China Space Military：Recon, Satcom, Navi, ASAT/BMD, Orbital Vehicle, SLV, etc.

[lawxx]

he BeiDou Navigation System (simplified Chinese: 北斗导航系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗導航系統; pinyin: Běidǒu dǎoháng xìtǒng) or BeiDou (Compass) Navigation Satellite System (simplified Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗衛星導航系統; pinyin: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng) is a project by China to develop an independent satellite navigation system. It may refer to either one or both generations of the Chinese navigation system.
The first BeiDou system, officially called BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System, or known as BeiDou-1, consists of 3 satellites and has limited coverage and applications. It has been offering navigation services mainly for customers in China and from neighboring regions since 2000.
The second generation of the system, known as Compass or BeiDou-2, which will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites, is still under construction. It is planned to offer services to customers in Asia-Pacific region by 2012 and the global system should be finished by 2020.
The chief designer of BeiDou navigation system is Sun Jiadong.

Nomenclature

The BeiDou Navigation System is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu. The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of Ursa Major or 'the Great Bear' constellation.[1] Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris. As such, BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.
[edit]History

[edit]BeiDou system
According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the Chinese global navigation system should be carried out in three steps:[2]
2000 - 2003: experimental BeiDou navigation system consisting of 3 satellites
by 2012: regional BeiDou navigation system covering China and neighboring regions
by 2020: global BeiDou navigation system
The first two satellites, BeiDou-1A was launched on 30 October 2000, BeiDou-1B followed on 20 December 2000. The third satellite BeiDou-1C (as backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003.[3][4] The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system.
On November 2, 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 nanoseconds, speed of 0.2 meter/second.[5][citation needed]
It followed that in February 2007, the fourth and also the last satellite of BeiDou-1 system, the BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A, serving as a backup satellite), was sent up into space.[6] It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored.[7][8]
In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009.[9] The third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by LM-3C on January 17, 2010.[10] On the 2nd of June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit.[11] The fifth orbiter was launched into space by LM-3I carrier rocket from Xichang Satellite Launch Center on August 1, 2010.[12] Three months later, on November 1, 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C.[13] It is reported that another satellite (BeiDou-2 IGSO) will be launched by the end of the year.[14]
On January 15, 2010 the official website of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online.[10]
[edit]Involvement in Galileo
In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years.[15] It's believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces.[5] In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC).[16] Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China’s involvement in Galileo programs was founded in December 2004.[17] By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU.[18]
The Hongkong based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008[19] that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in Asian market.
[edit]System Description

[edit]Experimental System (BeiDou-1)
[edit]Description
BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each.[20]
Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit(MEO) satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit(GEO). This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible.[3] The area that can be serviced is from Logitude 70°E to 140°E, and from Latitude 5°N to 55°N.[7]
[edit]Completion
The first satellite, BeiDou-1A was sent into its orbit on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C was carried into its orbit position on May 25, 2003, this launch also completed the construction of the experimental system.[3]
[edit]Position calculation
To calculate a position, the following procedure is used:[3]
A signal is transmitted skyward by a remote terminal.
Each of the geostationary satellites receive the signal.
Each satellite sends the accurate time of when each received the signal to a ground station.
The ground station calculates the longitude and latitude of the remote terminal, and determines the altitude from a relief map.
The ground station sends the remote terminal's 3D position to the satellites.
The satellites broadcast the calculated position to the remote terminal.
In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres, considerably better than unaided GPS.[21] With the existing user terminals appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated).[22]
[edit]Terminal
The terminal can communicate with the ground station by sending and receiving short messages.
As of 2008, one BeiDou-1 terminal costs about 20,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of GPS counterpart.[23] It's said that the reason why is the terminal so expensive is due to "using expensive imported Chips"，but China seemed to have found replacement and the price could lower to less than 1,000RMB.[24] By the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON 2009(November 16–21, 2009) in Shenzhen, China, a terminal solution costing no more than 3,000RMB was presented.[25]
[edit]Applications
Over 1000 BeiDou-1 terminals were used in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, providing informations from the earthquake area.[26]
As of October 2009, all Chinese border guards in Yunnan are equipped with BeiDou-1 devices.[27]
According to Sun Jiadong, chief designer of the navigation system, "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."[28]
[edit]Advantages and drawbacks
[edit]Global System (BeiDou-2 or Compass)
Main article: Compass navigation system
[edit]Description
BeiDou-2 is not an extension to the existing BeiDou-1. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-GSO satellites (27 in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) and 3 in Inclined GSO (IGSO)),[29] that will offer complete coverage of the globe. There will be two levels of service provided; free service to civilians and licensed service to Chinese government and military users:[11][30]
The free service will have a 10 meter location-tracking accuracy, will synchronize clocks with an accuracy of 10 ns, and measure speeds within 0.2 m/s.
The licensed service will be more accurate than the free service, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the users.
[edit]Completion
It is planned that BeiDou-2 system will have more than 10 satellites by 2012 and may offer services for the Asia-Pacific region; The global navigation system should be finished by 2020.[31]
As of April 2011, eight satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched. According to an official report [32], "the eighth Beidou satellite marks the completion of basic function of Beidou (Compass) Navigation Satellite System...collaborate with five navigation satellites...will be able to provide services to most regions in China after a period of orbiting running tests and system integration."

