GLOBAL WARMING AND THE AFTER EFFECTS FOR BANGLADESH.

[Banglar Bir]

Think about MALDIVES, first, AND DONT BOTHER ABOUT BANGLADESH at all. WE KNOW HOE TO TAKE CARE OF OURSELVES, WELL ENOUGH.

 

[Banglar Bir]

The Green Children's video.
10 hrs ·

https://www.facebook.com/thegreenchildren/videos/10153059845987860/


3,018,866 Views

The Green Children added a new video: The Green Children - Hear Me Now.
18 March 2015 ·
Our first ever music video! Amazing memories from beautiful Bangladesh

<3

Please listen to our Brand New Song Here: https://soundcloud.com/the-green-children/dreamers

Join us here: The Green Children

China's coal-burning in significant decline, figures show
https://www.theguardian.com/environ...ificant-decline-figures-show?CMP=share_btn_fb

Official data shows coal use fell in 2015 across a wide range of measures as world’s largest polluter continues its transition to clean energy

A soldier stands before clear skies in Beijing after new pollution measures were imposed. A huge increase in coal-burning in the last two decades has resulted in serious air pollution. Photograph: Narendra Shrestha/EPA
Damian Carrington

@dpcarrington
Tuesday 19 January 2016 14.56 GMT
Comments
148
Coal-burning in China is in significant decline, according to official figures released on Tuesday, signalling a major turnaround for the world’s biggest polluter.

The new data is good news for the fight against climate change but bad for the struggling global coal industry.

China saw a huge increase in coal-burning for power and industry in the last two decades but has suffered serious air pollution as a result. However in recent years there has been a surge in low-carbon energy and a slowdown in the economy - GDP growth fell in 2015 to its lowest in 25 years - as China moves away from manufacturing.

The result is that global carbon emissions are set to continue the fall seen in 2015for the first time outside of worldwide recessions, potentially for many years.

“This trend may continue for 3-5 years or even longer,” said Li Junfeng, director general at the National Climate Change Strategy Research and International Cooperation Centre, a thinktank close to China’s government. “Today’s figures are sending the strong signal of the clear acceleration of China’s energy transition. I think thermal [coal] power generation will continue to drop with an annual speed of 2-4% and the non-fossil power generation will stay in a high growth rate of 20%.”

Tim Buckley, at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, said: “The implications of these changes are huge. China’s total emissions are on track to peak potentially a decade earlier than their official target of no later than 2030.

“This comes at the same time that the US has confirmed a 10% year-on-year decline in coal consumption in 2015, plus a three-year moratorium of new federal coal mine leases. That the largest economies globally are moving rapidly in concert to exceed the Paris [climate change] agreement sets a very positive scene for 2016.”

China’s coal use has fallen in 2015 across a wide range of measures and its national carbon emissions are likely to have fallen by about 3% as a result. There was a 3.5% drop in coal production, coal-fired electricity generation fell 2.8% and overall power generation dropped 0.2%, the first fall in 50 years. There were similar decreases in coal-intensive heavy industry such as iron, steel and cement.

Other recent developments were coal imports to China plummeting by 35% year-on-year in December 2015 and the government’s ban on new coal mines for three years.

In contrast, renewables investment in China hit an all-time high in 2015 at $110bn. Overall low-carbon electricity generation - hydro, wind, nuclear and solar - increased more than 20% in 2015.

“The growth of non-fossil-fuel power generation in China in the past few years is the largest deployment of renewable energy in history,” said Greenpeace’s Lauri Myllyvirta. “This has enabled China to cover a 20% increase in power demand from 2011 to 2015 with clean energy while reducing coal use in the power sector, an astounding achievement.”

Benjamin Sporton, chief executive at the World Coal Association, said: “The cyclical slowdown in economic growth in China is affecting all energy and commodity markets, including coal. Long-term forecasts however show that coal will remain the backbone of the Chinese electricity mix for decades to come and that China will remain the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal.”

He said the International Energy Agency expects coal demand in south-east Asia to grow at 4.6% a year through to 2040.

“Rather than focussing on short-term fluctuations and wishing coal away, it is important to focus on making sure coal is used in the cleanest way possible with high-efficiency low-emission plants using modern emission control technologies and working to develop carbon capture and storage,” Sporton said.

But Li said: “Coal production and consumption [in China] has entered into a turning point since 2014. Even if it bounces back in the future, it will not be big bounce.”

A series of major coal companies have gone bankrupt in recent years, as the international coal price fell by 60% since 2011. The second biggest coal miner in the US, Arch Coal, filed for bankruptcy last week. Investment bank Goldman Sachs declared in January 2015 that the fuel had reached “retirement age”.


Solar-Panel Roads to Be Built on 4 Continents Next Year
“We wanted to find a second life for a road."
BLOOMBERG.COM

India unveils the world's largest solar power plant
The country is on schedule to be the world’s third biggest solar market next year.




Images have been released showing the sheer size of a new solar power plant in southern India.

The facility in Kamuthi, Tamil Nadu, has a capacity of 648 MW and covers an area of 10 sq/km.

This makes it the largest solar power plant at a single location, taking the title from the Topaz Solar Farm in California, which has a capacity of 550 MW.

The solar plant, built in an impressive eight months, is cleaned every day by a robotic system, charged by its own solar panels.

Inside Story - Solar power - bright future?


At full capacity, it is estimated to produce enough electricity to power about 150,000 homes.

The project is comprised of 2.5 million individual solar modules, and cost $679m to build.

The new plant has helped nudge India's total installed solar capacity across the 10 GW mark, according to a statement by research firm Bridge to India, joining only a handful of countries that can make this claim.

As solar power increases, India is expected to become the world's third-biggest solar market from next year onwards, after China and the US.

Despite the fast-growing solar power industry, India will still need to increase its take-up of solar panels if it is to achieve the ambitious targets set by the government.

By 2022, India aims to power 60 million homes by the sun. It is part of the government's goal to produce 40 percent of its power from non-fossil fuels by 2030.

This aim has been praised by environmental groups and is hoped will also help reduce the country's problem with air quality. At the beginning of this month, the pollution level in the capital New Delhi reached its worst levels in 17 years.

Solar panels bring cheap energy to India

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/...argest-solar-power-plant-161129101022044.html

https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10154915083413690

Al Jazeera English
47 mins ·


India just unveiled the world's largest solar power plant.


