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China's 3 Most Powerful Dynasties

TaiShang

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China's 3 Most Powerful Dynasties
China's mighty history continues to shape it...

Akhilesh Pillalamarri
April 26, 2015

Chinese civilization is one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations. Indeed, unlike Western, Islamic, and Indian civilizations, China has managed to remain politically unified for much of its history.

Contrary to the common perception of China being historically isolated and weak, many Chinese dynasties were very powerful and have had a profound impact on global history. Yes, it is true that during the Ming Dynasty, China ships conducted multiple voyages of exploration (1405-1433) before abruptly stopping. But this hardly dented the enormous economic and political influence China wielded for most of its history in East, Southeast, and Central Asia. Although the people of these regions pursued their own interests as best as they could, China was always the major power to be dealt with.

Nonetheless, not all Chinese dynasties were created, and these three stood above the rest.

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Charge of the Chinese cavalry, Warring States Period, Ancient China (Pinterest.com)

The Han Dynasty (汉朝)

The Han Dynasty ruled China for a solid four centuries, from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. Although the preceding Qin Dynasty unified China, it was the Han Dynasty that kept it together and developed the institutions that characterized most of Chinese history since.

The Han Dynasty was able to maintain its bureaucracy and military through a more efficient and thorough system of taxation than many contemporary empires. Additionally, to gain increased revenue, the Han created monopolies on iron and salt. The salt monopoly has been a traditional source of revenue for Chinese states since, one that apparently lasted until 2014.

The Han’s large coffers allowed it to expand China’s boundaries outwards from its traditional heartland in the Yellow River valley toward what is today southern China. Southern China would prove to be very important to China in the future since it can support a large population through the rice crop. Thanks in part to southern China’s wealth, China’s sociopolitical development was usually greater than its neighbors, allowing China to easily incorporate or defeat them.

One exception to this, however, was China’s perennial problem— namely, nomads to its north. During the Han, these were the Xiongnu. Constant harassment and raids by these nomads necessitated the first construction of the Great Wall during the Qin Dynasty. During the Han, China attempted to outflank its enemies, which led to an expedition westward into today’s Xinjiang and Central Asia.

This process is generally thought to have informed China for the first time of other civilizations, a shocking development for a people who until then believed themselves to be the only state society. Indeed, during this time China became aware of the civilizations of India, the Bactrians, the Sogdians, the Persians, and many more, This event is thought to have stimulated the development of trade routes that would later be called the Silk Road.

To control trade routes and outflank their enemies, Chinese forces occupied much of Xinjiang for many decades, allowing them to project their influence deep to the west. Buddhism also entered China through this route at this time.

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Tang (唐朝)

After the Han Dynasty collapsed due to civil war, China entered a period of disunity until being reunited by the Sui Dynasty, which was subsequently succeeded by the Tang Dynasty, which ruled China from 618-907 C.E. The Tang Dynasty was one of China’s most cosmopolitan and urbane dynasties, opening China up to a period of foreign influences. The Tang Dynasty was also likely China’s largest and most powerful dynasty in history and is considered the golden age of imperial China.

The population base of the Tang Dynasty was estimated to have been around 80 million people, enabling it to completely dominate its neighbors. During this time, China continued to expand northeast and south, incorporating much of Manchuria and Vietnam. It was also during this period that many other state societies developed under Chinese influence, including Korea, Japan, and Tibet. This period thus saw the establishment of the tributary state system to a greater extent than under the Han. Although they did not rule Tibet, the Tang were the first Chinese dynasty to exert influence over the previously foreboding plateau to the southeast.

The Tang military was successful because it had learned to fight like the steppe nomads in many ways. The Tang were crazy about horses, which had previously been relatively rare in China, and imported and breed many different breeds, negating the main advantage of the nomads to their north. The Tang also promoted and used talented Central Asian generals (a decision which would later come back to haunt them).

The Tang’s grip on Xinjiang was firm during this time (the region had slipped from Chinese rule after the Han) and garrisons were established in the “Western Region,” an area that was expanding rapidly to dominate all of Central Asia up to the border of the Persian Empire. Until the Arabs defeated the Chinese in the Battle of Talas (751), it looked as though Central Asia’s future was with China. Numerous states near this region such as Kabul and Kashmir became direct tributaries to China. The Chinese also intervened in the affairs of their steppe neighbors and even in the northern heartland of India.