 

[Martian2]

Visitors look at a spacesuit used by astronaut Zhai Zhigang during China's first spacewalk.

Why is it so important for China to become the preeminent economic and technological power in the world?

If you are willing to expand the boundaries of your mind and look at China's vision, the answer should be apparent.

Modern science has made space travel a reality. China has announced that it will land a person on the Moon (circa 2025), build a permanent moon base, and land a person on Mars (circa 2050). What's going on?

The 21st century is 1492 all over again.

China's space program is not merely a prestige project. China's space program is laying the framework for Chinese interplanetary colonization. By mid-century, there will most likely be a permanent Chinese moon base and eventually, a permanent Mars base. Chinese permanent outposts on the moons of Jupiter and Saturn may occur in the latter half of this century.

After China becomes an interplanetary power by the end of this century, China should have the economic resources and technology to build a starship to our nearest neighbors. During the 22nd century, China will probably attempt to colonize the nearest habitable star systems.

Any scientist can tell you that there are no laws of physics to prevent interplanetary or interstellar travel. It is a difficult engineering problem and costs lots of money. However, if China becomes sufficiently technologically advanced, grows its economy into the range of $60 trillion by 2050, and possesses the pioneering spirit then the future is endlessly bright for Chinese civilization.

Just like 1492, whichever country that colonizes the New World will reap a huge bonanza. Therefore, it is imperative that China stays on a peaceful path, muster her economic and technological strengths, and push for an unbeatable lead in space technologies. The stars beckon. The galaxy is ours for the taking.

----------

China may set up moon base camp by 2030

"China may set up moon base camp by 2030
By Xin Dingding (China Daily)
Updated: 2009-06-12 07:29

China may send manned flights to the moon and set up a base there by 2030 and it could land on Mars by 2050, a technology think thank said.

In a roadmap for the development of China's space technology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) said that China's manned spacecraft could also launch from a moon base to explore further planets in 2050.

The roadmap was part of a report titled "Creation 2050: Science, technology and China's Future", a long-term strategy for the country's development of science and technology.

Guo Huadong, leader of a CAS space technology strategy research team, said the roadmap is "not an official plan, but more of a strategic suggestion to the decision makers."

The central government has not announced any plan or timetable for sending astronauts to the moon or building a moon base.

Guo said the report had been given to the central government for its consideration.

"The roadmap has provided perspectives, based on China's current abilities, the international community's outlook in the field and the country's strategic needs," Guo told China Daily Thursday.

On the topic of deep-space exploration, the roadmap estimates that China's probes may reach Mars by about 2020 and be used to explore other planets like Jupiter by 2030.

