What's new

China’s BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

cirr

ELITE MEMBER
Joined
Jun 28, 2012
Messages
17,049
Reaction score
18
Country
China
Location
China
China’s BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

March 10, 2018 7:06 am JST

China's BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

Investment plan aligns with Xi's strategy to shift the economic focus to quality

SHUNSUKE TABETA and KOTARO HOSOKAWA, Nikkei staff writers

1520588532362745.jpg

BOE Technology Group's highly bendable prototype OLED panel (photo provided by the company's website).

BEIJING/TOKYO — Chinese display maker BOE Technology Group is embarking on a 96.5 billion yuan ($15.2 billion) production expansion, but local governments will cover the lion's share of the cost, enabling the company to take on South Korean rivals at a time when China is looking to shift the nature of its economic growth to quality from quantity.

One part of this is a new production plant for organic light-emitting diode screens for such devices as smartphones that BOE announced Thursday. Located in the city of Chongqing, it will use the latest sixth-generation substrates. The company plans to bring it into operation by the end of 2020 and have the capacity to churn out 48,000 units a month.

The project will be BOE's fourth domestic OLED production facility, and construction is expected to cost 46.5 billion yuan. But the state-owned company will put up only 10 billion yuan of that, with the city of Chongqing paying 16 billion yuan up front.

Chinese smartphone shipments began to decline in 2017, and there is now a move among Chinese manufacturers to incorporate OLED screens that allow greater freedom in shaping smartphones in order to come up with products that appeal to consumers. Because the screen can also be used in other areas such as automobiles and notebook computers, BOE believes domestic demand for OLEDs will increase. There is even speculation that it is aiming to supply Apple.

BOE is also building a production facility in Wuhan that will produce liquid crystal display panels for televisions. The facility employ 10.5-generation glass substrates, the largest size available, for panels to be used in 65- and 75-inch TVs compatible with 4K and 8K broadcasts. However, BOE is shouldering only 6 billion yuan of the 46 billion yuan facility. The city of Wuhan and others will foot about 20 billion yuan of the bill.

Such companies as South Korea's LG Display and China Star Optoelectronics Technology have been preparing to use the 10.5 generation substrates, but judging that demand for the panels would increase as domestic sales of big-screen TVs grow, BOE — China's biggest LCD panel maker — started up the world's first 10.5-generation panel factory late last year in the Anhui Province city of Hefei. The Wuhan plant will add another 120,000 units to BOE's capacity when it goes into operation in 2020.

In addition, BOE is investing about 4 billion yuan to lift capacity at an assembly plant in the city of Suzhou that makes LCD TVs and monitors. The investment will lift annual output capacity to 20 million units from 12.3 million units, BOE said.

BOE's capital spending binge is a product of both market forces and national policy. BOE's government-backed strategy dovetails with policies laid out by President Xi Jinping's administration. The state is now championing a growth model that focuses on quality rather than quantity. The text announcing the Chongqing production plant says the project is "in harmony" with the government's goal of developing key industries.

On top of its investment, Chongqing will also provide tax incentives to BOE, allowing the group to expand output without taking on much risk. "For the most part, BOE's contribution amounts to no more than about 15% of total investment," said an analyst who follows the LCD panel market.

Meanwhile, the city of Fuzhou has forgiven BOE around 6 billion yuan in loans associated with an LCD plant there, according to local media reports. In January, a cooperation agreement with the state-policy institution China Development Bank was announced in which BOE will receive financial support for such purposes as funding new factory construction.

Meanwhile, BOE's earnings are skyrocketing. The Beijing-based company said it likely earned a net profit of 7.5 billion yuan to 7.8 billion yuan in 2017, or quadruple the level of 2016 and preceding years. A move to concentrate on value-added products has led to results.

BOE is far from the only Chinese screen maker looking to widen its footprint. The country's five biggest players have said they plan to build new plants at a combined cost of more than $40 billion over the next three years. That activity puts China in a position to overwhelm international competitors.

South Korea's Samsung Electronics, the sole supplier of OLED panels for iPhones, aims to stave off the Chinese competition by investing to maintain a technological edge.

On the other hand, LG Display, Taiwan's AU Optronics and others who have overinvested in LCD panels for large-screen TVs are hurting under the Chinese pressure.