The Tang Dynasty never recovered from the An Lushan Rebellion, when An Lushan, a Tang general of Central Asian origin, revolted and named himself emperor. Up to half of the empire’s population is said to have perished in the resulting fighting, famines, and diseases in what has been called one of history’s largest man-made disasters.

The Tang Dynasty managed to limp on due to support from Tibetan and Turkish soldiers but eventually collapsed.

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Temple of Heaven (Flickr/Stuck in Customs)

Qing (清朝)

The dynasties that followed the Tang’s collapse were all very weak. It wasn’t until the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) hundreds of years later that another dynasty rule over the Chinese heartland without major threats or issues. However, the Ming is considered to be one of the worst Chinese dynasties, as China suffered a period of intellectual, political, and economic sterility under its rule.

The Ming were followed by the Qing, China’s last and one of its greatest dynasties, ruling from 1644 to 1911. This may seem puzzling since the Qing are often blamed for allowing the Chinese system to collapse and for the country to be humiliated by the West. These things did happen during Qing but it doesn’t diminish from their achievements. Indeed, China today maintains borders far beyond its traditional heartland, losing comparatively little territory compared to other empires and their modern successor states (like Turkey and Iran) and this feat can be attributed to the policies and conquests of the Qing.

The Qing Dynasty was actually not Chinese in origin. They were Manchus who after establishing a state in Manchuria, were let into China through the Great Wall by a dissident Ming general. They then proceeded to conquer or co-opt the rest of the country. Unlike the Mongols, the Qing established a lasting Chinese-style state. The introduction of new crops from the Americas also helped China’s population grow to around 400 million.

The Qing were the first Chinese state to effectively control regions like Tibet, Xinjiang, Manchuria, and Mongolia, peripheral regions that were inhabited by people that had always harassed China. They were able to do this because of their dual nature as both a Chinese imperial bureaucratic state able to draw on agrarian revenue, and as the leaders of a large northern tribal confederacy that was able to assimilate Mongol tribes into their system. Gunpowder also aided the Qing’s cause, allowing them to negate the power of the steppe tribes.

The Qing’s masterful diplomacy was also part of its success. For example, the Qing ably played Russia and Great Britain off one another during the Great Game. Neither of those two powers wanted the other to gain more territory in Central Asia and were thus happy to led China keep most of its extensive empire as a buffer. Chinese influence also increased in Southeast Asia and Himalayan Asia to a greater degree than before during the Qing Empire, as many states like Myanmar, Nepal, Chitral Valley (in Pakistan today), and Siam became part of the Chinese system.

The Qing could have done better at focusing on threats from the sea—first the West, and then Japan. On the whole, however, the Qing managed to lay the basis of China’s continued control into the modern era of the resources of much of inner Asia, the Chinese equivalent of America’s wild west.

http://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinas-3-most-powerful-dynasties-12726
 
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The Japanese at the time view the Ming-Qing transition as Yi overtaking Hua culture and civilization. To understand this concept, you must learn about Hua–Yi distinction, so please read the Wikipedia article before you move on.

The Japanese perspective was that, the Yi (barbarians/outsiders/foreigners) have emerged as the victors in the millennia-old dichotomy between them and the Chinese- Huaxia has fallen to the Yi at last.

One famous quote from the Japanese that describe this change was "華變於夷之態," meaning the "Chinese have come to take the forms of barbarians" or "Chinese have been transformed into barbarians."

One book that expressed this view was Kai Hentai (華夷変態) by Hayashi Gahō. The book title literally means "Hua-Yi transformation."
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Even more surprising, the Japanese saw the people of Ming and Qing as two nations, as shown in Sekai Jinbutsu Zukan (世界人物図巻):
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"People of Great Ming"
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"People of Great Qing"

Zoho Kai Tsushoko (増補華夷通商考) is another book that grouped the people of Ming and Qing separately.

