expanding till some force stops them. Once the universe started expanding since big bang, no force exists great enough to stop the expansion.

 

[SvenSvensonov]

Most of what we see is the past. But we see universe over the span of billions of years.

All of what we see in our sky exists in the past, even the light from our own Sun takes 8 minutes to reach of planet. Light reflecting off the Moon takes time too. But do we see everything that is or was? When light travels at a mostly constant speed (more on that in a second), what exists beyond the boundary of the light that has reached our planet, assuming our universe continues to expand. We would call this the non-observable universe, or items such as planets that exist beyond the boundary of the light that has reached our planet. If a planet or star is too far away from our planet, and light travels at a constant speed and has been traveling for a constant time, we might never see that light... ever. Any object at the edge of the universe, an expanding universe, travelling faster than light - due to the expansion of space, will see it's light never reach our planet and thus will remain observable to optical methods.

Nothing with mass can travel faster than light... space itself can expand faster that the speed of light - it's massless.

What Lies Beyond the Edge of the Observable Universe?

Roughly 13.75 billion years ago, our universe came into existence. Very shortly thereafter, primordial light started shooting across the cosmos and spreading throughout the early universe. At this juncture, the universe itself was also expanding. The inflation of the universe slowed after the first initial burst, but since then, the rate of expansion has been steadily increasing due to the influence of dark energy.

Essentially, since its inception, the cosmos has been growing at an ever increasing rate. Cosmologists estimate that the oldest photons that we can observe have traveled a distance of 45-47 billion light years since the big bang. That means that our observable universe is some 90 billion light-years wide (give or take a few light years). These 90 some-odd billion light-years contain all of the quarks, quasars, stars, planets, nebulae, black holes…and everything else that we could possibly observe. But the observable universe only contains the light that has had time to reach us. A lot more universe exists beyond what we are able to observe.

According to special relativity, objects that are close together cannot move faster than the speed of light with respect to one another; however, there is no such law for objects that are extremely distant from one another when the space between them is, itself, expanding. In short, it is not that objects are traveling faster than the speed of light, but that the space between objects is expanding, causing them to fly away from each other at amazing speeds. According to the theory of cosmic inflation, the entire universe’s size is at least 10^23 times larger than the size of the observable universe.

That’s a lot of universe that we are missing. So, what *exactly* are we missing? What lies beyond the edge of what we can’t see? Since we can’t see it or measure it, we don’t know what lies beyond the bounds of the observable universe. However, we have several theories regarding what exists in the great unknown…

Despite its strangeness, this first theory is one of the easiest to digest. Astronomers think space outside of the observable universe might be an infinite expanse of what we see in the cosmos around us distributed pretty much the same as it is in the observable universe. This seems logical. After all, who can envision a universe that has an end….a huge brick wall lurking at its edge?

So, in some ways, infinity makes sense. But “infinity” means that, beyond the observable universe, you won’t just find more planets and stars and other forms of material…you will eventually find every possible thing. Every. Possible. Thing. That means that, somewhere out there, there is another person who is identical to you in every possible way. And there is also a you who is only *slightly* different from you in every possible way. They may be reading this article right now; the only difference is that they just picked their nose while you didn’t (or did you?). This notion seems inconceivable. But then, infinity is rather inconceivable.

Another theory deals with something called “dark flow.” In 2008, astronomers discovered something very strange and unexpected – galactic clusters were all streaming in the same direction at immense speed, over two million miles per hour. One possible cause: massive structures outside the observable universe exerting gravitational influence. As for the structures themselves, they could be literally anything: amazingly huge accumulations of matter and energy (on scales we can hardly imagine), or even bizarre warps in space-time that are funneling gravitational forces from other universes. We simply don’t know what these massive objects could be. Recent analyses have claimed to debunk the dark flow model, but this debunking is still being disputed.

String theory is another possible answer. This theory asserts that our universe is but one space-time bubble among an infinite host of other parallel universes. So the whole of our universe would exist in a small “bubble” in the midst of a vast array of other bubbles. Theorists call this a “multiverse.” Interestingly, string theory supposes that these universes can come into contact with one another—gravity can flow between these parallel universes, and when they connect, a Big Bang like the one that created our universe occurs.

These theories are just a few of the more popular hypotheses. There are a lot more out there but, unfortunately, I don’t have the space necessary to detail all of them. Neither do I have the space to detail the ones I mentioned as in depth as I would like. So be sure to check the links for more information.