Because the government funding helps minimize depreciation expenses, Chinese competitors can flood markets as they crank up production, just as they have with solar panels, steel and cement. The resulting price drops sap the strength of Japanese, South Korean and Taiwanese competitors. Japanese manufacturers have been quick to withdraw from producing LCD panels for TVs, opting instead to specialize in smartphone screens through the Japan Display joint venture. But even in that field, Chinese rivals are quickly catching up.

http://www.statestability.com/2018/...end-big-on-display-panels-with-state-backing/
 
.
China’s BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

March 10, 2018 7:06 am JST

China's BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

Investment plan aligns with Xi's strategy to shift the economic focus to quality

SHUNSUKE TABETA and KOTARO HOSOKAWA, Nikkei staff writers

1520588532362745.jpg

BOE Technology Group's highly bendable prototype OLED panel (photo provided by the company's website).

BEIJING/TOKYO — Chinese display maker BOE Technology Group is embarking on a 96.5 billion yuan ($15.2 billion) production expansion, but local governments will cover the lion's share of the cost, enabling the company to take on South Korean rivals at a time when China is looking to shift the nature of its economic growth to quality from quantity.

One part of this is a new production plant for organic light-emitting diode screens for such devices as smartphones that BOE announced Thursday. Located in the city of Chongqing, it will use the latest sixth-generation substrates. The company plans to bring it into operation by the end of 2020 and have the capacity to churn out 48,000 units a month.

The project will be BOE's fourth domestic OLED production facility, and construction is expected to cost 46.5 billion yuan. But the state-owned company will put up only 10 billion yuan of that, with the city of Chongqing paying 16 billion yuan up front.

Chinese smartphone shipments began to decline in 2017, and there is now a move among Chinese manufacturers to incorporate OLED screens that allow greater freedom in shaping smartphones in order to come up with products that appeal to consumers. Because the screen can also be used in other areas such as automobiles and notebook computers, BOE believes domestic demand for OLEDs will increase. There is even speculation that it is aiming to supply Apple.

BOE is also building a production facility in Wuhan that will produce liquid crystal display panels for televisions. The facility employ 10.5-generation glass substrates, the largest size available, for panels to be used in 65- and 75-inch TVs compatible with 4K and 8K broadcasts. However, BOE is shouldering only 6 billion yuan of the 46 billion yuan facility. The city of Wuhan and others will foot about 20 billion yuan of the bill.

Such companies as South Korea's LG Display and China Star Optoelectronics Technology have been preparing to use the 10.5 generation substrates, but judging that demand for the panels would increase as domestic sales of big-screen TVs grow, BOE — China's biggest LCD panel maker — started up the world's first 10.5-generation panel factory late last year in the Anhui Province city of Hefei. The Wuhan plant will add another 120,000 units to BOE's capacity when it goes into operation in 2020.

In addition, BOE is investing about 4 billion yuan to lift capacity at an assembly plant in the city of Suzhou that makes LCD TVs and monitors. The investment will lift annual output capacity to 20 million units from 12.3 million units, BOE said.

BOE's capital spending binge is a product of both market forces and national policy. BOE's government-backed strategy dovetails with policies laid out by President Xi Jinping's administration. The state is now championing a growth model that focuses on quality rather than quantity. The text announcing the Chongqing production plant says the project is "in harmony" with the government's goal of developing key industries.

On top of its investment, Chongqing will also provide tax incentives to BOE, allowing the group to expand output without taking on much risk. "For the most part, BOE's contribution amounts to no more than about 15% of total investment," said an analyst who follows the LCD panel market.

Meanwhile, the city of Fuzhou has forgiven BOE around 6 billion yuan in loans associated with an LCD plant there, according to local media reports. In January, a cooperation agreement with the state-policy institution China Development Bank was announced in which BOE will receive financial support for such purposes as funding new factory construction.

Meanwhile, BOE's earnings are skyrocketing. The Beijing-based company said it likely earned a net profit of 7.5 billion yuan to 7.8 billion yuan in 2017, or quadruple the level of 2016 and preceding years. A move to concentrate on value-added products has led to results.

BOE is far from the only Chinese screen maker looking to widen its footprint. The country's five biggest players have said they plan to build new plants at a combined cost of more than $40 billion over the next three years. That activity puts China in a position to overwhelm international competitors.