Source: Al Jazeera News and Agencies

 

[Banglar Bir]

Making transportation more sustainable even with fuel-based automobiles
These innovations can reduce the pollution caused by vehicles.

Image credit: Getty Images

According to the WHO’s Ambient Air Pollution Database released in 2016, ten of the twenty most polluted cities in the world are in India, with Gwalior and Ahmedabad occupying the second and third positions. Pollution levels are usually expressed in the levels of particulate matter (PM) in the air. This refers to microscopic matter that is a mixture of smoke, metals, chemicals and dust suspended in the atmosphere that can affect human health. Particulate matter is easily inhaled, and can cause allergies and diseases such as asthma, lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Indian cities have some of the highest levels of PM10 (particles smaller than 10 micrometres in diameter) and PM2.5 particles (particles smaller than 2.5 micrometres in diameter). The finer the particulate matter, the deeper into your lungs it can penetrate causing more adverse effects. According to WHO, the safe limits for PM2.5 is 10 micrograms per cubic meter.

Emissions resulting from transportation is regarded as one of the major contributors to pollution levels, especially particulate matter. A study conducted by the Centre for Ecological Sciences of the Indian Institute of Science estimated that the transport sector constitutes 32% of Delhi’s emissions. It makes up 43% of Chennai’s emissions, and around 17% of Mumbai’s emissions.

Controlling emissions is a major task for cities and auto companies. The Indian government, to this end, has set emission standards for automobiles called the Bharat Stage emission standard, which mirrors European standards. This emission standard was first instituted in 1991 and has been regularly updated to follow European developments with a time lag of about 5 years. Bharat Stage IV emission norms have been the standard in 2010 in 13 major cities. To tackle air pollution that has intensified since then, the Indian government announced that Bharat Stage V norms would be skipped completely, and Stage VI norms would be adopted directly in 2020.

But sustainability in transport requires not only finding techniques to reduce the emissions from public and private transport but also developing components that are environment friendly. Car and auto component manufacturers have begun optimising products to be gentler on the environment and require lesser resources to manufacture, operate and maintain.

There are two important aspects of reducing emissions. The first is designing vehicles to consume less fuel. The second is making the emissions cleaner by reducing the toxic elements.

In auto exteriors, the focus is on developing light-weight but strong composite materials to replace metal. A McKinsey study estimates that plastic and carbon fibre can reduce weight by about 20% and 50% respectively. A lighter body reduces the engine effort and results in better fuel economy. Additionally, fuel efficiency can be increased by reducing the need for air conditioning which puts additional load on the vehicle engine thereby increasing fuel consumption. Automotive coatings (paints) and sheets provide better insulation, keep the vehicle cool and reduce the use of air conditioning.

Most emissions are the result of inefficient engines. Perhaps the most significant innovations in making automobiles and mass transport systems more eco-friendly are being done in the engine. Innovations include products like fuel additives, which improve engine performance, resist corrosion and reduce fuel consumption while offering a great driving experience, and catalytic converters that reduce toxic emissions by converting them to less harmful output such as carbon dioxide, Nitrogen and water. Some of these catalytic converters are now capable of eliminating over 90 percent of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.

All of these are significant measures to bring the negative impacts of vehicular pollution under control. With over 2 million vehicles being produced in India in 2015 alone and the moving to BS VI emission standards, constant innovation is imperative.

Beyond this, in commercial as well as passenger vehicles, companies are innovating with components and processes to enable higher resource efficiency. Long-lasting paint coatings, made of eco-friendly materials that need to be refreshed less often are being developed. Companies are also innovating with an integrated coating process that enables carmakers to cut out an entire step of coating without compromising the colour result or the properties of the coating, saving time, materials and energy. Efforts are being made to make the interiors more sustainable. Parts like the instrument panel, dashboard, door side panels, seats, and locks can all be created with material like polyurethane plastic that is not only comfortable, durable and safe but also easily recyclable. Manufacturers are increasingly adopting polyurethane plastic like BASF’s Elastollan® for these very reasons.

From pioneering the development of catalytic converters in 1975 to innovating with integrated process technology for coatings, BASF has always been at the forefront of innovation when it comes to making transport solutions more sustainable. The company has already developed the technology to handle the move of emissions standards from BS IV to BS VI.

For the future, given the expected rise in the adoption of electric cars—an estimated 5~8 percent of car production is expected to be pure electric or plug-in electric vehicles by 2020—BASF is also developing materials that enable electric car batteries to last longer and achieve higher energy density, making electronic mobility more feasible. To learn more about how BASF is making transport more sustainable,

Watch the video to see how automotive designers experimented with cutting edge materials from BASF to create an innovative concept car.
This article was produced by the Scroll marketing team on behalf of BASF and not by the Scroll editorial team.

 

[Banglar Bir]

Unexpected Snowfall in Saudi making the people of the desert overwhelmed

By Adeel Malik
Posted on November 30, 2016

The dry desert of Saudi Arabia is not known for freezing temperatures, let alone snowfall.

Thus, when people woke up to -3 degrees temperature with snow everywhere, it brought out the child among the many, with people expressing their astonishment and joy in various ways.

Even the grass was covered with patches of the white blessing:

While many cars parked on the side to savour in the moment and be cautious about the conditions:

Then, there were those who forwarded their excitement to their friends:

Naturally, it led to others bring up the topic of climate change and global warming being the cause of this:

Nijad Abou Chacra @nijadabichacra
Snow in the Saudi Arabia, climate change.

Now, reflect upon this saying of Prophet Muhammad (sal Allahu alayhi wa’sallam):

“The Last Hour will not come…till the land of Arabia once again becomes meadows and rivers.”

[Sahih Muslim 157b]

 

[Banglar Bir]

 

[Banglar Bir]

Elon Musk: We Can Power America by Covering Small Corner of Utah With Solar

http://www.ecowatch.com/elon-musk-w...g-small-corner-of-utah-with-s-1882130448.html

· Lorraine Chow

Billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk has once again championed the incredible potential of renewable energy.

During an interview Tuesday at the American Geophysical Union’s fall meeting in San Francisco, the 44-year-old CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX said that the U.S. could meet its electricity needs just by covering a small corner of Utah or Nevada with solar panels.

His remark was captured in this tweet from Nature News reporter Lauren Morello, who was at the event:

Musk made a similar statement during his speech at the Sorbonne University in Paris on Dec. 2.