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The Ming

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The Qing

Other sources...
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The Ming

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The Qing

Since the Manchu conquerors imposed their dress code and Queue Order onto Ming Chinese, the ethnic Han of the Qing dynasty were eventually seen as "uncultured" and "taking forms of barbarians" by Japanese scholars at the time. For this reason, the Japanese of this period had rejected that the Chinese of Qing were "Chinese" at all. So in Early Qing, Chinese of Ming and "Chinese" of Qing were seen as completely different groups of people.

The Japanese, having rejected the Qing dynasty as "China" at the beginning, only recognized Qing's rule after the Manchu emperor consolidated his power. However, this was not at all saying they ever approved the Qing dynasty as the inheritor of Huaxia.

In fact, Japan wasn't the only one thinking this.

Since the fall of Ming, Joseon (now Korea) and Nguyễn (now Vietnam) also believed the Qing rule was illegitimate. These three countries began to think they have inherited Huaxia instead of the Qing - firmly believing that China was culturally taken over by "barbarians."

In the book Chūchō Jijitsu (中朝事実), Yamaga Sokō even used the term "Chūka" (中華) to address Japan. Prior to the Qing dynasty, this term was used exclusively by the Chinese civilization to distinguish themselves from the outsiders around them, so in a way this is similar to the Holy Roman Empire claiming to have inherited "Rome."

Late Qing
About two hundred years later, the Japanese took this belief even further. On one hand, Japanese expansionists and militarists wanted and needed more resources and territories. While ideologically, some felt it was their mission or duty to "restore Huaxia" or "restore China."

As a result, the Japanese utilized this cause to legitimize their war with the Qing dynasty during the first Sino-Japanese war.

In 1894, Munakata Kotarou published a manifesto called "開誠忠告十八省之豪傑" to persuade the Chinese to revolt against the Manchus. Here are few excerpts taken from it:
The Manchus of the Qing dynasty were originally barbarians beyond the Great Wall. Neither have they the virtue received from the heaven, nor have they any contributions to China. They exploited the decline of Zhu's Ming dynasty, and with violence they robbed [Huaxia]...
Nevertheless, our country's punishment is against the Imperial Court of the Manchurian Qing dynasty - it is not toward your people.
The fall of Qing
The message found quite a lot of supporters within the Qing empire and further accelerated the Qing dynasty's demise. Japanese propaganda and the Qing's defeat in the first Sino-Japanese war later revived and strengthened the anti-Qing sentiment of Han Chinese.

Not surprisingly, many Japanese supported Sun Yat-sen and the revolution to overthrow the Qing government, and the underground movement Tongmenghui was also found in Tokyo, Japan. In fact, Japan was among the few countries that provided funds to the Xinhai Revolution that overthrew the Qing. Within Tongmenghui, there were many Japanese collaborators and Chinese who were educated in Japan.

The slogan and vow of Tongmenghui at the time was "驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權," lit. "to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people."

The "remnants" of Qing
When the revolution succeeded in overthrowing the Manchurian Qing dynasty, the Japanese saw the remnants of the Qing as useful tools to manipulate. Soon, the Japanese militarists exploited the conflict between the Han, Manchus, and Mongols, and started to fuel Mongolian and Manchurian separatism. In 1931, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo.


To this date, many Japanese scholars still see the Manchu Qing dynasty as another foreign occupation similar to the Mongol Yuan dynasty. Apart from these two, the Jurchen Jin dynasty and Khitan Liao dynasty are also counted as occupations.
 
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Japanese view Qing Dynasty as the death of "Hua"culture (the orthodox culture of China, Japan and some other countries under the influence of "Hua"culture in old times.) The reason is that the rulers of Qing are not civilised Han but the nomadic race from north beyond the Great Wall. Original Chinese are enslaved, their culture devastated, and Japanese are going to carry forward the civilisation.

The official culture flow or exchange are terminated because Japanese only respect the original orthodox China, more accurately, Tang and Song Dynasties. Since Song Dynasty was destroyed by the nomadic race from north, Japanese already regarded themselves as the only heir of Hua culture and alienated from the mainland. This isolation is strengthened in Qing Dynasty but the non-governmental culture communication was never completely end.