South Korea's Samsung Electronics, the sole supplier of OLED panels for iPhones, aims to stave off the Chinese competition by investing to maintain a technological edge.

On the other hand, LG Display, Taiwan's AU Optronics and others who have overinvested in LCD panels for large-screen TVs are hurting under the Chinese pressure.

Because the government funding helps minimize depreciation expenses, Chinese competitors can flood markets as they crank up production, just as they have with solar panels, steel and cement. The resulting price drops sap the strength of Japanese, South Korean and Taiwanese competitors. Japanese manufacturers have been quick to withdraw from producing LCD panels for TVs, opting instead to specialize in smartphone screens through the Japan Display joint venture. But even in that field, Chinese rivals are quickly catching up.

http://www.statestability.com/2018/...end-big-on-display-panels-with-state-backing/


BOE has indeed become very competitive.
 
. . .
China’s BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

March 10, 2018 7:06 am JST

China's BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

Investment plan aligns with Xi's strategy to shift the economic focus to quality

SHUNSUKE TABETA and KOTARO HOSOKAWA, Nikkei staff writers

1520588532362745.jpg

BOE Technology Group's highly bendable prototype OLED panel (photo provided by the company's website).

BEIJING/TOKYO — Chinese display maker BOE Technology Group is embarking on a 96.5 billion yuan ($15.2 billion) production expansion, but local governments will cover the lion's share of the cost, enabling the company to take on South Korean rivals at a time when China is looking to shift the nature of its economic growth to quality from quantity.

One part of this is a new production plant for organic light-emitting diode screens for such devices as smartphones that BOE announced Thursday. Located in the city of Chongqing, it will use the latest sixth-generation substrates. The company plans to bring it into operation by the end of 2020 and have the capacity to churn out 48,000 units a month.

The project will be BOE's fourth domestic OLED production facility, and construction is expected to cost 46.5 billion yuan. But the state-owned company will put up only 10 billion yuan of that, with the city of Chongqing paying 16 billion yuan up front.

Chinese smartphone shipments began to decline in 2017, and there is now a move among Chinese manufacturers to incorporate OLED screens that allow greater freedom in shaping smartphones in order to come up with products that appeal to consumers. Because the screen can also be used in other areas such as automobiles and notebook computers, BOE believes domestic demand for OLEDs will increase. There is even speculation that it is aiming to supply Apple.

BOE is also building a production facility in Wuhan that will produce liquid crystal display panels for televisions. The facility employ 10.5-generation glass substrates, the largest size available, for panels to be used in 65- and 75-inch TVs compatible with 4K and 8K broadcasts. However, BOE is shouldering only 6 billion yuan of the 46 billion yuan facility. The city of Wuhan and others will foot about 20 billion yuan of the bill.

Such companies as South Korea's LG Display and China Star Optoelectronics Technology have been preparing to use the 10.5 generation substrates, but judging that demand for the panels would increase as domestic sales of big-screen TVs grow, BOE — China's biggest LCD panel maker — started up the world's first 10.5-generation panel factory late last year in the Anhui Province city of Hefei. The Wuhan plant will add another 120,000 units to BOE's capacity when it goes into operation in 2020.

In addition, BOE is investing about 4 billion yuan to lift capacity at an assembly plant in the city of Suzhou that makes LCD TVs and monitors. The investment will lift annual output capacity to 20 million units from 12.3 million units, BOE said.

BOE's capital spending binge is a product of both market forces and national policy. BOE's government-backed strategy dovetails with policies laid out by President Xi Jinping's administration. The state is now championing a growth model that focuses on quality rather than quantity. The text announcing the Chongqing production plant says the project is "in harmony" with the government's goal of developing key industries.

On top of its investment, Chongqing will also provide tax incentives to BOE, allowing the group to expand output without taking on much risk. "For the most part, BOE's contribution amounts to no more than about 15% of total investment," said an analyst who follows the LCD panel market.

Meanwhile, the city of Fuzhou has forgiven BOE around 6 billion yuan in loans associated with an LCD plant there, according to local media reports. In January, a cooperation agreement with the state-policy institution China Development Bank was announced in which BOE will receive financial support for such purposes as funding new factory construction.

