What's new

Egypt - HAL offers to set up LCA and LCH manufacturing.

maybe change your debt trap policy and we will consider doing buissness
And who is "They" you mean the west? Use Egypt to counter a NATO member who keeps resource rich syria iraq and libya for westren companies to keep pillaging? What are you smoking

Lets see my friend,
neither me nor you can talk too much without facing the music.
Ive said enough.
 
Lets see my friend,
neither me nor you can talk too much without facing the music.
Ive said enough.
It suprises me how little people know about Egypt and yet talk in a position of arrogance
I think it was good decision to reject a 50 million dollar Advanced training aircraft
 
Currently Egypt doesnt have a running aerospace company, so the offer is not really giving any result. Compare it with Rafale manufacturing in Brazil where Brazil has already running aerospace company.
Brazil bought SAAB AS-39 Gripen E/F..not Rafale..

1657479375164.png


Production has been established with around 70 employees, many of whom have undergone training in Sweden prior to establishing the production plant in Brazil. The creation of the SAM facility is an element of the 100 percent technology transfer agreement made when Brazil signed a contract to build and produce the Gripen E/F for the Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB, Brazilian air force) in 2014.

https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-...azil-begins-manufacturing-saab-gripen-fighter


"The AOI is interested in the aircraft industry where it succeeded to manufacture aircraft K8, as well as to repair aircraft engines inside the factories in cooperation with the Egyptian Air Force, said Taras in his interview with Ahmed Mousa on Sada al-Balad."

https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/61293/Egypt-based-AOI-reiterates-making-aircraft-K8



Before the K-8.. Egypt was making the Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jet MS1 and MS 2 in the same factory/plant..

1657480474679.png



 
Last edited:
They need Egypt to counter Turkey, and Pakistan's relationship with Turkey is far beyond
The distance between the nearest air bases of the two countries around +800 km by bird flight.

Turkiye also never had any strategy of balancing Egypt. The interests of the two countries do not conflict on a strategic scale.

Both countries need to have a strong armed forces against other and imminent threats.

I hope Pakistan wins this. Because there are no suitable conditions for the sale of Hurjet. :)
 
Last edited:
It suprises me how little people know about Egypt and yet talk in a position of arrogance
I think it was good decision to reject a 50 million dollar Advanced training aircraft

Let me ask you,
who is your president now ?

and who was it for decades before ?

and why is that ?

Once you answer those objectively, to yourself, the rest should be simple enough.
After Jamal, ( Gamal ) what else ?

@dBSPL watch this space; let me refresh his own history to him.
 
ET9AKByU8AUD1Zy.jpg



The issue turned from an Indian offer to Egypt to manufacture some Indian planes in Egypt for the benefit of Egypt and the Arab and African countries, to the Pakistanis' feeling of humiliation because Egypt did not buy the Chinese fighter FC-1
And trying to distort Egypt and reduce it because Egypt did not contract on the Pakistani plane
If you find Egypt in the specifications of the aircraft FC-1
Distinction, quality or efficiency that Egypt has not turned to
If the plane was suitable for service in Malaysia or the Philippines or any Arab country, the countries would have bought it.
Egypt's military demands could not be met by the Chinese plane, technically and financially. The matter is simple. Egypt did not see it as suitable for its service

The Egyptian Air Force is large and its performance is higher. Air weapons are not related to many planes that are lagging behind in large numbers


Egypt is the first plane that will be taken out of the alphajet service and L-59 by comparing the technical specifications between the two planes and by comparing the competing planes of the Indian plane, such as the T-50 Golden Eagle
We find that the Indian plane carries ammunition, the best electronic equipment, the best electronic warfare systems, and it is the best available worldwide for advanced training aircraft, so the Egyptian choice is excellent.

Egypt has the best planes available in the world, the Rafale, and it has contracted with
SU-35 As a result of France's inability to quickly supply more Rafales, Egypt negotiated the Eurofighter Typhoon.
It is the fourth largest user of the F-16 and the first user of the Mirage 2000
It was born the most important version of the MIG-29M
Egypt has been using early warning planes since 1987
20 years before some dreamed of buying it, the Egyptian Air Force possesses advanced planes and good ammunition. Simply 400 fighters, the age of which is less than 10 years, were presented by fourth generation fighters. Egypt got rid of the third and second generation fighters.
Those who possess extremely backward and outdated air weapons establish the Egyptian Air Force, which cannot reach its level within the next 20 years.
Will the one who will own third-generation aircraft compare a country that owns a fleet of 4++ fighters in large numbers and put the same person who resides, and you, your junk weapon is a remnant of out-of-service air weapons, you collect the waste

The LCA is the smallest fighter in the world market, but it accepts development
and integrate it into an integrated system
The integration of CATS & LOYAL WINGMAN
, Manned-Unmanned Teaming
And the possibility of linking it with western and eastern fighters at the same time
MBDA company wants to set up a production line
Missile munitions in Egypt and the LCA plane, Europe accepted the integration of European munitions with it

Europeans accept cooperation in developing LCA aircraft with European components , while refusing to do so with Chinese planes

In the event that Egypt goes to the KF-21 aircraft, there will be integration, technical security and reduced costs for the acquisition of the fighter to unify the engines
Egypt can benefit from the production of the LCA aircraft in the development of systems and components for the development of the F-16, MIG-29 and MIRAGE-2000 fighters.
Especially in the production of Avionics and systems that are less in weight and size in these aircraft to provide space for further development of these aircraft

Therefore, mocking the idiots and those who possess sworn weapons is a kind of insult to the mentality of the reader and observer.