There are plenty Qing era works of art and literature well-known in Japan including Dream of Red Chamber and this book:
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Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms. It was little known to Chinese until it was translated by Japanese and caused a profound impact on Japan. Afterward Chinese realise the importance of the book and it became famous. Dream of Red Chamber was nameless until 30 years after the death of its author(1793), the book was introduced to Japanese and was regarded as a masterpiece there. (Educated Japanese at that time can read Chinese without effort.) Until toady, Dream of Red Chamber is worshiped as the best novel of all time in China.
 
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Qing and Ming was fighting for 1000s of years since Song-Jin wars.

Modern China is a fusion of the two, as well as many other states.
 
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Since the fall of Ming, Joseon (now Korea) and Nguyễn (now Vietnam) also believed the Qing rule was illegitimate. These three countries began to think they have inherited Huaxia instead of the Qing - firmly believing that China was culturally taken over by "barbarians."

Some Korean friends told me similar perspective, that in history people on Korean peninsula view themselves as carrier of Huaxia civilization when the mainland fell to hands of nomads. They used Hanzi, dress in Hanbok, name their river Han Gang (Han River) and every other ways so that Han/Huaxia civilization can be preserved instead of being wiped out by invaders.

Qing and Ming was fighting for 1000s of years since Song-Jin wars.

Modern China is a fusion of the two, as well as many other states.

True. Despite Han being the mainstream, modern day China is indeed a fusion of many civilizations, or ancient cultures.
 
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That's like saying only WASPs descended from the Mayflower are real Americans. It's an outdated and narrow definition. Manchu was a vassal state of Ming before Ming collapsed and Manchu filled the power vaccum. They were not truly barbaric. They were less barbaric than imperial Japan or Mongol Yuan.
 
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The Manchu conquest of Ming China was not entirely a Manchu expedition but rather a succession of Han Chinese revolting and changing sides after the Ming failed so utterly in dealing with inflation, corruption and social decay. Li Zizheng had a massive army on the throat of the Ming Imperial capital, the dynasty was lost and the Manchu under Nurhaci came at the right time.

Early bureaucracy from the Manchu rulers were just Han, the Manchu had no way of enforcing their rule on the Han Chinese except in superficial ways such as the queue and shaved forehead. The Qing dynasty was in every way a Chinese dynasty, regardless of the Manchu emperor who regarded himself as CHINESE.

Han changed the Manchu or the Manchu changed the Han?

In a skin deep way the Manchu left their mark on the Han people but the Han culture swallowed the Manchus. It is only a little more than a century since the fall of the Qing dynasty and the number of people who speak Manchu now only numbers in the hundreds.

Under the Qing, China expanded voraciously and the early Qing right up to its collapse was a wealthy nation. Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. All Chinese.

@Chinese-Dragon - How do you pronounce Qing ?

Is it like 'King' or is it pronounced as 'Ching' ? :what:

Bro, its Ching.
 
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To this date, many Japanese scholars still see the Manchu Qing dynasty as another foreign occupation similar to the Mongol Yuan dynasty. Apart from these two, the Jurchen Jin dynasty and Khitan Liao dynasty are also counted as occupations.

It is truth.

I said it on this forum, but chinese friends denied, the Yi is considered Hua Xia by modern Chinese historians.
 
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Well, the Qing Dynasty was brutal, but at least they had brought the territorial legacy for the modern China.

So for the Chinese, the Qing Dynasty was still 100 times better than your beloved Imperial Japan.

Current China is Late Qing,Recover the Hanfu, Han culture......

The ROC was the weakling successor of the Qing Dynasty.
 