Meanwhile, BOE's earnings are skyrocketing. The Beijing-based company said it likely earned a net profit of 7.5 billion yuan to 7.8 billion yuan in 2017, or quadruple the level of 2016 and preceding years. A move to concentrate on value-added products has led to results.

BOE is far from the only Chinese screen maker looking to widen its footprint. The country's five biggest players have said they plan to build new plants at a combined cost of more than $40 billion over the next three years. That activity puts China in a position to overwhelm international competitors.

South Korea's Samsung Electronics, the sole supplier of OLED panels for iPhones, aims to stave off the Chinese competition by investing to maintain a technological edge.

On the other hand, LG Display, Taiwan's AU Optronics and others who have overinvested in LCD panels for large-screen TVs are hurting under the Chinese pressure.

Because the government funding helps minimize depreciation expenses, Chinese competitors can flood markets as they crank up production, just as they have with solar panels, steel and cement. The resulting price drops sap the strength of Japanese, South Korean and Taiwanese competitors. Japanese manufacturers have been quick to withdraw from producing LCD panels for TVs, opting instead to specialize in smartphone screens through the Japan Display joint venture. But even in that field, Chinese rivals are quickly catching up.

http://www.statestability.com/2018/...end-big-on-display-panels-with-state-backing/

China's government indeed plays a constructive, critical role. Just like many other developmental East Asian states.

This is very East Asian state characteristics. Would fail in other countries.
 
.
SDRAM/DRAM, NAND, NOR Flash etc...in a few years.

Mind you, Micron will be selling for a song in the not-too-distant future. :D

I will reserve my judgement on memory. NOR Flash is the most likely one that China will come through on.

The biggest surprise is actually AMEC. It is the first Chinese company in semiconductor equipment that has managed to make competitive products (here, MOCVDs).

That is incredible indeed.
 
.
China’s BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

March 10, 2018 7:06 am JST

China's BOE to spend big on display panels with state backing

Investment plan aligns with Xi's strategy to shift the economic focus to quality

SHUNSUKE TABETA and KOTARO HOSOKAWA, Nikkei staff writers

1520588532362745.jpg

BOE Technology Group's highly bendable prototype OLED panel (photo provided by the company's website).

BEIJING/TOKYO — Chinese display maker BOE Technology Group is embarking on a 96.5 billion yuan ($15.2 billion) production expansion, but local governments will cover the lion's share of the cost, enabling the company to take on South Korean rivals at a time when China is looking to shift the nature of its economic growth to quality from quantity.

One part of this is a new production plant for organic light-emitting diode screens for such devices as smartphones that BOE announced Thursday. Located in the city of Chongqing, it will use the latest sixth-generation substrates. The company plans to bring it into operation by the end of 2020 and have the capacity to churn out 48,000 units a month.

The project will be BOE's fourth domestic OLED production facility, and construction is expected to cost 46.5 billion yuan. But the state-owned company will put up only 10 billion yuan of that, with the city of Chongqing paying 16 billion yuan up front.

Chinese smartphone shipments began to decline in 2017, and there is now a move among Chinese manufacturers to incorporate OLED screens that allow greater freedom in shaping smartphones in order to come up with products that appeal to consumers. Because the screen can also be used in other areas such as automobiles and notebook computers, BOE believes domestic demand for OLEDs will increase. There is even speculation that it is aiming to supply Apple.

BOE is also building a production facility in Wuhan that will produce liquid crystal display panels for televisions. The facility employ 10.5-generation glass substrates, the largest size available, for panels to be used in 65- and 75-inch TVs compatible with 4K and 8K broadcasts. However, BOE is shouldering only 6 billion yuan of the 46 billion yuan facility. The city of Wuhan and others will foot about 20 billion yuan of the bill.

Such companies as South Korea's LG Display and China Star Optoelectronics Technology have been preparing to use the 10.5 generation substrates, but judging that demand for the panels would increase as domestic sales of big-screen TVs grow, BOE — China's biggest LCD panel maker — started up the world's first 10.5-generation panel factory late last year in the Anhui Province city of Hefei. The Wuhan plant will add another 120,000 units to BOE's capacity when it goes into operation in 2020.

In addition, BOE is investing about 4 billion yuan to lift capacity at an assembly plant in the city of Suzhou that makes LCD TVs and monitors. The investment will lift annual output capacity to 20 million units from 12.3 million units, BOE said.