Egypt carries out dozens of international air maneuvers annually. It conducts training with more than 20 countries in Europe, Asia and America. It studies various air schools and joint arms training at the tactical and strategic levels. So are some naive people who have training rates of two or three maneuvers annually evaluate the Egyptian Air Force



As we said earlier, the plane came as an advanced training aircraft and a light fighter, with an open source and distinguished in accepting French, Russian and Egyptian munitions, and this is a very important matter for Egypt.
Egypt selects the best available and Egypt is interested in the Chinese HD-1 missile
To work on the Mirage 2000, MiG-29, and the Sukhoi-35 in the future, Western fighters have limited sources of ammunition supply

2825607878_5428949c94.jpg


Egypt has had an aviation hub since the sixties, and Egypt has previously assembled 120 F-7s and 120 F-6s in the eighties for Egypt, Iraq and Sudan.
As well as 200 K-8E aircraft
and 110 EMB-312 . aircraft
154 SA342 Gazelle

India, Brazil and South Korea appreciate Egypt with all its capabilities, its strategic location, its international relationship and its global trade agreement.

We mentioned before that China implemented unfriendly and unfriendly policies for Egypt
Its alliance with Ethiopia and its financing to cut off water from Egypt
Chinese policies against Africa are using loans to control and occupy countries
Disordered trade exchange in favor of China

India has done much better for Egypt than China
balanced trade exchange
Technology transfer for the benefit of both parties, as India will benefit greatly from the exports of 240 LCA aircraft for the benefit of Africa
and 300 LUH/LCH helicopters
And expand the export base of UAV components

Egypt since 1977 Western weapons are widely used in the Egyptian army and the base, whether industrial or technical, and for training on Western systems

The Indian planes are built on the basis of Western technology, and there is a Western welcome for cooperation between Egypt and India within the current global conflict between China, Russia and the West.

Egypt found the open source Indian product available for local development and production according to Egypt's needs instead of Western constraints
At a cost appropriate to the Egyptian economic capabilities
The Pakistanis should understand that Egypt is cooperating with them in what is in the interest of both countries
Pakistan lost the Arab countries when it allied itself with Turkey and made its relationship with Iran more important than the Arab countries.

The Chinese refused to transfer technology to many products. India agreed simply because India learned from China, its renaissance was built on the open markets for it in Egypt, Brazil, Arab and African countries.

Egypt in the seventies transferred MIG-23 planes to china
To take advantage of the missile cooperation programs with China, starting with the bombing of China’s western technologies for the manufacture of missiles ballistic

Egypt opened its market to China until the volume of Chinese exports reached more than 15 billion dollars for Egypt
Egypt did not find from China in return for a Chinese directive to invest 15 billion dollars in Ethiopia and finance the Ethiopian dam with more than 2.5 billion dollars to harm Egypt, so what does China expect

Of course, Egypt deals similarly with China, as it will cooperate with the West for the benefit of development in Africa, investing in the infrastructure in Africa, and saving Africa from Chinese brutality and control over its wealth.

Chinese policies have consequences for Chinese companies The extent of the corruption of their legitimacy in Africa has alienated Africa from Chinese companies

89865654645654.jpg
 
The extent of the corruption of their legitimacy in Africa has alienated Africa from Chinese companies
Then why is trade between China and Africa miles beyond any other country? Its not Chinas fault if crackhead countries are super corrupt and can't pay back a loan.

Children are taught not to borrow if u can't pay back. If grown a22 countries don't know that lesson and make promises then its their own fault.

The West meanwhile don't take a port or an airfield for payment, they take over the whole country/continent with debilitating interests rates and move in massive Western companies to take over the whole show. They keep Africans poor slaves in their own countries for generations. Then you blame the Africans for begging for Chinese money instead? Some westerners are sick in the head to be honest.
 
Last edited:
Egypt is not going nuclear.. it has soviet nukes since 1973.. not sure if they are still potent!

Now Egypt is concentrating on civilian nuclear technologies..it doesn't have a military nuclear program.. but rather a good and important civilian nuclear program..

View attachment 860527

https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Applications-made-to-build-El-Dabaa-units-3-and-4

I too said the same that ussr gave active nukes to Egypt which was never sent back to ussr.... if they are well maintained then they are still dangerous.......
 
Then why is trade between China and Africa miles beyond any other country? Its not Chinas fault if crackhead countries are super corrupt and can't pay back a loan.

Children are taught not to borrow if u can't pay back. If grown a22 countries don't know that lesson and make promises then its their own fault.

The West meanwhile don't take a port or an airfield for payment, they take over the whole country/continent with debilitating interests rates and move in massive Western companies to take over the whole show. They keep Africans poor slaves in their own countries for generations. Then you blame the Africans for begging for Chinese money instead? Some westerners are sick in the head to be honest.



Does China really seize the strategic assets of countries?

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to MoreShare to Bit.ly
Share to TwitterShare to Facebook

Written by: Noha Ali

Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies has published a research paper entitled "What are the Chinese specifications for debt relief for African countries?" The study touched on the lack of evidence to support fears that China is using its debt to control the strategic assets of debtor countries. On the other hand, China has recently recorded its direct participation in the ownership of projects, by acquiring a share of the shares.

The first Chinese loan to the African continent, was given to Guinea in 1960. Over the past four decades, that country has financed projects along the continent, with almost zero interest, and grace periods of up to five years. It also managed the use of a combination of grants and loans, which could have terms of up to 15 to 30 years.