"Let's say if the only thing we had was solar energy—if that was the only power source—if you just took a small section of Spain you could power all of Europe," he said. "It's a very small amount of area that's actually needed to generate the electricity we need to power civilization. Or in the case of the U.S., like a little corner of Nevada or Utah would power the United States."

While Musk's statement might sound a little too good to be true, as Tech Insider reporter Rebecca Harrington noted, we already have the technology to do it. More power from the sun hits the Earth in a single hour than humanity uses in an entire year, yet solar only provided 0.39 percent of the energy used in the U.S. last year.

This is why Musk thinks that solar will become the biggest energy source by 2031, as he told Tim Urban from Wait But Why. If solar is 20 percent efficient at turning solar energy into power, as it has been in lab tests, we'd only need to cover a land area about the size of Spain to power the entire Earth renewably in 2030.

Indeed, photovoltaic technology is growing in leaps and bounds. In October, renowned solar installer SolarCity (where Musk sits as chairman) unveiled a solar panel that can achieve a peak efficiency of 22.04 percent, and that's just for residential rooftops. On an industrial scale, the world’s most efficient solar cell has about double the efficiency of SolarCity's new panels at 44.7 percent.

The Land Art Generator Initiative also crunched the numbers and determined that the surface area required to power the whole world with solar would fit into 191,817 square miles of solar panels, or roughly the area of Spain.

Here's the math the project group calculated: “678 quadrillion Btu (the US Energy Information Administration's estimation of global energy consumption by 2030) = 198,721,800,000,000 kilowatt-hours (simple conversion) divided by 400 kilowatt-hours of solar energy production per square meter of land (based on 20 percent efficiency, 70 percent sunshine days per year and the fact that 1,000 watts of solar energy strikes each square meter of land on Earth) = 496,805 square kilometers of solar panels (191,817 square miles)."

Let's remember that this calculation is just for solar power alone. This doesn't even factor in all the other sources of renewable energy such as wind, geothermal, biomass or hydroelectric power.

Watch Musk's speech from Paris about clean energy future in the video below. In the clip, which starts at 29:41, Musk answers an audience member's question about the option of "sustainable" nuclear energy, but adds that he's a bigger proponent of the "big fusion power plant in the sky called the sun."

Here's the full text of his speech in Paris:

I actually think that nuclear fission, if it's in location that is not subject to natural disasters like in the case of France, there's a very high percentage of nuclear, I think that's actually a good thing. Obviously, you don't want to have nuclear fission power plants in places that are subject to natural disasters [30:00] because that obviously can go wrong. I think fission is a good approach.

Fusion is also interesting and it's exciting to see what's happening with ITER Project, which is a fusion plant that's being built in France. I do think fusion is a feasible technology. I think we can definitely make fusion work, but it is a far off technology. So to make fusion at the power plant level work is probably, I don't know, 30 years away and a lot of effort.

That's why at least for now and I think maybe even in the long-term, I'm a proponent of using the big fusion power plant in the sky called the sun. The sun is a giant fusion explosion and it shows up every day. If we have photovoltaics, solar panels, we can capture that fusion energy. It also needs to be stored in a battery so we can use it at night. Then we want to have high power lines to transfer solar energy from one place to another.

Let’s say if the only thing we had was solar energy—if that was the only power source—if you just took a small section of Spain you could power all of Europe. It’s a very small amount of area that’s actually needed to generate the electricity we need to power civilization. Or in the case of the U.S., like a little corner of Nevada or Utah would power the United States.

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Lorraine Chow

Lorraine is a reporter for EcoWatch. She tweets @lorrainelchow

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http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161129-the-colossal-african-solar-farm-that-could-power-europe

By Sandrine Ceurstemont
29 November 2016

The minibus crosses the vast plateau on a newly paved road. Cracked fields stretch away towards the Moroccan desert to the south. Yet the barren landscape is no longer quite as desolate as it once was. This year it became home to one of the world’s biggest solar power plants.

Welcome to Future Now

Your essential guide to a world in flux

Change happens quickly these days and it can be hard to keep up. That’s why BBC Future has launched a new section called Future Now to bring you in-depth stories about the people, events and trends that are shaping our world.

We will be publishing regular stories from all over the world about technology, energy, economics, society and much more – you can find them here. We hope you will join us as we explore the changes that matter.

Hundreds of curved mirrors, each as big as a bus, are ranked in rows covering 1,400,000 sq m (15m sq ft) of desert, an area the size of 200 football fields. The massive complex sits on a sun-blasted site at the foot of the High Atlas mountains, 10km (6 miles) from Ouarzazate – a city nicknamed the door to the desert. With around 330 days of sunshine a year, it’s an ideal location.

As well as meeting domestic needs, Morocco hopes one day to export solar energy to Europe. This is a plant that could help define Africa's – and the world’s – energy future.




Hundreds of curved mirrors, each as big as a bus, are ranked in rows covering 1,400,000 square metres of desert, an area the size of 200 football fields (Credit: Getty Images)

Of course, on the day I visit the sky is covered in clouds. “No electricity will be produced today,“ says Rachid Bayed at the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (Masen), which is responsible for implementing the flagship project.

An occasional off day is not a concern, however. After many years of false starts, solar power is coming of age as countries in the sun finally embrace their most abundant source of clean energy. The Moroccan site is one of several across Africa and similar plants are being built in the Middle East – in Jordan, Dubai and Saudi Arabia. The falling cost of solar power has made it a viable alternative to oil even in the most oil-rich parts of the world.

As well as meeting domestic needs, Morocco hopes one day to export solar energy to Europe.

Noor 1, the first phase of the Moroccan plant, has already surpassed expectations in terms of the amount of energy it has produced. It is an encouraging result in line with Morocco’s goal to reduce its fossil fuel bill by focusing on renewables while still meeting growing energy needs that are increasing by about 7% per year. Morocco’s stable government and economy has helped it secure funding: the European Union contributed 60% of the cost for the Ouarzazate project, for example.




With around 330 days of sunshine a year, the region around Ouarzazate - a city nicknamed the door to the desert - is an ideal location (Credit: Sandrine Ceurstemont)

The country plans to generate 14% of its energy from solar by 2020 and by adding other renewable sources like wind and water into the mix, it is aiming to produce 52% of its own energy by 2030. This puts Morocco more or less in line with countries like the UK, which wants to generate 30% of its electricity from renewables by the end of the decade, and the US, where President Obama set a target of 20% by 2030. (Trump has threatened to dump renewables, but his actions may not have a huge impact. Many policies are controlled by individual states and big companies have already started to switch to cleaner and cheaper alternatives.)