From What Lies Beyond the Edge of the Observable Universe? - From Quarks to Quasars



In a vacuum light is supposed to travel at a constant speed, nothing exists to slow it down, but:

Researchers Slow The Speed Of Light As It Travels Through A Vacuum

Normally, light zips through a vacuum at a blazing 186,282 miles per second. But as a new experiment by Scottish physicists has shown, this isn't always necessarily the case.

We know that light slows down when it travels through a dense medium, such as water or glass. But when there's no obstruction — like when it's travelling through a vacuum — there's no reason for it to go any slower than the cosmological speed limit of 299,792,458 m s–1. Or so we thought.

Researchers have now shown that the speed of an individual photon can decrease by small amount if it's sent through a patterned mask. Physics World explains:

Over two years, Miles Padgett and colleagues at the University of Glasgow, together with Daniele Faccio of Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, designed an experiment that can determine whether light with a certain "spatial structure" travels substantially slower than regular light in a vacuum. The researchers created a source that emitted pairs of photons simultaneously. One of the photons went straight to a highly precise photon counter, while the other went via two liquid-crystal masks, which imparted their profile onto the passing particle of light.

Across a propagation distance of 1 m, the team found that the spatially structured photon lagged behind its partner by between 10 and 20 wavelengths. That equated to a drop in speed of about 0.001%, says team member Jacquiline Romero.

"Using time-correlated photon pairs we show a reduction of the group velocity of photons in both a Bessel beam and photons in a focused Gaussian beam," note the researchers in their study. "Our work highlights that, even in free space, the invariance of the speed of light only applies to plane waves."

The physics behind this is quite complicated. To simplify things, the BBC analogizes it to a bicycle race:

The peloton - the main bunch of riders - may be moving at a constant speed. But within the bunch an individual rider may moving more slowly, dropping back for a rest or a drink.

Meanwhile other riders in the bunch are moving faster to get to the front.

The bunch is a beam of light, travelling at - yes - the speed of light. The riders are photons, travelling at their individual speeds.

Interestingly, the same thing should apply to sound waves.

From Researchers Slow The Speed Of Light As It Travels Through A Vacuum

Light isn't as constant as we thought!

@levina @thesolar65

 

[Mutakalim]

This is just a theory right?

Big Bang is also a theory.

Every Materialistic thing has a begging

I have a very basic question.
Why Solar system is in 2D. When we see our solar system in documantries it is a disc like shape. What is the reason behind its 2D shape. Why its not in 3D like atom????
@levina @kaku1 @SvenSvensonov

 

[kaku1]

Big Bang is also a theory.

Every Materialistic thing has a begging

I have a very basic question.
Why Solar system is in 2D. When we see our solar system in documantries it is a disc like shape. What is the reason behind its 2D shape. Why its not in 3D like atom????
@levina @kaku1

who said you that,, solar system is in 3d. Even some planets have very different orbit than other.

The 2d representation is simple, thats why it used widely.

 

[Indos]

The theory could actually make us understand of why The God has no beginning at all. Non sense if the universe don't have any beginning. Big Bang Theory is the solid Theory about universe because it has so many proofs and still quite logic.

 

[thesolar65]

What Lies Beyond the Edge of the Observable Universe?

Roughly 13.75 billion years ago, our universe came into existence. Very shortly thereafter, primordial light started shooting across the cosmos and spreading throughout the early universe. At this juncture, the universe itself was also expanding. The inflation of the universe slowed after the first initial burst, but since then, the rate of expansion has been steadily increasing due to the influence of dark energy.

Essentially, since its inception, the cosmos has been growing at an ever increasing rate. Cosmologists estimate that the oldest photons that we can observe have traveled a distance of 45-47 billion light years since the big bang. That means that our observable universe is some 90 billion light-years wide (give or take a few light years). These 90 some-odd billion light-years contain all of the quarks, quasars, stars, planets, nebulae, black holes…and everything else that we could possibly observe. But the observable universe only contains the light that has had time to reach us. A lot more universe exists beyond what we are able to observe.

According to special relativity, objects that are close together cannot move faster than the speed of light with respect to one another; however, there is no such law for objects that are extremely distant from one another when the space between them is, itself, expanding. In short, it is not that objects are traveling faster than the speed of light, but that the space between objects is expanding, causing them to fly away from each other at amazing speeds. According to the theory of cosmic inflation, the entire universe’s size is at least 10^23 times larger than the size of the observable universe.

