I agree with first part. that Quran and Islam is all what God wants us to do.. and the second statement is questionable. Humanity includes all Muslims and non-Muslims.
Agreed. Non Muslims have rights under a caliphate.
And there is plenty of discrimination can be found in Islam against non-Muslim... starting from forbade to give them zakat.. and to force them to pay money for their safety in a Islamic state.
Obviously. Conscription cannot be applied to non-muslims under a Muslim state. Zakat tax is generally higher than Jizya tax. So really, being a Muslim you give more to the state than being a non-Muslim.
Zakat must go to Muslims, but sadaqah can go to non-Muslims and the caliphate makes sure non-Muslism are also fed.
Allowing non-Muslims into Islam happily,, orders to kill who goes out of Islam.
because a caliphate is the law of God, so apostasy is literally treason. Nobody is forcing you to practice Islam, but once you go vocal in your opposition toward it, you hurt society as a whole. Look at the war of the apostates after the death of the Prophet.
Allowing Muslim men to marry Christian or Jewish Girls but forbade it for Muslim girls.
Because as a rule men are the earners of society and providers for their family. Say for example a muslim girl marries a christian/jewish man who doesn't earn halal income; what is the girl going to do to force her man to stop?
And the gender discrimination .. justification/permit for violence against women when they do not adhere to their men or go to the 'wrong way'.
You don't beat your wife. You can strike your wife once at last resort (after trying many things) to SAVE your marriage. Say your wife is flirting with other men. At first, you advice her. Then you admonish. Then you ignore her in bed. At last resort to can strike her GENTLY, and it cannot leave a mark, after that, divorce. This is there to protect a marriage not to break it/
Urge to beat children if they do not pray.
Just like you would hit a kid who isn't brushing his teeth or has a habit of pooping on the carpet after you've told him for several years.
Half share of women in inheritance.
Because in Islam men are LEGALLY bound to take care of their families. Shariah law permits the woman to take her husband to court. A man who takes the money of his wife to spend on the family is considered a
thief. So when a man inherits money he inherits it for his own family. When a woman inherits she inherits it for herself ALONE.
Half importance to women as witnesses in court.
Because it's not their duty. Do you expect women to describe violent rape cases and murder cases accurately in front of many men? How many women will actually rather not report rape and stay quiet rather than let it be known to society? Secondly, can you trust the female members of your inlaws to give truthful testimony? (just kidding, that was a joke!)
Allowing underage girls be married to old men.
It's been happening for ages. This criticism only began when westerners stopped doing it. Puberty IS adulthood, and when people are mature enough to have sex they can have marital relations. There is nothing wrong with this.
forbidding women to lead prayer.
Ahem, what happens when a woman bends down for prayer? Or does prostration? Jeez...
The only argument in favour of Islam usually given is, Islam made things better for humanity comparing to the situation in Arabs before Islam. But are those Islamic values justifiable in today's morality (as Islam is valid till end of the world, so those values should hold today as well)?
Yes they should, otherwise humanity will be voting on their morals til the end of time. What was morally wrong 100 years ago is fine today, and what is wrong today was fine 100 years ago. Let me give you an example of human morality:
Say for example hitler took over the world and Nazi ideology was normal. In this instance, everyone would think it is absolutely fine to kill jews. Does it make it okay though? According to society? Yes, according to God? NO.
We take our morals from God. If we can prove the Qur'an is the word of God then Islam is the best set of morals and always encompasses all all of time and situations.