Due to the lack sun on the day I visit, the hundreds of mirrors stand still and silent. The team keeps a close eye on weather forecasts to predict output for the following day, allowing other sources of energy to take over when it is overcast.

The reflectors can be heard as they move together to follow the sun like a giant field of sunflowers

But normally the reflectors can be heard as they move together to follow the Sun like a giant field of sunflowers. The mirrors focus the Sun’s energy onto a synthetic oil that flows through a network of pipes. Reaching temperatures up to 350C (662F), the hot oil is used to produce high-pressure water vapour that drives a turbine-powered generator. “It’s the same classic process used with fossil fuels, except that we are using the Sun’s heat as the source,” says Bayed.

The plant keeps generating energy after sunset, when electricity demands peak. Some of the day’s energy is stored in reservoirs of superhot molten salts made of sodium and potassium nitrates, which keeps production going for up to three hours. In the next phase of the plant, production will continue for up to eight hours after sunset.




Once fully operational, the solar plant will only require about 50 to 100 employees (Credit: Sandrine Ceurstemont)

As well as boosting Morocco’s power production, the Ouarzazate project is helping the local economy. Around 2,000 workers were hired during the initial two years of construction, many of them Moroccan. Roads built to provide access to the plant have also connected nearby villages, helping children get to school. Water brought in for the site has been piped beyond the complex, hooking up 33 villages to the water grid.

Water brought in for the site has been piped beyond the complex, hooking up 33 villages to the water grid

Masen has also helped farmers in the area by teaching them sustainable practices. Heading towards the mountains, I visit the Berber village of Asseghmou, 30 miles (48 kilometres) north of Ouarzazate, where a small farm has now changed the way it raises ewes. Most farmers here rely on their intuition alone but they are being introduced to more reliable techniques -such as simply separating animals in their pens – which are improving yields. Masen also provided 25 farms with sheep for breeding purposes. “I now have better food security,” says Chaoui, who runs a local farm. And his almond tree is thriving thanks to cultivation tips.

Even so, some locals have concerns. Abdellatif, who lives in the city of Zagora about 75 miles (120 kilometres) further south, where there are high rates of unemployment, thinks that the plant should focus on creating permanent jobs. He has friends who were hired to work there but they were only on contract for a few months. Once fully operational, the station will only require about 50 to 100 employees so the job boom may end. “The components of the plant are manufactured abroad but it would be better to produce them locally to generate ongoing work for residents,” he says.


The solar plant draws a massive amount of water from the local El Mansour Eddahbi dam. Water scarcity has been a problem in the semi-desert region (Credit: Sandrine Ceurstemont)

A bigger issue is that the solar plant draws a massive amount of water for cleaning and cooling from the local El Mansour Eddahbi dam. In recent years, water scarcity has been a problem in the semi-desert region and there are water cuts. Agricultural land further south in the Draa valley depends on water from the dam, which is occasionally released into the otherwise-dry river. But Mustapha Sellam, the site manager, claims that the water used by the complex amounts to 0.5% of the dam’s supply, which is negligible compared to its capacity.

Still, the plant’s consumption is enough to make a difference to struggling farmers. So the plant is making improvements to reduce the amount of water it uses. Instead of relying on water to clean the mirrors, pressurised air is used. And whereas Noor 1 uses water to cool the steam produced by the generators, so that it can be turned back into water and reused to produce more electricity, a dry cooling system that uses air will be installed.

The success of plants in places like Morocco and South Africa will encourage other African countries to turn to solar power

These new sections of the plant are currently being built. Noor 2 will be similar to the first phase, but Noor 3 will experiment with a different design. Instead of ranks of mirrors it will capture and store the Sun’s energy with a single large tower, which is thought to be more efficient.

Seven thousand flat mirrors surrounding the tower will all track and reflect the sun’s rays towards a receiver at the top, requiring much less space than existing arrangement of mirrors. Molten salts filling the interior of the tower will capture and store heat directly, doing away with the need for hot oil.

Similar systems are already used in South Africa, Spain and a few sites in the US, such as California’s Mojave desert and Nevada. But at 86ft (26m) tall, Ouarzazate’s recently erected structure is the highest of its kind in the world.



Africa’s sunshine could eventually make the continent a supplier of energy to the rest of the world (Credit: Getty Images)

Other plants in Morocco are already underway. Next year construction will begin at two sites in the south-west, near Laayoune and Boujdour, with plants near Tata and Midelt to follow.

The success of these plants in Morocco – and those in South Africa - may encourage other African countries to turn to solar power. South Africa is already one of the world’s top 10 producers of solar power and Rwanda is home to east Africa’s first solar plant, which opened in 2014. Large plants are being planned for Ghana and Uganda.

Africa’s sunshine could eventually make the continent a supplier of energy to the rest of the world. Sellam has high hopes for Noor. “Our main goal is to become energy-independent but if one day we are producing a surplus we could supply other countries too,” he says. Imagine recharging your electric car in Berlin with electricity produced in Morocco.

With the clouds set to lift in Ouarzazate, Africa is busy planning for a sunny day.

 

[Banglar Bir]

http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161129-the-colossal-african-solar-farm-that-could-power-europe

By Sandrine Ceurstemont
29 November 2016

The minibus crosses the vast plateau on a newly paved road. Cracked fields stretch away towards the Moroccan desert to the south. Yet the barren landscape is no longer quite as desolate as it once was. This year it became home to one of the world’s biggest solar power plants.

Welcome to Future Now

Your essential guide to a world in flux

Change happens quickly these days and it can be hard to keep up. That’s why BBC Future has launched a new section called Future Now to bring you in-depth stories about the people, events and trends that are shaping our world.

We will be publishing regular stories from all over the world about technology, energy, economics, society and much more – you can find them here. We hope you will join us as we explore the changes that matter.

Hundreds of curved mirrors, each as big as a bus, are ranked in rows covering 1,400,000 sq m (15m sq ft) of desert, an area the size of 200 football fields. The massive complex sits on a sun-blasted site at the foot of the High Atlas mountains, 10km (6 miles) from Ouarzazate – a city nicknamed the door to the desert. With around 330 days of sunshine a year, it’s an ideal location.

