To my understanding, Kabbalah was developed after the Crusaders invaded the Holy Land and ransacked it during the Middle Ages. Once Salahudiin Al-Ayubi (May Allah (swt) be pleased with him) liberate it, the defeated crusaders took it back to Europe, and this is how it became wide-spread.
Kabbalah has been documented to have its roots in Jewish mysticism. To Muslims, it was reported to have been introduced by Abdulqadir Jeylali (or Gilani), who reported to be a Jewish Rabbi that later on converted to Islam. The Muslims who practice it today are all Sufis.
The mainstream Sunni Islam's 4 school of thought - Hanafi, Maliki, Hanafi, and Hanbali - all outlawed it. So to us as Sunnis, it is an innovation that was introduced by former Jewish Sufis that have no place in Islam.