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Needn't read, just the history Japanese fabricated. About culture and history, this is the posts I gave to Nihonjin in another thread. Welcome any Chinese members here to give your contents and details

lol, the age of Chinese hegemony is over. That ended when we defeated you in the 1st Sino Japanese War.
You just defeated the Beiyang Navy, which can only be seen a warlord force under the command of most corrupted and inefficient bureaucracies, meanwhile another Chinese Navy, Nanyang Navy, was intact. When your troops was marching on our land, they even hadn't encountered any effective attack from the forces of the Qing dynasty, most forces of Qing on land never fired a gun, even the Queen Ci Xi was grandly celebrating her birthday. That is the late time of Qing dynasty, the central government of Qing has been far weaker than the time when it was established, and the countless local powers/warlords have formed in China, which could overthrow the regime of Qing in any time and was seen the real threat by Qing dynast. Any tiny inadvertent or advertent moves could cause directly or indirectly the collapse of their regime. So ceding territory and paying indemnities was relatively acceptable for Qing dynast, because foreign invaders cannot threat their dominance in China. These were all things about the so-called 'victory' you have indulged in over one hundred years.
All the nations in your borders are vehemently nationalistic and see relations with you for purely trade-based basis.

ergo, Viet Nam, Thai Land, Laos, Cambodia, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Kazakhstan, et al.

This supposed return to the 'old order' is a fantasy by you and many other Chinese. There will be no return to the 'old order'.
Nope, The dynamic change of relative strength will lead to the change of the order in political system sooner or later.
Every thing changes, and never use the standards that only worked tens of years or one or two hundred years to evaluate the long long future. If we don't like the current international political principle, we will change that sooner or later. We are/will be enough patient and confident to realize that.

Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.---John F. Kennedy

Learn to live with it.
Japan has always resisted Chinese hegemony, and will do what we can to maintain balance.
Learn to live with that aspect.
It is US not you, you are nothing.
The our wars against Hun, Turk, Mongol, which were far more powerful than you Japanese, all lasted many hundred years, some won and some lost, but finally we won forever, they were eliminated. All our near modern wars with Japan carried on in the time when we were very very weak. We are enough patient to realize all the victories belonging to us, not like some stupid one that fantasied annihilating our nation by three months.:rofl: The trauma the so-called century of humiliation has given us was nothing compared with that we have experienced. The glories your nation got in one hundred years are not worth mentioning to us.:disagree:
For Japan, too far from the paradise, too close to China. learn to face the truth and learn to live with it.

And another.

We can wait. A hundred years, half a millenia is a blink of an eye on the life of an ancient civilization such as Japan. We can wait.
How did a called civilization need so large amount of cultures purely unchangedly copied from others?:rofl: Most words of your language system were imported from ours. Most cultural characteristics of your own can be seen the shadows of our culture. Many current your customs still in use about eating, clothing, housing, weaponing, etc almost were what our ancestors had used and then disused. And many things we just saw as '术' , '艺' or '技', which were the measures we handled and treated different things, were highly dogmaticly worshiped as '道' by you Japanese. As you know, we Chinese have ever no the tradition of idolatry and ideologism, and we are most practical and flexible people in the world. Even the names of your emperors can be found the words from our ancient book 《礼记》. You Japanese just got some skips of our cultures.:agree:
I also found on the forum that you like to use the word 'refine' to describe your culture imported from China. Your stingy mind, what a real Japanese.:agree:
By the situation of your economy, whether Japan can go through next 20 years, and after that what will happen.
As for Mongolia, lol. Ever had they tried to invade Japan, yet every time they were completely annihilated by the Divinr Wind and saw a merciful death by the blade of the NIHONTO.
How big the battles on the sea shore were:rofl:
When Mongolia invaded Japan, they hadn't conquered the South China, which had the most advanced ship building technology of the world in that time. Their big war-ships were built by low-level Korean craftsmen, which had poor quality and almost can not sustain the strong winds and waves, and their soldiers were Koreans, Mongolians and Northern Hans, which all were forced to war and unaccustomed to water. Most their ships sank before reaching Japan, only several reached your shore side. What you killed were only those whose ships hadn't sunk and who fatigued to death.
In modern times the natural barrier of sea has disappeared forever.:agree:
What you called as wars in your territory in ancient times were just in the level of gang feuds between gens of villages in our country. The wars we have experienced in the vast territory in ancient times were far more huge, cruel, fatal and bloody than all yours, also far more cunning, technical, complex, marvellous and spectacular, we have fought thousands of years.