Phrases that are included in Chinese loan contracts



In all loan contracts that China has given since the early 2000s, within its foreign aid projects, the following statement has been included:
“If there is any difficulty in repaying the debt on time, the repayment period can be extended after consultation between the two governments.” In a related context, there has been extensive use of the phrase "waiver of sovereign immunity", in loan contracts to countries such as Nigeria and Kenya.

This is precisely this matter, indicated by a recent study, from Harvard Business School, in conjunction with the University of "Seattle" Law. The study explained that the waiver of “sovereign immunity” clause allows a sovereign country to be sued in a foreign court or to be subject to international arbitration.

The study's authors reviewed several Chinese loan contracts and found that most contained language on waiving sovereign immunity in relation to arbitration and enforcement.
At the same time, the researchers did not find any "expropriation of sovereign assets" by China, as a result of default, whether in Africa or globally.

On the other hand, China justified resorting to the inclusion of the “sovereignty” clause as a common practice in many international trade agreements. Accordingly, the academic study stated, that criticism of that clause, in some countries, was being employed in favor of some domestic political agendas. Especially since these concepts in international project finance and commercial law are quite technical, and they are used routinely.

Accordingly, the debts of the brown continent, in conjunction with the economic crises of the majority of the countries of the continent, went through rescheduling operations, sometimes dozens of times.

In the early 1990s, as part of restructuring programs under the supervision of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, a number of African governments privatized their state-owned enterprises. Accordingly, its approval was given to exchange Chinese loans for shares in official institutions.


China's loans to Africa .. Interests from 20% to 50%!



For decades, all Chinese debt to Africa remained, on roughly the same terms, until China's Exim Bank took over the debt management process in 1995. Initially, China Import and Export Bank followed international norms to include significant penalty clauses, including 20% to 50 % as an interest rate on late payments. However, these conditions disappeared in the following decades, and it turned out that these conditions were not applied at all.

A study by Johns Hopkins University indicated that in 2000 China launched a debt rescheduling program. It was Beijing's first pledge to cancel debt in Africa.
In 2014, it returned and issued a debt cancellation program, due to the slump in commodity prices, which had a significant impact on the insolvency of many African countries. However, between 2015 and 2019, there was an accelerating trend from China to increase the volume of lending, due to the return of the high prices of commodities produced by African countries.

But after 2019, the “defaulting” procedures began to change, and the issue of commercial restructuring is no longer the main tool that Beijing uses to pressure for payment when the state is insolvent, but rather is moving towards stopping expenses on projects being implemented, which slows down their completion, but This, of course, hurt the Chinese contractors.

In addition to these new procedures, new loans are not granted, until part of the old loans are paid. If the projects are able to generate revenues, the financing will be completed, as happened in the Addis-Ababa railway.

As for dealing with the insolvency of the infrastructure project in Congo, a consortium of French-Chinese companies was brought in. The consortium owns shares in the project, which extends for at least 30 years.

According to a Johns Hopkins study, East African countries have borrowed about $29 billion from China for infrastructure, energy and construction projects. The study stated that Beijing is intensifying its efforts to obtain lease contracts to manage some strategic assets in countries that default on debt payments, such as the "Hambantota Port" in Sri Lanka, which will be managed by China for 99 years, and the "Pakistan Gwadar Port" with a lease contract for 44 years.


هل فعلا تستولي الصين على الأصول الاستراتيجية للدول؟​


88990-https___d1e00ek4ebabmscloudfrontnet_production_57b2bb6c-d17f-4352-b48a-1db2a7710ec3.jpg

طباعة

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to المزيدShare to Bit.ly
Share to TwitterShare to Facebook


بقلم: نهى علي
noha_ali.PNG

نشرت كلية الدراسات الدولية المتقدمة، التابعة لجامعة "جونز هوبكنز" ورقة بحثية بعنوان "ما هي المواصفات الصينية لتخفيف ديون الدول الأفريقية؟" إذ تطرقت الدراسة إلى عدم وجود أدلة، تدعم المخاوف من أن الصين تستخدم ديونها للسيطرة على الأصول الاستراتيجية للدول المستدينة. لكن بالمقابل سجل للصين في الأونة الأخيرة، مشاركتها المباشرة في ملكية المشاريع، عن طريق الاستحواذ على حصة من الأسهم.
أوّل قرض صيني للقارة الأفريقية، تم اعطاؤه إلى غينيا في 1960. وفي خلال العقود الأربعة الماضية، مَوّل ذلك البلد، مـشاريع على طول القارة، بفوائد صفرية تقريبا، وبفترات سماح تصل لخمسة أعوام. كما أنها أدارت استخدام مزيج من الهبات والقروض، التي يمكن أن تصل فترات سدادها إلى مدد تتراوح بين 15 إلى 30 عاما.

1-9.jpeg

العبارات التي يتم تضمينها في عقود القروض الصينية​


في جميع عقود القروض التي أعطتها الصين منذ أوائل القرن الحالي، ضمن مشاريع المساعدات الخارجية، كان يتم تضمين العبارة التالية:
"إن وجـدت أيّـة صـعـوبـة فـي سـداد الـدَّيـن في الموعد المحدد، يمكن تمديد فترة السداد بعد التشاور بين الحكومتين". وفي إطار متصل كان هناك استخدام مكثف لعبارة " التنازل عن الحصانة السيادية"، في عقود القروض لبلدان مثل نيجيريا و كينيا.
هذا الأمر تحديدا، أشارت إليه دراسة حديثة، من كلية "هارفارد" للأعمال، بالاشتراك مع جامعة "سياتل" للقانون. إذ شرحت الدراسة أن بند التنازل عن "الحصانة السيادية" يسمح بمقاضاة دولة ذات سيادة في محكمة أجنبية أو الخضوع للتحكيم الدولي.

