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ISIS And Religious Eschatology
by John Jazwiec
Eschatology is a part of theology concerned with the "end times".
Judaism, Christianity and Islam - the three religions that believe in one god - each have codified "end times" within their holy texts.
Judaism's eschatology is contained within the Book of David and in the Talmud. Christianity's eschatology is contained in the Book of Revelations. Islam's eschatology is contained with the sayings of the Prophet Muhammed in the Koran.
It is impossible to understand the rise of ISIS without religious context.
Without getting into the differences of the two Islamic sects - that would take a longer post - a caliphate is a very powerful term.
Last July, ISIS's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi since 2010, stepped up to a podium at the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul and announced he was the next caliphate. The last great caliphate was in the 16th century Ottoman Empire. And the last caliphate was eradicated under modern Turkey in the early 20th century.
In order to be a caliphate, within Islamic interpretation, someone must rule a piece of land. Hence ISIS's land grab of parts of Syria and Iraq. Which are roughly the size of the United Kingdom.
The appeal of Muslim ISIS immigration is based on there now being a caliphate-led holy region. It is also based on Islamic eschatology.
Just for context, al Qaeda, was based on a return of a caliphate - not within their life times - and being rooted in modern times, within desperate geography and little regard to Islamic eschatology. 9/11 operative Mohammad Atta spent his last full day of life, shopping at Walmart and eating dinner at Pizza Hut.
While ISIS is now based on a caliphate that is real, "owns land" and is rooted in ancient times and Islamic eschatology. ISIS is not some crazy modern jihadists as they are depicted in the West. Rather they are a carefully considered commitment to returning civilization to a seventh-century legal environment, and ultimately to bringing about the apocalypse.
The reality is that the Islamic State is Islamic. Very Islamic. Yes, it has attracted psychopaths and adventure seekers, drawn largely from the disaffected populations of the Middle East and Europe. But the religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam.
Muslims can reject the Islamic State; nearly all do. But pretending that it isn’t actually a religious, millenarian group, with theology that must be understood to be combatted, has already led the world to underestimate it and back foolish schemes to counter it.
ISIS closest theologic branch is within the jihadist wing of a branch of Sunnism called Salafism, after the Arabic al salaf al salih, the “pious forefathers.” These forefathers are the Prophet himself and his earliest adherents, whom Salafis honor and emulate as the models for all behavior, including warfare, culture, family life, even medicine.
Denying the holiness of the Koran or the prophecies of Muhammad is straightforward apostasy. Being a Shiite, as most Iraqi Arabs are, meets the standard as well, because the Islamic State regards Shiism as innovation, and to innovate on the Koran is to deny its initial perfection.
That means roughly 200 million Shia are marked for death. So too are the heads of state of every Muslim country, who have elevated man-made law above Sharia by running for office or enforcing laws not made by God.
Following takfiri doctrine, the Islamic State is committed to purifying the world by killing vast numbers of people.
Muslims who call the Islamic State un-Islamic are typically, as the Princeton scholar Bernard Haykel - the leading expert on the group’s theology - says -
“Embarrassed and politically correct, with a cotton-candy view of their own religion” that neglects “what their religion has historically and legally required.” Many denials of the Islamic State’s religious nature, he said, are rooted in an “interfaith-Christian-nonsense tradition".
All Muslims acknowledge that Muhammad’s earliest conquests were not tidy affairs, and that the laws of war passed down in the Koran and in the narrations of the Prophet’s rule were calibrated to fit a turbulent and violent time. In Haykel’s estimation, the fighters of the Islamic State are authentic throwbacks to early Islam and are faithfully reproducing its norms of war. This behavior includes a number of practices that modern Muslims tend to prefer not to acknowledge as integral to their sacred texts. “Slavery, crucifixion, and beheadings are not something that freakish [jihadists] are cherry-picking from the medieval tradition,” Haykel said. Islamic State fighters “are smack in the middle of the medieval tradition and are bringing it wholesale into the present day.”
ISIS has continued to embrace slavery and crucifixion without apology. “We will conquer your Rome, break your crosses, and enslave your women,” Adnani, the group's spokesman, promised in one of his periodic announcement to the West. “If we do not reach that time, then our children and grandchildren will reach it, and they will sell your sons as slaves at the slave market.”
The recent executions can now be viewed within this lens. A Jordanian pilot was an infidel and burned like early Christians. While a group of Egyptian Christian Cops were executed to send a signal to all of Christianity. Pope Francis defended all Christians. Why? Because he knows "Rome" doesn't just mean Roman Catholics. It means all of Christianity.
Even the fate of Iraq's Yazidi - lapsed Muslim women and children - was debated. Were they pagans marked for death? Ultimately they were enslaved instead.
Which brings us back to Islamic eschatology. During the last years of the U.S. occupation of Iraq, the Islamic State’s immediate founding fathers, saw signs of the end times everywhere. Just as Christians have often done long ago and most recently under David Koresh and Jim Jones.
The Islamic State has attached great importance to the Syrian city of Dabiq, near Aleppo. It named its propaganda magazine after the town, and celebrated madly when (at great cost) it conquered Dabiq’s strategically unimportant plains. It is here, the Prophet said, that the armies of Rome will set up their camp. The armies of Islam will meet them, and Dabiq will be Rome’s Waterloo or its Antietam.
Now that it has taken Dabiq, the Islamic State awaits the arrival of an enemy army there, whose defeat will initiate the countdown to the apocalypse.
Even mass killings, when viewed from ISIS's apocalyptical theology, are seen by its followers as mercy killings.
So what does all this mean? First, in order to defeat ISIS, or any enemy, you have to understand the enemy. Second, at heart of its appeal, is the caliphate and Islamic eschatology. Where's the weak link? You can't have a caliphate without having land to own and administer.
That means that every nation in the Middle East, perhaps with US arial support, must eradicate ISIS on the ground. Because ISIS is a threat from Saudi Arabia to Iran, all Gulf nations, which ISIS has marked for death, must put their whole lot in.
Perhaps someday ISIS maybe a imminent threat to the West; but it is a imminent threat to every Middle East country. Now. For two reasons. The first of course is their power and people are threatened. And secondly, an ISIS-controlled Middle East, will almost certainly be met with non-7th century modern bombing from the West and Israel.
An apocalypse for sure. Just not the one pictured by ISIS today.
February 21, 2015