As well as meeting domestic needs, Morocco hopes one day to export solar energy to Europe. This is a plant that could help define Africa's – and the world’s – energy future.




Hundreds of curved mirrors, each as big as a bus, are ranked in rows covering 1,400,000 square metres of desert, an area the size of 200 football fields (Credit: Getty Images)

Of course, on the day I visit the sky is covered in clouds. “No electricity will be produced today,“ says Rachid Bayed at the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (Masen), which is responsible for implementing the flagship project.

An occasional off day is not a concern, however. After many years of false starts, solar power is coming of age as countries in the sun finally embrace their most abundant source of clean energy. The Moroccan site is one of several across Africa and similar plants are being built in the Middle East – in Jordan, Dubai and Saudi Arabia. The falling cost of solar power has made it a viable alternative to oil even in the most oil-rich parts of the world.

As well as meeting domestic needs, Morocco hopes one day to export solar energy to Europe.

Noor 1, the first phase of the Moroccan plant, has already surpassed expectations in terms of the amount of energy it has produced. It is an encouraging result in line with Morocco’s goal to reduce its fossil fuel bill by focusing on renewables while still meeting growing energy needs that are increasing by about 7% per year. Morocco’s stable government and economy has helped it secure funding: the European Union contributed 60% of the cost for the Ouarzazate project, for example.




With around 330 days of sunshine a year, the region around Ouarzazate - a city nicknamed the door to the desert - is an ideal location (Credit: Sandrine Ceurstemont)

The country plans to generate 14% of its energy from solar by 2020 and by adding other renewable sources like wind and water into the mix, it is aiming to produce 52% of its own energy by 2030. This puts Morocco more or less in line with countries like the UK, which wants to generate 30% of its electricity from renewables by the end of the decade, and the US, where President Obama set a target of 20% by 2030. (Trump has threatened to dump renewables, but his actions may not have a huge impact. Many policies are controlled by individual states and big companies have already started to switch to cleaner and cheaper alternatives.)

Due to the lack sun on the day I visit, the hundreds of mirrors stand still and silent. The team keeps a close eye on weather forecasts to predict output for the following day, allowing other sources of energy to take over when it is overcast.

The reflectors can be heard as they move together to follow the sun like a giant field of sunflowers

But normally the reflectors can be heard as they move together to follow the Sun like a giant field of sunflowers. The mirrors focus the Sun’s energy onto a synthetic oil that flows through a network of pipes. Reaching temperatures up to 350C (662F), the hot oil is used to produce high-pressure water vapour that drives a turbine-powered generator. “It’s the same classic process used with fossil fuels, except that we are using the Sun’s heat as the source,” says Bayed.

The plant keeps generating energy after sunset, when electricity demands peak. Some of the day’s energy is stored in reservoirs of superhot molten salts made of sodium and potassium nitrates, which keeps production going for up to three hours. In the next phase of the plant, production will continue for up to eight hours after sunset.




Once fully operational, the solar plant will only require about 50 to 100 employees (Credit: Sandrine Ceurstemont)

As well as boosting Morocco’s power production, the Ouarzazate project is helping the local economy. Around 2,000 workers were hired during the initial two years of construction, many of them Moroccan. Roads built to provide access to the plant have also connected nearby villages, helping children get to school. Water brought in for the site has been piped beyond the complex, hooking up 33 villages to the water grid.

Water brought in for the site has been piped beyond the complex, hooking up 33 villages to the water grid

Masen has also helped farmers in the area by teaching them sustainable practices. Heading towards the mountains, I visit the Berber village of Asseghmou, 30 miles (48 kilometres) north of Ouarzazate, where a small farm has now changed the way it raises ewes. Most farmers here rely on their intuition alone but they are being introduced to more reliable techniques -such as simply separating animals in their pens – which are improving yields. Masen also provided 25 farms with sheep for breeding purposes. “I now have better food security,” says Chaoui, who runs a local farm. And his almond tree is thriving thanks to cultivation tips.

Even so, some locals have concerns. Abdellatif, who lives in the city of Zagora about 75 miles (120 kilometres) further south, where there are high rates of unemployment, thinks that the plant should focus on creating permanent jobs. He has friends who were hired to work there but they were only on contract for a few months. Once fully operational, the station will only require about 50 to 100 employees so the job boom may end. “The components of the plant are manufactured abroad but it would be better to produce them locally to generate ongoing work for residents,” he says.


The solar plant draws a massive amount of water from the local El Mansour Eddahbi dam. Water scarcity has been a problem in the semi-desert region (Credit: Sandrine Ceurstemont)

A bigger issue is that the solar plant draws a massive amount of water for cleaning and cooling from the local El Mansour Eddahbi dam. In recent years, water scarcity has been a problem in the semi-desert region and there are water cuts. Agricultural land further south in the Draa valley depends on water from the dam, which is occasionally released into the otherwise-dry river. But Mustapha Sellam, the site manager, claims that the water used by the complex amounts to 0.5% of the dam’s supply, which is negligible compared to its capacity.

Still, the plant’s consumption is enough to make a difference to struggling farmers. So the plant is making improvements to reduce the amount of water it uses. Instead of relying on water to clean the mirrors, pressurised air is used. And whereas Noor 1 uses water to cool the steam produced by the generators, so that it can be turned back into water and reused to produce more electricity, a dry cooling system that uses air will be installed.

The success of plants in places like Morocco and South Africa will encourage other African countries to turn to solar power

These new sections of the plant are currently being built. Noor 2 will be similar to the first phase, but Noor 3 will experiment with a different design. Instead of ranks of mirrors it will capture and store the Sun’s energy with a single large tower, which is thought to be more efficient.

Seven thousand flat mirrors surrounding the tower will all track and reflect the sun’s rays towards a receiver at the top, requiring much less space than existing arrangement of mirrors. Molten salts filling the interior of the tower will capture and store heat directly, doing away with the need for hot oil.

Similar systems are already used in South Africa, Spain and a few sites in the US, such as California’s Mojave desert and Nevada. But at 86ft (26m) tall, Ouarzazate’s recently erected structure is the highest of its kind in the world.



Africa’s sunshine could eventually make the continent a supplier of energy to the rest of the world (Credit: Getty Images)

Other plants in Morocco are already underway. Next year construction will begin at two sites in the south-west, near Laayoune and Boujdour, with plants near Tata and Midelt to follow.