وأجرى القائمون على الدراسة، مراجعة للعديد من عقود القروض الصينية، ووجدوا أن معظمها يتضمن لغة بشأن التنازل عن الحصانة السيادية في ما يتعلق بالتحكيم والإنفاذ.
وفي نفس الوقت لم يجد الباحثون أي "مصادرة لأصول سيادية" من قبل الصين، نتيجة للتخلف عن السداد، إن كان في أفريقيا أو على مستوى العالم.
مقابل ذلك بررت الصين اللجوء لإدراج بند "السيادة"، على أنه ممارسة شائعة في العديد من الاتفاقيات التجارية الدولية، وعليه ذكرت الدراسة الأكاديمية، أن الانتقاد الموجه لذلك البند، في بعض الدول، كان يتم توظيفه لصالح بعض الأجندات السياسية المحلية. خصوصا أن هذه المفاهيم في تمويل المشاريع الدولية والقانون التجاري هي مفاهيم فنية تماماً، يتم استخدامها بشكل روتيني.
وعليه مرت ديون القارة السمراء، وبالتزامن مع الأزمات الاقتصادية لغالبية دول القارة، بعمليات إعادة جدولة وصلت أحيانا لعشرات المرات.
وفي بداية تسعينيات القرن الماضي، وضمن برامج إعادة الهيكلة، بإشراف صندوق النقد والبنك الدوليين، خصخصت عدد من الحكومات الأفريقية مؤسساتها المملوكة للدولة. وتم بموجب ذلك، إعطاء موافقتها على مبادلة القروض الصينية، بأسهم في المؤسسات الرسمية.

file-20210616-21-oolbp.jpg

قروض الصين لأفريقيا.. فوائد من 20% إلى 50%!​


لعقود من الزمن، بقيت جميع الديون الصينية لأفريقيا، ضمن نفس الشروط تقريبا، حتى تولى "بنك إكزيم" الصيني عملية إدارة الديون في 1995. في البدء اتبع "بنك الصين للاستيراد والتصدير" الأعراف الدولية القاضية بتضمين شروط جزائية كبيرة، منها 20% إلى 50% كنسبة فـوائـد على التأخر في السداد. لكنّ هذه الشروط اختفت في العقود التالية، كما وتبيّن عدم تطبيق هذه الشروط على الإطلاق.
هذا وأشارت دراسة لجامعة جونز هوبكنز أنه في عام 2000 أطلقت الصين برنامجا لإعادة جدولة الديون. كان بمثابة أول تعهد من قبل بكين، لإلغاء الديون في أفريقيا.
وفي 2014 عادت وأصدرت برنامجا لإلغاء الديون، بسبب تهاوي أسعار السلع الذي كان له تأثير كبير في إعسار الكثير من الدول الأفريقية، بيد أنه بين 2015 و2019، كان هناك توجه متسارع من الصين لزيادة حجم الإقراض، بسبب عودة ارتفاع أسعار السلع التي تنتجها الدول الأفريقية.
لكن بعد 2019، بدأت تتغير إجراءات "التخلف عن السداد"، ولم تعد مسألة إعادة الهيكلة التجارية هي الأداة الرئيسة التي تستخدمها بكين للضغط من أجل السداد عند تعسّر الدولة، بل أصبحت تتجه نحو إيقاف المصاريف على المشاريع التي يجري تنفيذها، ممّا يبطئ إنجازها، لكنّ هذا الأمر بطبيعة الحال ألحق أضرارا بالمقاولين الصينيين.
ويضاف لتلك الإجراءات الجديدة، عدم منح قروض جديدة، حتّى يتم دفع جزء من القروض القديمة. وفي حال استطاعت المشاريع تحقيق إيرادات، يستكمل التمويل كما حصل في خط حديد أديس-أبابا.
أما فيما يتعلق بمـعـالـجـة إعـسـار مـشـروع البنية التحتية في الكونغو، تم جلب ائتلاف من شـركات فرنسية- صينية. ويمتلك الائتلاف أسهما في المشروع، والذي يمتد لـ 30 عاما على الأقل.
ووفقًا لدراسة "جونز هوبكنز"، اقترضت دول شرق إفريقيا حوالي 29 مليار دولار من الصين لمشاريع البنية التحتية والطاقة والبناء. وذكرت الدراسة، أن بكين تكثف جهودها للحصول على عقود إيجار لإدارة بعض الأصول الاستراتيجية في البلدان التي تتخلف عن سداد الديون مثل "ميناء هامبانتوتا" في سريلانكا، الذي ستتولى الصين إدارته لـ 99 عاما، و"ميناء جوادار الباكستاني" بعقد إيجار لمدة 44 عاما.



https://www.cnbcarabia.com/news/view/88991/هل-فعلا-تستولي-الصين-على-الأصول-الاستراتيجية-للدول؟.html
 
So you are making a comparison with Iran who actually has an open policy of enriching uranium versus a country that has no policy on anything nuclear related? Dude, if Egypt even dared to think nukes the Israelis and Americans would make sure to do the necessary. You know this too so stop pretending that Egypt has nukes.

We know you Indians like to lick scrotums when you have to achieve your goals, but remain realistic and stop over licking.

Why should I lick? Because of my licking as if Egypt is going to help India achieve it's goals..... anyways let's now going back to topic I think Egypt has already decided on either Typhoon or F-15 Eagle.... chances of Tejas can be very low.....
 