That’s a lot of universe that we are missing. So, what *exactly* are we missing? What lies beyond the edge of what we can’t see? Since we can’t see it or measure it, we don’t know what lies beyond the bounds of the observable universe. However, we have several theories regarding what exists in the great unknown…

Despite its strangeness, this first theory is one of the easiest to digest. Astronomers think space outside of the observable universe might be an infinite expanse of what we see in the cosmos around us distributed pretty much the same as it is in the observable universe. This seems logical. After all, who can envision a universe that has an end….a huge brick wall lurking at its edge?

So, in some ways, infinity makes sense. But “infinity” means that, beyond the observable universe, you won’t just find more planets and stars and other forms of material…you will eventually find every possible thing. Every. Possible. Thing. That means that, somewhere out there, there is another person who is identical to you in every possible way. And there is also a you who is only *slightly* different from you in every possible way. They may be reading this article right now; the only difference is that they just picked their nose while you didn’t (or did you?). This notion seems inconceivable. But then, infinity is rather inconceivable.

Another theory deals with something called “dark flow.” In 2008, astronomers discovered something very strange and unexpected – galactic clusters were all streaming in the same direction at immense speed, over two million miles per hour. One possible cause: massive structures outside the observable universe exerting gravitational influence. As for the structures themselves, they could be literally anything: amazingly huge accumulations of matter and energy (on scales we can hardly imagine), or even bizarre warps in space-time that are funneling gravitational forces from other universes. We simply don’t know what these massive objects could be. Recent analyses have claimed to debunk the dark flow model, but this debunking is still being disputed.

String theory is another possible answer. This theory asserts that our universe is but one space-time bubble among an infinite host of other parallel universes. So the whole of our universe would exist in a small “bubble” in the midst of a vast array of other bubbles. Theorists call this a “multiverse.” Interestingly, string theory supposes that these universes can come into contact with one another—gravity can flow between these parallel universes, and when they connect, a Big Bang like the one that created our universe occurs.

These theories are just a few of the more popular hypotheses. There are a lot more out there but, unfortunately, I don’t have the space necessary to detail all of them. Neither do I have the space to detail the ones I mentioned as in depth as I would like. So be sure to check the links for more information.

From What Lies Beyond the Edge of the Observable Universe? - From Quarks to Quasars


@levina @thesolar65

Exactly, somewhere I read or saw the video where it mentioned that scientist have found theoretically upto 11 dimensions and we can go from ours to the other dimension easily theoretically which is only 2mm away from us!! So virtually there are at least 11 of us within 2mm distance of us doing 11 different things than us!!

God, (if you are real), Can you whisper the answers in my ears before I die? I promise never to tell anyone!!

@levina @jbgt90

 

[Imtiaz_Sarwar]

God, (if you are real), Can you whisper the answers in my ears before I die? I promise never to tell anyone!!

You are the first person who gave me a "thanks". I thank you for that. I also like reading your astronomy threads. Your above comment touched me. We muslims believe that God is real. If you want God to whisper in your ears than kindly read the translation of Koran. I can only point you in the right direction. The rest is up to God.

 

[OrionHunter]

No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning.

Fred Hoyle did favor a rival theory, which he had played a large part in inventing and developing. In this theory the universe had always looked much as it does now. There never had been a "big bang"—a phrase that Hoyle invented in 1950, intending the nickname as pejorative.

Does anyone really think that this huge universe originated from a singularity a million times smaller than a speck of dust which resulted in a 'big bang'??

Let's check it out...

The Universe is so huge in fact that we’ll have to play around with scales so one can get a better idea.

According to the standard inflationary model of cosmology, the visible portion of our universe, the one mapped by our telescopes is an infinitesimally small speck in a much larger universe of at least 10 to the power 35 light-years across!

Admittedly this number is really, really big, and almost impossible to imagine. So lets shrink everything down, WAY down, just so we can get a better grasp of it. Let's imagine that the entire universe that we have seen in all the worlds telescopes, all the galaxies, all trillions of them, extending out 13 billion light years in every direction is shrunk down to the size of a golf ball.

If we do a volume calculation, the actual universe contains 10 to the power 60 of those golf balls! Wow, I guess we didn't shrink things down far enough, but this will have to do. So how big a volume would 10 to the power 60 golf balls fill up? Try a sphere 850 light years across! So imagine a mass of golf balls that big, and each one of those golf balls contains all the stars and galaxies that we can see through our telescopes!!

