.. Type 052 (NATO reporting name: Luhu class) is the PLA
Navy’s first ‘true’ multirole missile destroyer. Utilising a
mixture of Chinese- and Western-designed weapon systems
and sensors, the destroyers are able to fulfil a variety of
roles from surface strike, air defence, to antisubmarine
warfare (ASW). They are also the first Chinese naval
vessels to utilise the more advanced gas turbine
propulsion.
Programme
The PLA Navy began to develop the concept of a new-
generation multirole missile destroyer in the late 1980s. The
destroyers were designed by Wuhan-based China Ship
Building Institute (701 Institute) and built by Hudong
Shipyard (now Hudong-Zhonghua Shipyard) in Shanghai.
Construction of the first-of-class DDG-112 Harbin began in
1986, and the ship was launched in 1991. System
installation and sea trial lasted for three years before the
ship finally entered the service in 1994. The delay was
mainly caused by the complexity of integrating various
foreign-made contents. The second hull DDG-113 Qingdao
was commissioned in 1996.
DDG-112 Harbin was first revealed during the PLA exercise
during the 1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis. On 21 March 1997, the
destroyer and two other Chinese warships made a historical
visit to San Diego, California in the first-ever visit by PLA
Navy ships to the mainland U.S. Between May and October
2002, a fleet comprising DDG-113 Qingdao and AO-575
Taicang replenishment ship conducted the first global cruise
in the PLA Navy’s history.
Type 052 is the first Chinese-built surface combatant that
meets modern standards, representing a significant
improvement in China’s shipbuilding and shipborne weapon
technologies. The destroyer is fitted with sophisticated air
defence, anti-submarine warfare, electronic warfare, and C3I
systems. The advanced gas turbine propulsion provides the
vessel with high power-to-weight ratio and enables them to
accelerate and get underway quickly.
The hull design of Type 052 features certain European
influence. The ship has a higher beam-length ratio which
increases the stability of the ship in bad weather conditions,
but sacrifices the speed performance of the ship. With a full
displacement of 4,800 t, the destroyer was also the largest
surface warship in service with the PLA Navy at the time of
its commission.
Despite their significant improvement over the previous
Type 051 Luda class destroyer, Type 052 is still regarded as
inferior to the surface combatants introduced by Western
and Russian navies in the same age. The ship’s air defence
firepower, originally consisting of a 13 km-range Crotale/
HQ-7 SAM launcher and four twin-37mm AAA guns, is only
capable of point defence against limited number of targets.
The ship’s variable depth sonar (VDS) was still inferior to
the latest Western designs. Additionally, the shipborne Z-9C
naval helicopter only had very limited antisubmarine warfare
capability.
A key weakness of the Type 052 destroyer is its large
amount of foreign-made systems, which were sourced from
the U.S., France, and Italy. These systems were not made
to operate together or with Chinese-made systems, and as a
result, they were not well integrated. In addition, the two
hulls of the class also differed slightly in weapon system
configuration. For these reasons, the two Type 052 hulls
primarily served as technology demonstrators, with no
follow-up hull built.
In 2003/04, both hulls of Type 052 received midlife
modernisation refits, including the replacement of the eight
YJ-8 AShMs with sixteen YJ-83s; the replacement of the
French French Thales Crotale SAM with the indigenous
HHQ-7; the replacement of the HP/J33A dual-100 mm main
gun with the Type 79A dual-100 mm gun; and the
replacement of the original Type 362 air/surface radar with
a Type 364 radar.
In 2011, a second modernisation refit of both hulls involved
the replacement of the four Type 76A guns with two Type
730 close-in weapon systems (CIWS) installed on top of
the helicopter hangar; the replacement of the original
HHQ-7 SAM was replaced by the improved HHQ-7B; and
the replacement of the Type 581 Hai Ying radar with the
Type 517M long-range air search radar.
Design
Missiles
Following the modernisation refit, the primary surface strike
weapon system of Type 052 is the YJ-83 sea-skimming
anti-ship cruise missile. Four quadruple launchers are
installed at the mid-ship position. The missile uses active
radar-homing to deliver a 165 kg warhead to a range in
excess of 180 km.
The main air defence weapon is an 8-cell HHQ-7 short-
range SAM system, designed to engage aircraft in all-
weather, day/night conditions at a maximum range of 8—12
km with line-of-sight guidance. The missile also has limited
capability to intercept sea-skimming anti-ship missiles at a
much closer range (4—6 km).