68 countries in the Chinese debt trap in 2022
14 billion dollars in costs to Beijing from the poorest borrowers this year
Kefaya Oller is a journalist
Friday 25 March 2022 9:38

Payment costs to official Chinese creditors will exceed two percent of the gross national income in eight countries in 2022 (Reuters)

The world's poorest countries will pay China and its lenders nearly $14 billion this year in debt-servicing costs, according to new research, urging Beijing to do more to support African debt restructuring for those who need it. The report estimates that more than a quarter of this amount will go to China, where Beijing is one of the largest lenders to developing countries.

At the end of 2020, the 68 countries combined owed about $110 billion to many Chinese lenders in official bilateral debt, the report estimated, up from $105 billion in 2019. China was the largest single creditor after the World Bank's Association for International Development. , says the report.

China debt suspension

Repayment costs to official Chinese creditors will exceed two percent of gross national income in eight countries in 2022. Angola is the worst on the list of countries trapped in Chinese debt, and owes nearly five percent of its national income to China to pay interest and repay the principal of previous loans. And since China is the main creditor of countries eligible for debt relief, Yue Mingde and Christoph Nedobel Wang wrote in the recently released report that it "has more responsibility and opportunities to provide bilateral and multilateral support for debt restructuring, compared to other countries."

Although China has engaged in debt relief, other international lenders need more transparency and clarity about the overall volume of Chinese lending, they said.

In late 2020, the Chinese government said it had suspended debt service requirements on more than $2 billion in debt as part of an international effort to help poor countries during the pandemic, but that initiative ended in December last year, and in total, lenders suspended The Chinese made payments worth $5.7 billion, according to a report in late 2021 by the "Jopoli Debt" campaign.

Africa is experiencing a slowdown in economic growth, and the spread of COVID-19 has exacerbated the influx of funds needed for ongoing infrastructure development projects. Fearing default, a number of African countries are renegotiating loan terms with Chinese entities, including deferring interest payments and suspending unsustainable projects.

According to International Monetary Fund estimates, additional financing of up to $285 billion will be needed during 2021-25 by African countries to intensify their spending response to the Corona epidemic. 2000 to 2018 $148 billion worth, mostly in large-scale infrastructure projects. Over the past five years, about 66 percent of the loan amount has been provided to the transportation and energy sectors, while Chinese financial institutions have financed an average of 70 projects each year in Africa with an average value of $180 million. Among them, infrastructure financing to ensure resources has focused on African countries. Rich in minerals and hydrocarbons including Zambia (copper), Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, Angola, Algeria, Mozambique, Egypt and Sudan (oil and gas), South Africa and Tanzania (gold), according to informed sources, according to the newspaper.

China is currently a bilateral lender in 32 African countries, and the largest lender to the continent as a whole. The list includes Angola ($21.5 billion in 2017), Ethiopia ($13.7 billion), Kenya ($9.8 billion), the Republic of the Congo ($7.42 billion) and Zambia ( $6.38 billion), and Cameroon ($5.57 billion).

debt traps

The debt has led to a repayment crisis, with China owning about 72 percent of Kenya's $50 billion foreign debt. Over the next few years, Kenya is expected to pay $60 billion to Bank of China, Exim alone, according to people familiar with the matter, and the port of Mombasa could be lost if Kenya defaults on the loan, according to Kenya's auditor general.

October 28 was a bad day for Ugandan Finance Minister Mattia Kasaiga, who was taken to Parliament and questioned over the terms of a $200 million Chinese loan to expand Entebbe airport serving the capital, Kampala, and apologized to the assembled lawmakers, saying, "We shouldn't have accepted some of the terms." “But they told you, you either take it or leave it.”

The subject of the dispute in Uganda was related to a contract signed six years earlier with China Exim Bank, a contract that some Ugandan lawmakers, officials and lawyers say undermines national sovereignty. At Entebbe Airport, the country's main international gateway, an allegation that echoed Chinese accusations of "debt traps" and was vigorously denied by both governments, the controversy highlights the challenges faced by African governments and Chinese banks in the wake of the wave
20 years of lending that made Beijing the continent's largest source of development finance.

Chinese banks account for a fifth of lending to Africa

According to the Financial Times, Chinese banks now make up about a fifth of total lending to Africa, and are concentrated in a few strategic or resource-rich countries including Angola, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia, and annual lending peaked at $29.5 billion in 2016, according to IFI figures. Sino-African research at Johns Hopkins University, and although it slipped in 2019 to $7.6 billion, the numbers are still big.

After diving into the world's poorest continent, Chinese lenders are becoming more cautious as some countries have reached the limit of their borrowing capacity and the possibility of default looms. The International Monetary Fund lists more than 20 African countries as facing debt distress or at high risk, and in response, lenders including China Exim Bank and China Development Bank, the country's two major political banks, have adopted lending terms increasingly tough. Those conditions, some of which differ markedly from other official creditors, are beginning to be tested, as the economic hardships associated with the pandemic impose a burden on heavily indebted African countries.

Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasized this caution in a video address to the Triennial Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in Senegal in November 2021. Over the next three years, the Chinese president said, the country will reduce the main amount of money it supplies In Africa, by third to $40 billion, he implied, he redirected lending away from big infrastructure toward a new focus on small and medium-sized businesses, green projects and private investment flows.

An analysis titled "China's Lending to Africa" by Chatham House, a British think-tank, said that "China is moving away from this high-risk, high-volume model of finance to one in which deals are done on their own merits, on a smaller and more amenable scale. management before.