The success of these plants in Morocco – and those in South Africa - may encourage other African countries to turn to solar power. South Africa is already one of the world’s top 10 producers of solar power and Rwanda is home to east Africa’s first solar plant, which opened in 2014. Large plants are being planned for Ghana and Uganda.

Africa’s sunshine could eventually make the continent a supplier of energy to the rest of the world. Sellam has high hopes for Noor. “Our main goal is to become energy-independent but if one day we are producing a surplus we could supply other countries too,” he says. Imagine recharging your electric car in Berlin with electricity produced in Morocco.

With the clouds set to lift in Ouarzazate, Africa is busy planning for a sunny day.

Forest minister: It is not possible to keep tigers alive forever

• Nure Alam Durjoy
• Published at 10:31 PM December 03, 2016
• Last updated at 11:18 PM December 03, 2016

Two tigers in their natural habitat in the SundarbansSyed Zakir Hossain/Dhaka Tribune
Environment and Forest Minister Anwar Hossain Manju, who had earlier been criticised for making questionable remarks on tiger population, has said tigers cannot be saved from extinction despite initiatives
Minister Manju made the comment on Saturday amid growing concerns from different groups over the plummeting tiger population in the Sundarbans.

He said: “We have taken up many initiatives to protect the Bengal Tiger. But it is not possible to keep them alive forever.”

The forest minister made the remark while attending an event titled “Greater Dialogue for a Greater Cause” to save the Bengal Tiger population in the Sundarbans.

The event was organised by Bengal Tiger Conservation Activity project (Bagh) of United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in association with the Forest Department and Wild Team.

The session was moderated by Ainun Nishat, professor emeritus of BRAC University.


Environment and Forest Minister Anwar Hossain Manju has repeatedly faced backlash over his remarks about tigers despite being entrusted with their conservation File photo

The forest minister faced backlash in 2015 for saying the dwindling tiger population was because tigers were “touring the Indian side”.

After the tiger population saw a brief surge in October, he said “Tigers have come back from India and are giving birth to cubs after their trip.”

Addressing Saturday’s function, the forest minister said field-level initiatives taken up by the government to protect Sundarbans’ tigers are ineffective since local influential political leaders are involved in poaching.

“Tiger conservation is a very difficult task for Bangladesh as around one crore people are dependent on the Sundarbans for their livelihood. Their lives revolve around the forest.

“However, we have deployed coast guard and RAB in Sunbarbans. In addition, alternative employment has been arranged for those dependent on,” he added.

Gary F Collins, chief of USAID’s Bagh Activity, said: “The business community is an important part of protecting the ecosystems of the Sundarbans by providing alternative livelihoods for the people there.

Nathan Sage, Deputy Director and Environment & Global Climate Change Leader, USAID said “I think the challenge is to inspire people in protecting tiger…there are many ways to get involved in this activity.”

The Bagh Project is being funded by the USAID and implemented by the Smithsonian Institution and Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies in partnership with WildTeam.

The event was organised as part of creating awareness to conserve Bangladesh’s rich biodiversity through protection of the Bengal Tiger.

http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/12/03/minister-not-possible-tigers-alive/

http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/1032995/রামপাল-প্রকল্প-থেকে-সরে-আসার-সুযোগ-নেই-বিদ্যুৎ

রামপাল প্রকল্প থেকে সরে আসার সুযোগ নেই : বিদ্যুৎ প্রতিমন্ত্রী
শাহজালাল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিনিধি | আপডেট: ২১:০৮, ডিসেম্বর ০৩, ২০১৬

বিদ্যুৎ, জ্বালানি ও খনিজ সম্পদ প্রতিমন্ত্রী নসরুল হামিদ বলেছেন, রামপাল প্রকল্প থেকে সরে আসার সুযোগ নেই। সর্বাধুনিক প্রযুক্তিতে নির্মিত হবে বলে রামপাল বিদ্যুৎকেন্দ্রের কারণে পরিবেশের তেমন কোনো ক্ষতি হবে না।

আজ শনিবার দুপুরে সিলেট শাহজালাল বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের পেট্রোলিয়াম অ্যান্ড মাইনিং ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং বিভাগের যুগপূর্তি অনুষ্ঠানের উদ্বোধন শেষে সাংবাদিকদের প্রশ্নের জবাবে প্রতিমন্ত্রী নসরুল হামিদ এসব কথা বলেন।

প্রতিমন্ত্রী বলেন, যত দ্রুত সম্ভব খুলনায় বিদ্যুৎ পৌঁছাতে হবে। কেননা, পদ্মা সেতু নির্মিত হলে সেখানে চার থেকে পাঁচ হাজার মেগাওয়াট বিদ্যুতের চাহিদা বেড়ে যাবে। এ চাহিদা মেটাতে রামপাল বিদ্যুৎ প্রকল্প থেকে সরে আসার সুযোগ নেই। বরং বর্ধিত চাহিদা মেটাতে বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদনে আরও প্রকল্প নেওয়া হবে।

রামপাল বিদ্যুৎ প্রকল্প নিয়ে উদ্বেগ জানিয়ে ইউনেসকোর দেওয়া প্রতিবেদন প্রসঙ্গে প্রতিমন্ত্রী বলেন, ইউনেসকোর দেওয়া প্রতিবেদনের জবাব দেওয়া হয়েছে। ওই প্রতিবেদন প্রকল্পে কোনো বাধা হয়ে দাঁড়াবে না। দ্রুত রামপাল বিদ্যুৎ প্রকল্প বাস্তবায়ন করা হবে।

 

[Banglar Bir]

Tanvir Chowdhury shared David Wolfe's photo.
5 hrs ·

 

[Banglar Bir]

BREAKING: Victory! Amidst Massive Protests, Army Corps Blocks Dakota Pipeline
Claire Bernish December 4, 2016
image: http://thefreethoughtproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/pipe-line-victory.jpg




In a complete reversal of the expected, early reports say the Army Corps of Engineers has now denied the easement which would allow Energy Transfer Partners to drill and route the Dakota Access Pipeline under the Missouri River.

A press release from the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe says “the Department of the Army will not approve an easement that will allow the proposed Dakota Access Pipeline to cross under Lake Oahe.”

That statement reads:

“Today, the Army Corps of Engineers announced that it will not be granting the easement to cross Lake Oahe for the proposed Dakota Access Pipeline. Instead, the Corps will be undertaking an environmental impact statement to look at possible alternate routes. We wholeheartedly support the decision of the administration and commend with the utmost gratitude the courage it took on the part of President Obama, the Army Corps, the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior to take steps to correct the course of history and to do the right thing.