BOE's capital spending binge is a product of both market forces and national policy. BOE's government-backed strategy dovetails with policies laid out by President Xi Jinping's administration. The state is now championing a growth model that focuses on quality rather than quantity. The text announcing the Chongqing production plant says the project is "in harmony" with the government's goal of developing key industries.

On top of its investment, Chongqing will also provide tax incentives to BOE, allowing the group to expand output without taking on much risk. "For the most part, BOE's contribution amounts to no more than about 15% of total investment," said an analyst who follows the LCD panel market.

Meanwhile, the city of Fuzhou has forgiven BOE around 6 billion yuan in loans associated with an LCD plant there, according to local media reports. In January, a cooperation agreement with the state-policy institution China Development Bank was announced in which BOE will receive financial support for such purposes as funding new factory construction.

Meanwhile, BOE's earnings are skyrocketing. The Beijing-based company said it likely earned a net profit of 7.5 billion yuan to 7.8 billion yuan in 2017, or quadruple the level of 2016 and preceding years. A move to concentrate on value-added products has led to results.

BOE is far from the only Chinese screen maker looking to widen its footprint. The country's five biggest players have said they plan to build new plants at a combined cost of more than $40 billion over the next three years. That activity puts China in a position to overwhelm international competitors.

South Korea's Samsung Electronics, the sole supplier of OLED panels for iPhones, aims to stave off the Chinese competition by investing to maintain a technological edge.

On the other hand, LG Display, Taiwan's AU Optronics and others who have overinvested in LCD panels for large-screen TVs are hurting under the Chinese pressure.

Because the government funding helps minimize depreciation expenses, Chinese competitors can flood markets as they crank up production, just as they have with solar panels, steel and cement. The resulting price drops sap the strength of Japanese, South Korean and Taiwanese competitors. Japanese manufacturers have been quick to withdraw from producing LCD panels for TVs, opting instead to specialize in smartphone screens through the Japan Display joint venture. But even in that field, Chinese rivals are quickly catching up.

http://www.statestability.com/2018/...end-big-on-display-panels-with-state-backing/

吃别人的饭,让别人没饭可吃。 :rofl:
 
.
I will reserve my judgement on memory. NOR Flash is the most likely one that China will come through on.

The biggest surprise is actually AMEC. It is the first Chinese company in semiconductor equipment that has managed to make competitive products (here, MOCVDs).

That is incredible indeed.

A harbinger of things to come :-)

After Split with Micron, Intel Finds a New 3D-NAND Flash Partner

By: Chris Preimesberger | March 01, 2018

The move to Tsinghua Unigroup should help Intel gain better access to the Chinese market. Intel ranks sixth globally among NAND memory chip manufacturers.

Intel.Tsingua.JPG


Intel and Micron, which have worked together to develop non-volatile memory packages for more than a decade, are getting what amounts to a divorce. But Intel isn't worried; it's already has picked up a new partner on the rebound.

Intel is angling to move the focus of its 3D NAND flash storage-class memory business to a relatively unknown Chinese company, Tsinghua Unigroup, by providing the company with its chips, according to the Nikkei Asian Review.

Tsinghua’s UNIC storage memory technology division would use the flash chips to create microSD cards and solid-state disks. The supplies could help push UNIC, which became a registered company last summer, to becoming a major market player alongside Samsung, Toshiba and Western Digital’s SanDisk, industry analyst DRAMeXchange said in a March 1 media advisory.

The move could help Intel gain better access to the Chinese market. Intel ranks sixth globally among NAND memory chip manufacturers.

Micron and Intel announced back in January that they will discontinue their partnership on NAND Flash development after completing the development of the third-generation of 3D NAND flash. However, the divorce decree isn’t final yet. The two companies are still developing the second generation (64-layer), and the third generation is expected to reach 96-layer.

This means that, for development of products greater than 96-layer, the two will part ways. This decision will not bring significant impact in near term on their businesses in terms of manufacturing process technology improvements and product planning, DRAMeXchange said. They will have more opportunities to seek new partners after parting ways.

But Intel isn’t sitting still with Tsinghua Unigroup now in the picture. The two companies are now discussing further collaboration in storage-class memory product offerings and sales, DRAMeXchange, a division of TrendForce, said.