“The amount of credit that some [African governments] indulge in makes them reliant on beyond any reasonable notion of sovereignty,” says Chedi Odinkalo of Tufts University’s Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, expressing shared concerns about the sheer volume of Chinese lending and implicit bartering. "You can't blame China for seeking to secure repayment from corrupt regimes that think money can be free," he continued, "Africans are fleeing Western terms, and now they are trapped today in the wall of Chinese finance."

Angola is not alone in the Chinese debt trap. Between 2010 and 2015, Nigeria's debt to China grew by 136 percent from $1.4 billion to $3.3 billion, and the country had to spend $195 million in 2020 to pay off debt to China.

In Djibouti, China provided nearly $1.4 billion in funds, which accounts for 75 percent of the country's gross domestic product, according to reports, and at least 18 African countries have renegotiated their debts while 12 other countries are in talks with China to restrict loans to about 28 billion dollars.

In Federal Nigeria, Representatives at the federal level in Nigeria demanded an investigation into the country’s lending practices and a review of the “sovereign guarantee clause” in loan agreements with China, and Nigeria should repay $400 million for a loan made by China to the Nigerian National Technology Infrastructure Project Information and Communications Phase Two.” The Ugandan government was forced to postpone the construction of Kampala-Entebbe, and the Expressway project, after political opposition, raised concerns about a growing debt trap.





68 دولة في مصيدة الديون الصينية في 2022​


14 مليار دولار من قيمة التكاليف تحصلها بكين من المقترضين الأكثر فقراً خلال العام الحالي​




كفاية أولير صحافية

الجمعة 25 مارس 2022 9:38



513416-1393985847.png


ستتجاوز تكاليف السداد للدائنين الصينيين الرسميين اثنين في المئة من الدخل القومي الإجمالي في ثماني دول في عام 2022 (رويترز)



ستدفع أفقر دول العالم للصين ومقرضيها ما يقرب من 14 مليار دولار أميركي هذا العام كتكاليف لخدمة الديون، وفقاً لبحث جديد حث بكين على بذل المزيد من الجهد لدعم إعادة هيكلة الديون الأفريقية لأولئك الذين يحتاجون إليها، وفي المجموع، ستدفع 68 دولة 52.8 مليار دولار أميركي هذا العام كتكاليف ديون، وفقاً لتقرير صادر عن مركز التمويل والتنمية الأخضر في جامعة فودان في شنغهاي أوردته صحيفة "ساوث تشاينا مورننغ بوست"، ويقدر التقرير أن أكثر من ربع هذا المبلغ سيذهب إلى الصين، حيث تعد بكين واحدة من أكبر المقرضين للدول النامية.
وفي نهاية عام 2020، كانت الدول الـ68 مجتمعة تدين بنحو 110 مليارات دولار أميركي للعديد من المقرضين الصينيين في الديون الثنائية الرسمية، وفقاً لتقديرات التقرير، ارتفاعاً من 105 مليارات دولار أميركي في عام 2019. وكانت الصين أكبر دائن منفرد بعد جمعية التنمية الدولية التابعة للبنك الدولي، كما يقول التقرير.
الصين وتعليق الديون
وستتجاوز تكاليف السداد للدائنين الصينيين الرسميين اثنين في المئة من الدخل القومي الإجمالي في ثماني دول في عام 2022. وتعد أنغولا الأسوأ على لائحة الدول التي وقعت في شرك الديون الصينية، وتدين بما يقرب من خمسة في المئة من دخلها القومي للصين لدفع الفوائد وسداد أصل القروض السابقة، ونظراً لأن الصين هي الدائن الرئيس للدول المؤهلة للإعفاء من الديون، فقد كتب يوي مينجدي وكريستوف نيدوبيل وانج في التقرير الذي صدر، أخيراً، إن "لديها المزيد من المسؤولية والفرص لتقديم دعم ثنائي ومتعدد الأطراف لإعادة هيكلة الديون، مقارنة بالدول الأخرى".
وعلى الرغم من أن الصين شاركت في تخفيف الديون، فإن المقرضين الدوليين الآخرين بحاجة إلى مزيد من الشفافية والوضوح بشأن الحجم الإجمالي للإقراض الصيني، على حد قولهم.
وفي أواخر عام 2020، قالت الحكومة الصينية، إنها علقت متطلبات خدمة الديون على أكثر من ملياري دولار من الديون في إطار جهد دولي لمساعدة الدول الفقيرة خلال الوباء، لكن تلك المبادرة انتهت في ديسمبر (كانون الأول) من العام الماضي، وفي المجموع، علق المقرضون الصينيون مدفوعات بقيمة 5.7 مليار دولار أميركي، وفقاً لتقرير في أواخر عام 2021 أعدته حملة "جوبولي ديبت".
وتشهد أفريقيا تباطؤاً في النمو الاقتصادي، وقد أدى انتشار "كوفيد-19" إلى تفاقم تدفق الأموال اللازمة لمشاريع تطوير البنية التحتية الجارية. وخوفاً من التخلف عن السداد، يقوم عدد من الدول الأفريقية بإعادة التفاوض بشأن شروط القرض مع الكيانات الصينية، بما في ذلك تأجيل مدفوعات الفائدة وتعليق المشاريع غير القابلة للاستمرار.
ووفقاً لتقديرات صندوق النقد الدولي، ستكون هناك حاجة إلى تمويل إضافي يصل إلى 285 مليار دولار خلال 2021-25 من قبل الدول الأفريقية لتكثيف استجابة إنفاقها لوباء كورونا، وبحسب تقرير لـ"إيكونوميك تايمز"، في 2021، بلغ إجمالي قروض الصين لأفريقيا خلال الفترة من 2000 إلى 2018 ما قيمته 148 مليار دولار، معظمها في مشاريع البنية التحتية واسعة النطاق. وخلال السنوات الخمس الماضية، تم تقديم حوالى 66 في المئة من مبلغ القرض لقطاعي النقل والطاقة، في وقت مولت المؤسسات المالية الصينية ما معدله 70 مشروعاً كل عام في أفريقيا بمتوسط قيمة 180 مليون دولار، ومن بينها، ركز تمويل البنية التحتية لضمان الموارد على الدول الأفريقية الغنية بالمعادن والهيدروكربونات بما في ذلك زامبيا (النحاس)، وكينيا ونيجيريا وغانا وأنغولا والجزائر وموزمبيق ومصر والسودان (النفط والغاز)، وجنوب أفريقيا وتنزانيا (الذهب)، وفقاً لمصادر مطلعة بحسب الصحيفة.
وتعد الصين حالياً مقرضاً ثنائياً في 32 دولة أفريقية، وأكبر مقرض للقارة ككل، وتشمل القائمة أنغولا (21.5 مليار دولار في 2017)، وإثيوبيا (13.7 مليار دولار)، وكينيا (9.8 مليار دولار)، وجمهورية الكونغو (7.42 مليار دولار)، وزامبيا (6.38 مليار دولار)، والكاميرون (5.57 مليار دولار).
أفخاخ الديون
وأدت الديون إلى أزمة سداد، مع امتلاك الصين حوالى 72 في المئة من ديون كينيا الخارجية التي تبلغ 50 مليار دولار. وعلى مدى السنوات القليلة المقبلة، من المتوقع أن تدفع كينيا 60 مليار دولار لبنك الصين، "إكسيم" وحده، بحسب مصادر مطلعة، ويمكن أن يُفقد ميناء مومباسا، إذا تخلفت كينيا عن سداد القرض، وفقاً لمراجع الحسابات العام في كينيا.
وكان 28 أكتوبر (تشرين الأول) الماضي، يوماً سيئاً لوزير المالية الأوغندي ماتيا كاسايجا الذي نُقل إلى البرلمان واستجوابه بشأن شروط قرض صيني بقيمة 200 مليون دولار لتوسيع مطار عنتيبي الذي يخدم العاصمة كمبالا، واعتذر للمشرعين المجتمعين قائلاً، "ما كان يجب أن نقبل بعض البنود"، "لكنهم قالوا لك، إما أن تأخذه أو تتركه".

