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In 1974, India became the first and only country in the world to explode an atomic bomb made from materials imported for peaceful nuclear purposes.
A glimpse of foreigner input in Indian nuclear program.
Growler and his ing threads .
Let revise some Pak Nuke history.
1974: AQ Khan steals Zippe-type centrifuge technology from Neatherlands.
1980: Pak offer china centrifuge tech
1988: Pak buys nukes from China, also china sends in lots of enriched Uranium to thank Pak.
1990: Pak buys missiles from China
1995: AQ Khan ki chori pakdi gayi
1998: Chagai Test
1998: AQ Khan tried selling bomb to Iraq
2003: Libya and Iran reveal the truth that AQ Khan had sold them nukes and had been trying to strike a deal since 89.
2004: Maafi mangi
2008: AQ Khan reveals that Mush was also involved in proliferation
2008: Saare chor nikle.
History complete.
BTW, this was my 1000th post.
Belgium
Supplied New Labs plutonium extraction plant
Canada
Supplied Kanupp power reactor including fuel and spare parts until 1976
China
Supplied a tested bomb design and high-enriched uranium fuel
Supplied special magnets to help gas centrifuges enrich uranium
Building a power reactor and training technicians at Chashma despite de facto international nuclear supply embargo
Helping to build a secret plutonium producing reactor at Khusab
Supplied tritium that could help increase bomb yields
France
Designed Chashma plutonium extraction plant
Contracted to renovate controls at Kanupp
Germany
Supplied nuclear fuel fabrication equipment and technology, including high-powered welding and drilling lasers
Supplied factory to make uranium hexafluoride used at Kahuta enrichment plant
Sold electronic components to control gas centrifuges
Exported "preforms" for gas centrifuge scoops for Kahuta enrichment plant
Supplied natural lithium, useful in making tritium for boosted nuclear weapons
Set up tritium gas purification plant and provided a small amount of tritium for testing
Supplied information for design and construction of secret research reactor
Netherlands
Source of centrifuge design, materials and manufacturing equipment secretly procured by Dr. A.Q. Khan
Norway
Sold computers and software useful in nuclear weapon design
Sweden
Supplied flash X-ray machines, useful in nuclear weapon development
Switzerland
Supplied components for centrifuge enrichment plant
Supplied high vacuum valves and gasification and solidification units
United States
Supplied Pakistan's first research reactor and fuel which Pakistan used for secret experiments in tritium production
The point for me to raise in this thread was to give a message across thick empty chambers skulls that floats around in Indian defence section that India is not capable of enough to produce anything on their own thus they require 100% foreigner assistance.
No further comments on indian knee jerk reactions. I can understand their pain after all for many the society that they were brought up in only thought them to be in state of denial and truth is beyond their acceptance level.
The point for me to raise in this thread was to give a message across thick empty chambers skulls that floats around in Indian defence section that India is not capable of enough to produce anything on their own thus they require 100% foreigner assistance.
No further comments on indian knee jerk reactions. I can understand their pain after all for many the society that they were brought up in only thought them to be in state of denial and truth is beyond their acceptance level.
Growler and his ing threads .
Let revise some Pak Nuke history.
1974: AQ Khan steals Zippe-type centrifuge technology from Neatherlands.
1980: Pak offer china centrifuge tech
1988: Pak buys nukes from China, also china sends in lots of enriched Uranium to thank Pak.
1990: Pak buys missiles from China
1995: AQ Khan ki chori pakdi gayi
1998: Chagai Test
1998: AQ Khan tried selling bomb to Iraq
2003: Libya and Iran reveal the truth that AQ Khan had sold them nukes and had been trying to strike a deal since 89.
2004: Maafi mangi
2008: AQ Khan reveals that Mush was also involved in proliferation
2008: Saare chor nikle.
History complete.
BTW, this was my 1000th post.
Growler and his ing threads .
Let revise some Pak Nuke history.
1974: AQ Khan steals Zippe-type centrifuge technology from Neatherlands.
1980: Pak offer china centrifuge tech
1988: Pak buys nukes from China, also china sends in lots of enriched Uranium to thank Pak.
1990: Pak buys missiles from China
1995: AQ Khan ki chori pakdi gayi
1998: Chagai Test
1998: AQ Khan tried selling bomb to Iraq
2003: Libya and Iran reveal the truth that AQ Khan had sold them nukes and had been trying to strike a deal since 89.