“The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and all of Indian Country will be forever grateful to the Obama Administration for this historic decision.”

This announcement comes as thousands of U.S. military veterans continue to descend on Standing Rock to defend Indigenous water protectors from further police violence.

Those veterans join thousands of others encamped on the banks of the Missouri near the Lake Oahe reservoir, where Energy Transfer Partners — the company responsible for construction, and in the midst of a merger with Sunoco Logistics — has continued operations at a drill pad despite stern warnings from the Army Corps against those actions.

While initial reports were unclear, the statement from the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe validates the information, first emerging from a Facebook video from Native American Council Elder Remi Baldeagle, in which he stated, smiling broadly:

“Up until this point the American government has failed us, but the American people haven’t. So, I feel American today.”

Baldeagle explained the Secretary of the Army gave the decision to Standing Rock Sioux Chairman Dave Archambault II earlier today.

According to the U.S. Army in a statement to its website:

“The Department of the Army will not approve an easement that would allow the proposed Dakota Access Pipeline to cross under Lake Oahe in North Dakota, the Army’s Assistant Secretary for Civil Works announced today,” the Army’s Assistant Secretary for Civil Works, Jo-Ellen Darcy, stated.

“Although we have had continuing discussion and exchanges of new information with the Standing Rock Sioux and Dakota Access, it’s clear that there’s more work to do.The best way to complete that work responsibly and expeditiously is to explore alternate routes for the pipeline crossing.”

Although undoubtedly this news is welcome to the thousands of water protectors camped in the bitter North Dakota winter in support of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe — and hundreds of thousands worldwide who have worked toward action against the Dakota Access Pipeline — a re-routing is not the ultimate solution most had hoped for.

In fact, on the ground near Cannon Ball, North Dakota, a somewhat subdued mood reigned, as many suspected the Army Corps might simply be acting to defuse an increasingly tense, violent, and controversial situation.

Whether or not the refusal to grant the necessary easement will result in effective changes satisfactory to the Standing Rock Sioux and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribes and their supporters will have to be seen in coming days.

In the meantime, however, Energy Transfer Partners is obligated to halt Dakota Access Pipeline construction immediately — and the route under the Lake Oahe reservoir will be permanently abandoned.


Read more at http://thefreethoughtproject.com/br...s-army-corps-blocks-dapl/#x5xt6vY1Tb9ofKXS.99

 

[Mo12]

Have any Bangldeshis blamed India for this? For being one of the biggest polluters by nation?

 

[Banglar Bir]

Have any Bangladeshis blamed India for this? For being one of the biggest polluters by nation?

Please read the article below along with the graphs. For in depth research refer to the link above.
6 Graphs Explain the World’s Top 10 Emitters
by
Mengpin Ge, Johannes Friedrich and Thomas Damassa -

November 25, 2014

http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/11/6-graphs-explain-world’s-top-10-emitters

China currently ranks as world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Photo by Ding Zhou/Flickr


Our ability to harness ever-expanding amounts of data is completely transforming our understanding of environmental problems and solutions. Our Climate Insights blog series leverages data from CAIT 2.0, WRI’s climate data explorer, to shed light on the many dimensions of climate change that shape society, policy, and global development.

All eyes are on Lima, Peru, where country representatives will gather next week for the annual U.N. climate negotiations (COP 20). One question is at the heart of these negotiations: How can countries reduce emissions enough to collectively limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees C, thus preventing the worst impacts of climate change?

In Lima and over the next several months, countries are expected to put forward new national emissions-reduction pledges for achieving this target in the decades to come. WRI’s recently published the CAIT Equity Explorer can help assess the equitability of these pledges. While equity considerations include more than just emissions—and all countries must take action to mitigate climate change—the actions of the world’s top emitters will likely be most heavily scrutinized—and rightly so: According to recent data, 10 countries produce around 70 percent of global GHG emissions.

 

[Banglar Bir]

However, these graphs are dates back to 2013-14,meanwhile China, U.S.A India + a few others countries have under taken numerous steps to implement alternative renewable energy projects and many have acheived ZERO EMISSION levels. Will upload the latest graphs whenever available.

Many thanks for your noble interest in this critical issue.

 

[Banglar Bir]

https://www.theguardian.com/sustain...elon-musk-hong-kong-electric-cars-beacon-city
Why Elon Musk says Hong Kong will be the 'beacon city' for electric cars
With booming sales and more than 1,000 public charging spots, Tesla CEO Elon Musk predicted the city would be a leader on electric car adoption

Hong Kong’s population density, efficient public transportation and general lack of space hardly provide incentive to buy a private car. High registration taxes on new vehicles – up to 115% of the price portion above HK$500,000 (£45,000) – make anyone balk. The heavy levy is meant to reduce road traffic and street level emissions, which is the main contributor to the port city’s air pollution.

Yet, in the past two years, the city has seen a boom in registrations for new electric vehicles (EVs), thanks to a tax waiver passed by legislators that will last until March 2017. Now it’s hard to walk down any street in Hong Kong without spotting at least a couple of electric cars quietly rolling by (they’re almost all Teslas, and red seems to be a favourite colour).

At the beginning of 2010 there were fewer than 100 EVs on the road in Hong Kong. By October 2015 the number of new EV registrations for the year surpassed 3,000, and by January this year there were just under 4,500 EVs, according to the city’s Environmental Protection Department. As a comparison, London, with approximately 1m extra residents, now has just over 5,000 registered electric cars.


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As soon as Tesla entered the market in Hong Kong, the numbers of EVs-to-station ratio jumped significantly. Meaning more queues at charging stations. Photograph: Guardian/Brady Ng
In total, the government has approved 52 EV models for the roads of Hong Kong, 36 of which are private cars. The top selling EV model in Hong Kong is Tesla’s Model S, more than 2,000 of which were sold in the city in 2015.

During his visit in January 2016, Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, called Hong Kong a “beacon city for electric vehicles” that could “serve as an example to the rest of the world on what to do.” He predicted Hong Kong would be a leader of the world in terms of EV adoption. More broadly, Musk sees Asia as the “biggest area of expansion” for his company, which has plans to substantially expand the region’s charger network.