وكان موضوع الخلاف في أوغندا مرتبطاً بعقد تم توقيعه قبل ذلك بست سنوات مع "تشاينا إكسيم بنك"، وهو عقد يقول بعض المشرعين والمسؤولين والمحامين الأوغنديين، إنه يقوض السيادة الوطنية، حتى أن تقريراً لصحيفة "ديلي مونيتور" الأوغندية، أشار إلى أن بكين قد تستولي على مطار عنتيبي، البوابة الدولية الرئيسة للبلاد، وهو ادعاء ردد الاتهامات الصينية بـ"أفخاخ الديون"، ونفى بقوة من قبل الحكومتين، ويسلط الجدل الضوء على التحديات التي تواجهها الحكومات الأفريقية والبنوك الصينية في أعقاب موجة الإقراض التي استمرت 20 عاماً والتي جعلت من بكين أكبر مصدر لتمويل التنمية في القارة.
البنوك الصينية تمثل خمس الإقراض لأفريقيا
وبحسب "فايننشال تايمز"، تشكل البنوك الصينية الآن حوالى خمس إجمالي الإقراض لأفريقيا، ويتركز في عدد قليل من البلدان الاستراتيجية أو الغنية بالموارد بما في ذلك أنغولا وجيبوتي وإثيوبيا وكينيا وزامبيا، وبلغ الإقراض السنوي ذروته عند 29.5 مليار دولار في عام 2016، وفقاً لأرقام مبادرة الأبحاث الصينية الأفريقية في جامعة جونز هوبكنز، وعلى الرغم من تراجعه في عام 2019 إلى 7.6 مليار دولار، فإن الأرقام لا تزال كبيرة.
وبعد الغوص في أفقر قارات العالم، أصبح المقرضون الصينيون أكثر حذراً إذ وصلت بعض الدول إلى الحد الأقصى لقدرتها على الاقتراض واحتمال التخلف عن السداد يلوح في الأفق. ويسرد صندوق النقد الدولي أكثر من 20 دولة أفريقية على أنها تواجه ضائقة ديون أو معرضة لخطر كبير، ورداً على ذلك، تبنى المقرضون، بما في ذلك "تشاينا إكسيم بنك" و"بنك التنمية الصيني"، وهما بنكان سياسيان رئيسان في البلاد، شروط إقراض متشددة بشكل متزايد. وقد بدأت تلك الظروف، التي يختلف بعضها اختلافاً ملحوظاً عن الدائنين الرسميين الآخرين، في الاختبار، إذ تفرض المصاعب الاقتصادية المرتبطة بالوباء عبئاً على البلدان الأفريقية المثقلة بالديون.
وأكد الرئيس الصيني شي جينبينغ هذا الحذر في خطاب فيديو أمام منتدى التعاون الصيني- الأفريقي الذي يعقد كل ثلاث سنوات في السنغال في نوفمبر (تشرين الثاني) 2021. وقال الرئيس الصيني، إنه على مدى السنوات الثلاث المقبلة، ستخفض الدولة المبلغ الرئيس من الأموال التي تزودها بأفريقيا بمقدار في المركز الثالث إلى 40 مليار دولار، كما أشار ضمنياً، أعاد توجيه الإقراض بعيداً عن البنية التحتية الكبيرة نحو التركيز الجديد على الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، والمشاريع الخضراء وتدفقات الاستثمار الخاص.
وقال تحليل حمل عنوان، "إقراض الصين لأفريقيا"، أعده "تشاتام هاوس"، وهو مركز فكر بريطاني، إن "الصين تبتعد عن هذا النموذج الكبير الحجم وعالي المخاطر في التمويل إلى نموذج يتم فيه إبرام الصفقات وفقاً لمزاياها الخاصة، على نطاق أصغر وأكثر قابلية للإدارة من ذي قبل".
ويقول تشيدي أودينكالو من كلية "فليتشر" للقانون والدبلوماسية بجامعة تافتس، إن "حجم الائتمان الذي تنغمس عليه بعض [الحكومات الأفريقية] يجعلها تعتمد على ما يتجاوز أي فكرة معقولة عن السيادة"، معرباً عن مخاوف مشتركة بشأن الحجم الهائل للإقراض الصيني والمقايضة الضمنية، ويضيف، "لا يمكنك إلقاء اللوم على الصين في سعيها لتأمين السداد من الأنظمة الفاسدة التي تعتقد أن المال يمكن أن يكون مجانياً"، وتابع، "الأفارقة يهربون من الشروط الغربية، والآن هم محصورون اليوم في جدار التمويل الصيني".
أنغولا ليست وحدها التي وقعت في شرك الديون الصينية، فبين عامي 2010 و2015، نمت ديون نيجيريا للصين بنسبة 136 في المئة من 1.4 مليار دولار إلى 3.3 مليار دولار، واضطرت البلاد إلى إنفاق 195 مليون دولار في عام 2020 لسداد ديون للصين.
وفي جيبوتي، قدمت الصين ما يقرب من 1.4 مليار دولار من الأموال، وهو ما يمثل 75 في المئة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للبلاد، وفقاً للتقارير، كما أعادت 18 دولة أفريقية على الأقل التفاوض بشأن ديونها بينما تجري 12 دولة أخرى محادثات مع الصين لتقييد قروض بنحو 28 مليار دولار.
في نيجيريا الفيدرالية، طالب نواب البرلمان على المستوى الفيدرالي في نيجيريا بإجراء تحقيق في ممارسات الإقراض في البلاد ومراجعة "بند الضمان السيادي" في اتفاقيات القروض مع الصين، ويتعين على نيجيريا سداد 400 مليون دولار مقابل قرض قدمته الصين لـ"المشروع النيجيري الوطني للبنية التحتية لتكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات- المرحلة الثانية"، كما اضطرت الحكومة الأوغندية إلى تأجيل بناء "كمبالا- عنتيبي"، وأثار مشروع "إكسبرس واي" بعد
المعارضة السياسية مخاوف بشأن تزايد فخ الديون.