Guns
A Type 79A (PJ-33) dual-barrel 100-mm/56-calibre gun is
installed on the bow deck, in front of the SAM launcher.
The gun is capable of firing 15 kg shells at a rate of 18
rounds per minute to a range of 22 km.
For air defence the frigate is equipped with four Type 76A
dual 37-mm anti-aircraft artillery guns, capable of firing 1.42
kg shells at a rate of 180 rounds per minute to a range of
8.5 km against airborne targets. These were later replaced
by two Type 730 CIWS. The seven-barrel gun provides a
firing rate of 4,600—5,800 rounds/minute and a maximum
firing range of 3,000 m. Each CIWS has its own
independent power-supply, as well as a Type 347G (EFR-1)
fire-control radar (6 km detection range against airborne
targets of RCS 0.1m2) and an electro-optic director (5—6
km tracking range).
Anti-Submarine Warfare
Type 052 is fitted with two triple-324mm torpedo launchers,
which is used to launch the Yu-7 (copy of the U.S. Mk46
Mod-1) anti-submarine torpedo. The Yu-7 carries a 45 kg to
engage underwater target at a speed of 43 kt, and has a
maximum range of 7.3 km.
There are two Type 75 (RBU-1200) 12-tube anti-submarine
rocket launchers installed on the bow deck, with 120
rockets (240 mm calibre, 34 kg warhead). The maximum
range is 1,200 m.
Sensors
The ship has a Thomson-CSF TSR 3004 Sea Tiger (or its
Chinese copy Type 360S/SR60) for air and surface search;
a Type 518 (REL-2) Hai Ying for long-range surveillance and
early warning (later replaced by a Type 517M); a Type 345
(also known as MR35, J-band) for HQ-7 SAM fire-control; a
Type 344 (also known as MR34, I/J-band) for YJ-83 SSM
and 100-mm main gun fire-control; and two Type 347G
(also known as EFR-1) Rice Bowl (I-band) for 37mm AAA
fire-control. For navigation, the ship has two Racal Decca
RM-1290 (I-band).
The destroyer is fitted with two types of sonar systems,
including the DUBV-23 (SJD-8/9) medium-frequency hull-
mounted sonar for active search and attack, and the
DUBV-43 (ESS-1) towed medium-frequency variable depth
sonar (VDS) for active attack. The Type 052 is the first
Chinese destroyer to be fitted with VDS as a standard
equipment.
Electronic Countermeasures
The Type 052 has two Type 946 15-barrelled chaff/decoy
launchers. Active ECM system include the Type 826C
(BM-8610) intercept and jammer.
Command & Control
The Type 052 is the first Chinese surface combatant to
have been equipped with an integrated combat data
system. The ZJK-4 is a Chinese copy of the Italian Alenia
Marconi Systems (now Selex Sistemi Integrati) IPN-10,
which integrates the target acquisition, navigation,
communications, signal processing and weapon control
functions. The combat system central computer computes
and evaluates the target data and allocates data to the
weapon systems. The system carries out multiple target
search and track, target prioritisation and automatic
engagement of weapons.
Other systems include two Type 630 (GDG-775) optronic
directors, British-made SNTI-240 satellite communications
(SATCOM), and datalink.
Aviation
The helicopter deck at the stern has a single landing spot
for a medium size helicopter such as Harbin Z-9C. The
deck is fitted with the helicopter handling system. A fully
equipped hangar accommodates two helicopters.
Propulsion
The propulsion system is a combined diesel or gas turbine
(CODOG) arrangement. The main propulsion consists of two
GE LM2500 gas turbines rated at 55,000 hp (41 MW)
sustained. Auxiliary propulsions include two Chinese
license-built German MTU 12V 1163TB83 diesels rated at
8,840 hp (6.5 MW) sustained. The destroyer has 2 shafts
with CP propellers, with a maximum speed of 31 knots.
Specifications
Displacement:......4,200 t (standard);
4,800 t (full load)
Length:............144 m
Beam:..............15.6 m
Draft:.............4.25 m
Speed..............31 knots
Range:.............4,000 nautical miles
at 18 kt
Crew:..............270 (40 officers)
Ship List:
Name No. Builder Fleet Launch Comm
Harbin 112 Hudong North 28 Aug
1991 8 May 1994
Qingdao 113 Hudong North 18 Oct
1993 28 May 1996