Where Intel and Micron’s relationship went off the rails was centered around 3D XPoint (pronounced 3D Crosspoint), a major project announced by the two companies in July 2015. 3D XPoint was billed as the first completely new memory form factor since Toshiba brought NAND flash to the market in 1989.

This non-volatile, storage-class memory, which was several years in development, was supposed to be a whopping 1,000 times faster than NAND flash. If that guess was only 10 percent accurate, it was still expected to be pretty fast. However, performance expectations apparently were never met.

Major Gap Between DRAM and NAND in the Market

3D Xpoint chips are included in Intel's Optane chipsets that are being marketed for high-end enterprise data-processing jobs, such as fintech, scientific, military and government use cases. But it's the combination of 3D XPoint and other Intel software and architechures that are making them workable; in other words, the chips needed a lot more help to get the work done than had been expected.

“There’s a big gap between DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) and NAND (storage),” Spin Transfer Technologies CEO Tom Sparkman told eWEEK a few days ago. “It’s a really big gap: probably a $5 billion to $10 billion market. This was what Intel’s 3D XPoint was supposed to do; this was what ReRAM (resistant random access memory) was supposed to do. It’s (3D Xpoint) is not meeting the goals that Intel set out for it, and we think the right replacement for it is going to end up being MRAM.”

That may be true, but it remains to be seen. MRAM is still at least a year—maybe two years—away from being productized. STT is along the early developers of MRAM (magnetoresistive random-access memory); eWEEK will be reporting on this soon.

DRAMeXchange said that the Chinese market has been a major focus for Intel, which has been actively seeking different opportunities of cooperation and joint venture for various product lines, including CPU, modem and memory products. In addition, Intel has been expanding its production capacity in China, and its fab in Dalian has entered production of 3D-NAND Flash.

The fabrication facility’s capacity is expected to rise continuously. Intel and UNIC Memory Technology are now discussing on long-term cooperation, DRAMeXchange said. Under the agreement, UNIC will be responsible for product testing, packaging and selling based on NAND wafers provided by Intel.

http://www.eweek.com/storage/after-split-with-micron-intel-finds-a-new-3d-nand-flash-partner
 
. .
Not as completive as indian companies in this sector.
Banglaoror is the epicentre of high-tech.
People say India economy grows very fast and will surpass China some day. But I can not see where the India's achievement is. I didn't see one made-in-India in my life except Bollywood movies. Till now there is no Indian company that has gained international reputation. People are still desperately poor. Where all the developments have gone? Some Indians said India is where China was in 2005 with 0.2 trillion $ GDP. But back to 2005, made-in-China are already very popular around world.
 
.
People say India economy grows very fast and will surpass China some day. But I can not see where the India's achievement is. I didn't see one made-in-India in my life except Bollywood movies. Till now there is no Indian company that has gained international reputation. People are still desperately poor. Where all the developments have gone? Some Indians said India is where China was in 2005 with 0.2 trillion $ GDP. But back to 2005, made-in-China are already very popular around world.
It's a myth, very supa style.
 
. .
People say India economy grows very fast and will surpass China some day. But I can not see where the India's achievement is. I didn't see one made-in-India in my life except Bollywood movies. Till now there is no Indian company that has gained international reputation. People are still desperately poor. Where all the developments have gone? Some Indians said India is where China was in 2005 with 0.2 trillion $ GDP. But back to 2005, made-in-China are already very popular around world.


  1. Indian economy is indeed growing fast now, but will it surpass China's economy? I think that is said only by very nationalist commentators. Most people understand that it can't be predicted, and will anyways be very hard to accomplish.
  2. Well, yes some Indians would claim that India is where China was in the early 2000s. The date may vary, if we also take inflation into account.
  3. Made-in-India products are not as widely seen abroad, simply because India is not a manufacturing power as China is. Nor does it rely on exports. So while overall India may be somewhere China was in 2000, its manufacturing sector is even further behind.
  4. India and China are indeed very different countries with very different economic structures and competencies. For example, Bollywood is actually very competitive. This can be gauged by the fact that bollywood movies have now been doing very well in China as well.
 
. . .

Pakistan Defence Latest Posts

Pakistan Affairs Latest Posts

Back
Top Bottom