In a way, electric cars are made for cities such as Hong Kong, where car journeys are short – typically between 10 and 50km. Some worry if the current tax waiver is abolished, EV sales may evaporate, as was the case in Denmark earlier this year. However, with new developments there may be a sweet spot for Hong Kong’s lawmakers.

“If the government chose to implement a phased-in increase on the tax on EVs, that would make sense,” said John Bower, a committee member of Charged Hong Kong, a volunteer group that promotes EV usage in the city. He believes improved battery life, lower running costs and, if they ever take-off, government moves to switch taxis to electric could all help boost EV adoption.

The bottleneck
For Bower, who owns a Tesla, the biggest stumbling block to faster uptake is the lack of infrastructure, particularly residential charging. “Things are changing so fast that there’s always a bottleneck”, he says.

Private garages are rare, and residential parking spaces in apartment complexes are managed by homeowner associations, which often overestimate the cost of installing outlets for EVs. In one case, an EV owner was asked by management to pay HK$1m (£90,000) for fire insurance before a socket could be installed. He refused and uses public stations to recharge his vehicle.


In reality, electric power generation companies will build the required hardware up to the doorstep, and the only action required by the homeowner association is to connect private socket outlets to the electrical installations laid down by utility companies.

For some time, there were more than 1,000 free charging stations available for about 500 electric cars. But as soon as Tesla entered the market in Hong Kong and began delivering its vehicles, the number of EVs-to-stations increased.

That meant more queues at charging stations. Hong Kong has 1,300 public charging facilities scattered across shopping malls, commercial buildings, and government complexes, equating to three to four cars competing for each charger. Ideally, drivers suggest there should be at least one outlet for every two electric cars. However, Japan has one outlet for every nine EVs and in the US there is just one for every 12 cars.

As of July last year, Hong Kong had the highest density of Tesla superchargers in the world, but drivers in Hong Kong say that is still insufficient. Hong Kong’s public charging stations (which include the Tesla ones) are mostly made up of slow chargers, which may take several hours to fully charge a vehicle’s battery. Of the 1,300 stations available, only 200 are medium chargers and 157 are quick chargers.

The network is designed so that drivers are never more than 20km from a charger, but lines at busier locations can be up to five-deep on weekdays. This is because shopping malls and commercial buildings have not done enough to advance their parking facilities. In one 39-storey office building and shopping mall there are only two parking spots with chargers for EVs.

EV owners in Hong Kong hope this will change soon. About 300 of them are members of the Charged Hong Kong group, meeting with lawmakers, power companies and representatives of electric car manufacturers to improve EV infrastructure and policy. They have also been requested by Tesla to produce charging guidelines that will be distributed to all new EV owners in Hong Kong.

“What we find is that there are lots of different people making decisions, and nobody knows what everybody else thinks,” said Bower, who ultimately hopes government and corporate support for the promotion of electric cars and public transportation can improve the city’s air quality.

Tackling pollution: Beijing's electric bikes and buses - in pictures

SVehicles are the source of a third of the air pollution in the Chinese capital, which restricts their use during episodes of heavy smog. Electric cars, buses, scooters and bicycles offer an alternative, cleaner form of transport

Heavy traffic passes along Beijing’s 3rd Ring Road, in the centre of the Chinese capital. Although on this day the skies are clear, Beijing has some of the worst levels of air pollution of any city in the world. Vehicle exhaust fumes are responsible for a third of the pollution.
Photograph: Sean Gallagher
https://www.theguardian.com/sustain...ing-pollution-smog-electric-bikes-buses-china

 

[Mo12]

seem like its bangladesh best friends china that is making them sink

 

[Banglar Bir]

Climate Change
Mapping the Impacts of Climate Change
CLICK LINK BELOW TO SEE THE GLOBAL RISK MAP.
http://www.cgdev.org/page/mapping-impacts-climate-change

These maps display country rankings for four dimensions of climate impact: Extreme Weather, Sea Level Rise, Agricultural Productivity Loss and Overall. Countries are colored in descending order of impact, from dark red to yellow. On the left, select a view of climate impacts: Direct Risks (risks from physical climate impacts alone) and Overall Vulnerability (direct risks adjusted for countries' ability to cope with climate impacts). On the right, select a region and an income group. To see the exact ranking of any country, place the cursor over it on the map.

The maps draw upon a comprehensive new dataset described in a new working paper Quantifying Vulnerability to Climate Change: Implications for Adaptation Assistance, by CGD senior fellow David Wheeler.

The dataset is the first to cover the entire world: 233 countries and other political jurisdictions. The paper presents a methodology for aid donors and others to craft cost-effective assistance for climate adaptation which can be applied consistently to all 233 states and all three problems, or to any subset.

The map displays color-coded rankings for 169 of the 233 states. Small islands, which are very highly vulnerable to sea level rise, and other small jurisdictions cannot be displayed on a map of this resolution but are nonetheless included in the paper and dataset.

The paper presents two sample applications of the data: assistance for 20 small, poor island states to adapt to sea-level rise and general assistance for all low-income countries to adapt to extreme weather changes, sea-level rise, and reduced agricultural productivity.

Extreme Weather Direct Risks:
Physical Climate Impacts

Ranking
1-55 | 56-111 | 112+
1
China

2
India

3
Bangladesh

4
Philippines

5
Vietnam

6
Hong Kong SAR, China

7
Somalia

8
Macao SAR, China

9
Sudan

10
Ethiopia

11
Malawi

12
Honduras

13
Kenya

14
Madagascar

15
Bolivia

16
Sri Lanka

17
Uganda

18
Colombia

19
Thailand

20
Indonesia

21
Nicaragua

22
Djibouti

23
Mozambique

24
Myanmar

25
United States

26
Mexico

27
Tanzania

28
Costa Rica

29
Nepal

30
Burundi

31
Pakistan

32
Cambodia

33
Belize

34
Zambia

35
Peru

36
Brazil

37
Tajikistan

38
Afghanistan

39
Argentina

40
Haiti

41
Niger

42
Malaysia

43
Japan

44
Namibia

45
Australia

46
Panama

47
Papua New Guinea

48
Canada

49
Mauritania

50
Korea, Dem. Rep.

51
Guatemala

52
Eritrea

53
El Salvador

54
Korea, Rep.

55
Dominican Republic

Extreme Weather Direct Risks:
Physical Climate Impacts

1
China

2
India

3
Bangladesh

INDIA IS THE 2nd MOST AT RISK AFTER CHINA.

seem like its bangladesh best friends china that is making them sink