Now let’s try it with speed. Imagine traveling so fast that you can go from on end of the galaxy to the other in just one second. At this speed the entire galaxy would be in reach before you can say the word "go", and wham, you're there. At this speed, you could travel to the nearest galaxy Andromeda in 22 seconds flat. And you could cross from one end of the visible universe to the other in 72 hours.

So, lets speed up our warp vehicles again, so that we can travel a quintillion light years every second. At such a speed we could cross the known universe 100 million times in one second.

So how long would it take to cross from one side of the actual universe to the other?

3.7 billion years!!! ​

So, as I mentioned, could such an unimaginably massive universe have been compressed in a singularity a million times smaller than a speck of dust?

The bottom line is that this so called Big Bang theory is a load of rubbish invented by scientists to fit the equations. If mainstream scientists don't go along with this common scientific world view, they would lose their funding!

 

[Kloitra]

Big Bang is also a theory.

Every Materialistic thing has a begging

I have a very basic question.
Why Solar system is in 2D. When we see our solar system in documantries it is a disc like shape. What is the reason behind its 2D shape. Why its not in 3D like atom????
@levina @kaku1 @SvenSvensonov

You mean alignment of planets. The planets aligned along the surface of the disk due to way they were formed:

The Solar System formed 4.568 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud.[37] This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and probably birthed several stars.[38] As is typical of molecular clouds, this one consisted mostly of hydrogen, with some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements fused by previous generations of stars. As the region that would become the Solar System, known as the pre-solar nebula,[39] collapsed, conservation of angular momentum caused it to rotate faster. The centre, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc.[38] As the contracting nebula rotated faster, it began to flatten into a protoplanetary disc with a diameter of roughly 200 AU[38] and a hot, dense protostar at the centre.[40][41] The planets formed by accretion from this disc,[42] in which dust and gas gravitationally attracted each other, coalescing to form ever larger bodies. Hundreds of protoplanets may have existed in the early Solar System, but they either merged or were destroyed, leaving the planets, dwarf planets, and leftover minor bodies.

Solar System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

[Levina]

Fred Hoyle did favor a rival theory, which he had played a large part in inventing and developing. In this theory the universe had always looked much as it does now. There never had been a "big bang"—a phrase that Hoyle invented in 1950, intending the nickname as pejorative.

Does anyone really think that this huge universe originated from a singularity a million times smaller than a speck of dust which resulted in a 'big bang'??

Let's check it out...

The Universe is so huge in fact that we’ll have to play around with scales so one can get a better idea.

According to the standard inflationary model of cosmology, the visible portion of our universe, the one mapped by our telescopes is an infinitesimally small speck in a much larger universe of at least 10 to the power 35 light-years across!

Admittedly this number is really, really big, and almost impossible to imagine. So lets shrink everything down, WAY down, just so we can get a better grasp of it. Let's imagine that the entire universe that we have seen in all the worlds telescopes, all the galaxies, all trillions of them, extending out 13 billion light years in every direction is shrunk down to the size of a golf ball.

If we do a volume calculation, the actual universe contains 10 to the power 60 of those golf balls! Wow, I guess we didn't shrink things down far enough, but this will have to do. So how big a volume would 10 to the power 60 golf balls fill up? Try a sphere 850 light years across! So imagine a mass of golf balls that big, and each one of those golf balls contains all the stars and galaxies that we can see through our telescopes!!

Now let’s try it with speed. Imagine traveling so fast that you can go from on end of the galaxy to the other in just one second. At this speed the entire galaxy would be in reach before you can say the word "go", and wham, you're there. At this speed, you could travel to the nearest galaxy Andromeda in 22 seconds flat. And you could cross from one end of the visible universe to the other in 72 hours.

So, lets speed up our warp vehicles again, so that we can travel a quintillion light years every second. At such a speed we could cross the known universe 100 million times in one second.

So how long would it take to cross from one side of the actual universe to the other?

3.7 billion years!!! ​

So, as I mentioned, could such an unimaginably massive universe have been compressed in a singularity a million times smaller than a speck of dust?

The bottom line is that this so called Big Bang theory is a load of rubbish invented by scientists to fit the equations. If mainstream scientists don't go along with this common scientific world view, they would lose their funding!

I don't believe in big bang theory but I wonder why do scientists propagate this theory???

 

[definitelynotIndian]

BTW who thinks its better this way that we don't know much about universe? Imagine if knew there were no aliens, how sad would that be? :/