https://www.independentarabia.com/n...صادية/68-دولة-في-مصيدة-الديون-الصينية-في-2022

52692761-man-hand-writing-correct-with-black-marker-on-visual-screen-isolated-on-white-1.jpg


You agree with me that you should not borrow as long as you are unable to repay and bear the consequences of the issue of your wealth and assets as a state and as long as you give up your sovereignty in your state.

As long as you agree with me, therefore, moving away from China is a mercy and salvation for countries. So we agree on the goal and the result. So why waste my country’s resources and make others take over my country’s wealth as long as there are better alternatives and better offers of cooperation?
 
Why should I lick? Because of my licking as if Egypt is going to help India achieve it's goals..... anyways let's now going back to topic I think Egypt has already decided on either Typhoon or F-15 Eagle.... chances of Tejas can be very low.....
Egypt will never buy F-15 because according to sources, our F-15 will be so much downgraded that it would be equal as our MIG-29M/M2 (our MIG-29 are MIG-35 but without AESA radar and they are good). So EFT will either replace F-15 and SU-35 deal or to co-work with SU-35 in the same fleet. But we need to replace our olds second and third gen aircrafts with new modernized LIFT aircraft which would be the HAL Tejas. Time will tell us the outcomes.
 
Egypt will never buy F-15 because according to sources, our F-15 will be so much downgraded that it would be equal as our MIG-29M/M2 (our MIG-29 are MIG-35 but without AESA radar and they are good). So EFT will either replace F-15 and SU-35 deal or to co-work with SU-35 in the same fleet. But we need to replace our olds second and third gen aircrafts with new modernized LIFT aircraft which would be the HAL Tejas. Time will tell us the outcomes.

If I was a decision maker of Egypt I too would have gone with Typhoon with Meteor and storm shadow instead of F-15.....
Typhoon for Air superiority and rest of the fleet including Mig 29, Mirage 2000 , F-16.... What a deadly Air force......
 
If I was a decision maker of Egypt I too would have gone with Typhoon with Meteor and storm shadow instead of F-15.....
Typhoon for Air superiority and rest of the fleet including Mig 29, Mirage 2000 , F-16.... What a deadly Air force......
if you were a desicion maker in the EAF you wouldnt rely on the americans for such a role as air superiorty
 
if you were a desicion maker in the EAF you wouldnt rely on the americans for such a role as air superiorty

Isn't Typhoon European? Or if some crucial parts are from USA then I don't know sorry about that....
 

Pakistan Affairs Latest Posts

Back
Top Bottom