Question
Is there significant difference in range & stopping power between the 7.62 and 5.56 mm cartridges that it makes sense to go to all this rigmarole for a multi-calibre rifle? I mean, to switch between the two, the soldier will have to field strip his rifle - how often are they likely to have such an urgent requirement for a higher/lower calibre gun?
5.56 x 45 Nato is one of the flatest shooting cartridge with low recoil characteristics. The muzzle velocity is high and effective range is upto 600 yards. The bullet drop is lower compared to 7.62 x 39. For a rifle zeroed at 100 yards, a 65g bullet drops around 19" at 350 yards, following graph shows the traectory at different zeroes.
One of the shortcommings of the 5.56Nato round is due to smaller mass, terminal ballistic and transfer of energy is low. Also due to smaller diameter at shorter ranges, FMJ bullets with high velocity would piece soft tissue creating an .22" entrance wound and exiting at slightly larger dia, but at ranges more than 100 yds the bullet supposedly tumbles inside the body creating a greater damage.
7.62 x 39 is a much larger cartridge, is almost a shortened/chopped version of the 7.62x51mm cartridge. The recoil on the right platforms is very managable, but the common bullets weigh around 123g's hence this heavy bullet looses energy quite rapidly makking it fall substantially at longer ranges. There is a common misconception due to the popular AK 47 that this round is not accurate, nothing could be farther from the truth albiet. The 7.62x39 if zeroed at 100 yds will fall around 64" at 400 yards and almost 115-120 inches making it unsuitable for long range effective shooting. Where this round excels is at terminal billistics with its massive 30 cal diameter. The best engagement range for this round is around 250 yards. I have extensive experience shooting this round and I find quite enjoyable to shoot.
Both the 5.56 and 7.62x39 are excellent cartridges and have their own advantages. 7.62 x 39 is Short engagement range, hard hitting round whereas 5.56 is long engagement range, light , high speed round.
The following graph gives you an idea of ballistics of 5.56 nato (red) . 7.62x39 (green), .308 rem (blue)