2004: Maafi mangi
2008: AQ Khan reveals that Mush was also involved in proliferation
2008: Saare chor nikle.
History complete.
BTW, this was my 1000th post.
waste of time
Jagjit paji..
congrats...
just curious .... whose the gemtleman in your avatar?
Looks like milkha singh`s brother??
GROWL,GROWL,GROWL
Groan, Groan, Groan
if(thread starter == Windjammer, Growler, srchinese, RiazHaq)
{
cout<<"Thread is crap"<<endl;
cout<<"Please don't waste time and move on"<<endl;
}
Origin of India's Nuclear Weapon Program
India's indigenous efforts in nuclear science and technology were established remarkably early. The first step was taken by Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha in March 1944 when he submitted a proposal to the Sir Dorab Tata Trust (established in honor of Bhabha's own uncle, Sir Dorab Tata) to found a nuclear research institute, over three years before independence and a year before the first nuclear weapon test.
This led to the creation of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) on 19 December 1945 with Bhabha as its first Director.
The new government of India passed the Atomic Energy Act, on 15 April 1948, leading to the establishment of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC) not quite one year after independence.
At that time Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru declared:
In 1954 the Indian nuclear program began to move in a direction that would eventually lead to establishment of nuclear weapons capability.
On 3 January 1954 the IAEC decided to set up a new facility - the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET), later to become the "Indian Los Alamos".
On 3 August 1954 the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was created with Dr. Bhabha as Secretary. This department answered directly to the Prime Minister and has continued to do so down to the present day.
The program grew swiftly. The atomic energy budget increased 12-fold from 1954 to 1956. By 1958 the DAE consumed one third of India's research budget. By 1959 AEET employed over one thousand scientists and engineers.
1955 construction began on India's first reactor, the 1 MW Apsara research reactor, with British assistance.
And in September 1955, after more than a year of negotiation, Canada agreed to supply India with a powerful research reactor - the 40 MW Canada-India Reactor (CIR).
Under the Eisenhower Administration's "Atoms for Peace" program the US agreed to supply 21 tons of heavy water for this reactor in Februrary 1956, and the reactor was dubbed the Canada-India Reactor, U.S. or CIRUS
The acquisition of Cirus was a watershed event in nuclear proliferation. Although the sale was made with the understanding that the reactor would only be used for peaceful purposes (the heavy water contract at least made this explicit), it occurred before any international policies were in place to regulate such technology transfers and no provision for inspections were made. And in fact India was careful to ensure that no effective regulation would accompany the reactor.
India refusing to accept fuel from Canada for the reactor and set up a program to manufacture the natural uranium fuel for Cirus indigeneously so as to keep complete control of the plutonium produced there.
This program, led by metallurgist Brahm Prakash, succeeded in developing the techniques for producing the precisely manufactured, high purity material demanded by the reactor.
The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay was formally inaugurated by PM Nehru on 20 January 1957. It acquired its present name -- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) -- on 12 January 1967 when PM Indira Gandhi renamed it in memory of Dr. Bhabha who died in an airplane crash on 24 January 1966.
Apsara, fueled by enriched uranium from the UK, went critical on 4 August 1957, becoming the first operating reactor in Asia outside of the Soviet Union (though only days ahead of Japan's first reactor). Cirus achieved criticality at BARC on 10 July 1960.
Due to its vast domestic resources of thorium (a potential fuel for breeder reactors) but limited supplies of uranium, from the start of its nuclear program India has always placed strong emphasis on the development of breeder reactor fuel cycles. Breeder reactors require highly concentrated fissionable material for reactor fuel: either highly enriched uranium or plutonium. This provided a peaceful rationale for developing a plutonium separation capability, but the principal impetus for the India's first fuel reprocessing plant was to obtain a nuclear option.
In July 1958 PM Nehru authorized project Phoenix to build a plant with a capacity of 20 tonnes of fuel a year - sized to match the production capacity of Cirus. The plant was based on the U.S. developed Purex process and an American firm, Vitro International prepared the plans for it. Construction of the plutonium plant began at Trombay on 27 March 1961 and was commissioned in mid-1964.