China has to learn to live and accept Japan's position since we are geographically close to each other. Perhaps in two centuries or so , fraternalism between the states might manifest.
That is just based on that China was weak. Should a huge one adapt to the tiny one:rofl:. The current situation has been changing rapidly. Just like all the first one hundred years of the dynasties in our history, we are rising and will change everything of the world.
The so-called fraternalism you imagined is purely one false proposition, that will never exist in all history, and you have no the quality to compare to us, you should compare to Korea. This normality of history will come back soon.
Then again what is a century or two ? Japan is over 6000 years old.
6000:rofl:The tribal era doesn't count, how long remains.
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What can be called a civilization. For us we needn't boast.
When united your all islands.:rofl: How long as a single unified nation, how long as a main power of world, etc. one or two hundred years? How long the yesterday supa pawas Mongolia Empire, British Empire, USSR, etc lasted. How long since your Meiji Restoration, your time has gone.:disagree:
The favorite creed, spreading thousands of years in history, "胡虏无百年运".
Change is law of life, never believe in the fallacy, The end of history.

When Mongol and Manchu ruled China, they assimilated themselves with Han culture and became Chinese themselves, that is also the reason why they can rule China long. But Japanese dared to brainwash our people and fabricate the history to try to eliminate our precious culture for even replacing it and force our people to give filial respect for their inbred emperor, the Japan is doomed to elimination.


Guys, @Martian2 @TaiShang @AndrewJin @FairAndUnbiased @xunzi, @ChineseTiger1986, @Beast, @rott, @Economic superpower, @Beidou2020, @TheTheoryOfMilitaryLogistics , @cirr , @+4vsgorillas-Apebane etc all add more contents and details. And the good guy @opruh who always told the bloody fact.
 
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6000:rofl:The tribal era doesn't count, how long remains.
20.gif

What can be called a civilization. For us we needn't boast.
When united your all islands.:rofl: How long as a single unified nation, how long as a main power of world, etc. one or two hundred years? How long the yesterday supa pawas Mongolia Empire, British Empire, USSR, etc lasted. How long since your Meiji Restoration, your time has gone.:disagree:
The my favorite creed, spreading thousands of years in history, "胡虏无百年运".
Change is law of life, never believe in the fallacy, The end of history.
Guys, @Martian2 @TaiShang @AndrewJin @FairAndUnbiased @xunzi, @ChineseTiger1986, @Beast, @rott, @Economic superpower, @Beidou2020, @TheTheoryOfMilitaryLogistics , @cirr , @+4vsgorillas-Apebane etc all add more contents and details. And the good guy @opruh who always told the bloody fact.

Nihonjin is showing his true color day by day. At most Japan is like 2300 years old. During the Qin dynasty, Emperor Qin
ordered many huge expeditions to the ocean east of China to find the elixir of immortality. None of these expeditions returned because they landed in present day Japan.

:sarcastic:
 
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Nihonjin is showing his true color day by day. At most Japan is like 2300 years old. During the Qin dynasty, Emperor Qin
ordered many huge expeditions to the ocean east of China to find the elixir of immortality. None of these expeditions returned because they landed in present day Japan.

:sarcastic:

Anyway, Japan is weak, and we don't care about the thought from a weakling.
 
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Nihonjin is showing his true color day by day. At most Japan is like 2300 years old.

He has always been an ultra nationalist, you just have to read his words closely.

When Mongol and Manchu ruled China, they assimilated themselves with Han culture and became Chinese themselves. But Japanese dared to brainwash our people and fabricate the history to try to eliminate our precious culture and force our people to give filial respect for their inbred emperor, the Japan is doomed to elimination.

Chinese is a cultural identifier rather than an ethnic one, and that is a difficult concept for people who comes from monoethnic countries.
 
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Anyway, Japan is weak, and we don't care about the thought from a weakling.
Little small countries always like to make up history such as their Sun God created their people. Maybe their "Sun God" was a prophecy for 806 :)

Chinese navy should number their 55 class destroyer 806 ;)

He has always been an ultra nationalist, you just have to read his words closely.



Chinese is a cultural identifier rather than an ethnic one, and that is a difficult concept for people who comes from monoethnic countries.
Yeah. I knew that since day 1. That's why he always ignore my posts unless he want to give me a negative rating.
 
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