It suggests that the probes may fly out of the solar system and enter cosmic space by 2050.

As for a manned flight mission, the roadmap said China could have the capacity to develop technology that would guarantee astronauts' long-term survival in low-Earth-orbit space stations by about 2020.

It also said that China could further develop technology that would improve the autonomous navigation capability of space vehicles, near-space vehicles and flight hardware.

The Creation 2050 report covers 18 fields, including space, health, mineral resources, energy and agriculture, which could help the country become more competitive and assist in its sustainable development and security.

Lu Yongxiang, president of the CAS and vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), said at a conference Wednesday: "China cannot simply copy other countries' models of development of science and technology."

China must try to develop a creative road in science and technology with its own characteristics, he said.

According to the report, China could be involved in the development of emerging strategic industries like energy by 2050.

It could also be involved in the development of new energy and environmentally-friendly products, according to the report.

Xinhua contributed to the story"

 

[NmHqh2JbVo]

Visitors look at a spacesuit used by astronaut Zhai Zhigang during China's first spacewalk.

Why is it so important for China to become the preeminent economic and technological power in the world?

If you are willing to expand the boundaries of your mind and look at China's vision, the answer should be apparent.

Modern science has made space travel a reality. China has announced that it will land a person on the Moon (circa 2025), build a permanent moon base, and land a person on Mars (circa 2050). What's going on?

The 21st century is 1492 all over again.

China's space program is not merely a prestige project. China's space program is laying the framework for Chinese interplanetary colonization. By mid-century, there will most likely be a permanent Chinese moon base and eventually, a permanent Mars base. Chinese permanent outposts on the moons of Jupiter and Saturn may occur in the latter half of this century.

After China becomes an interplanetary power by the end of this century, China should have the economic resources and technology to build a starship to our nearest neighbors. During the 22nd century, China will probably attempt to colonize the nearest habitable star systems.

Any scientist can tell you that there are no laws of physics to prevent interplanetary or interstellar travel. It is a difficult engineering problem and costs lots of money. However, if China becomes sufficiently technologically advanced, grows its economy into the range of $60 trillion by 2050, and possesses the pioneering spirit then the future is endlessly bright for Chinese civilization.

Just like 1492, whichever country that colonizes the New World will reap a huge bonanza. Therefore, it is imperative that China stays on a peaceful path, muster her economic and technological strengths, and push for an unbeatable lead in space technologies. The stars beckon. The galaxy is ours for the taking.

----------

China may set up moon base camp by 2030

"China may set up moon base camp by 2030
By Xin Dingding (China Daily)
Updated: 2009-06-12 07:29

China may send manned flights to the moon and set up a base there by 2030 and it could land on Mars by 2050, a technology think thank said.

In a roadmap for the development of China's space technology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) said that China's manned spacecraft could also launch from a moon base to explore further planets in 2050.

The roadmap was part of a report titled "Creation 2050: Science, technology and China's Future", a long-term strategy for the country's development of science and technology.

Guo Huadong, leader of a CAS space technology strategy research team, said the roadmap is "not an official plan, but more of a strategic suggestion to the decision makers."

The central government has not announced any plan or timetable for sending astronauts to the moon or building a moon base.

Guo said the report had been given to the central government for its consideration.

"The roadmap has provided perspectives, based on China's current abilities, the international community's outlook in the field and the country's strategic needs," Guo told China Daily Thursday.

On the topic of deep-space exploration, the roadmap estimates that China's probes may reach Mars by about 2020 and be used to explore other planets like Jupiter by 2030.

It suggests that the probes may fly out of the solar system and enter cosmic space by 2050.

As for a manned flight mission, the roadmap said China could have the capacity to develop technology that would guarantee astronauts' long-term survival in low-Earth-orbit space stations by about 2020.

It also said that China could further develop technology that would improve the autonomous navigation capability of space vehicles, near-space vehicles and flight hardware.

The Creation 2050 report covers 18 fields, including space, health, mineral resources, energy and agriculture, which could help the country become more competitive and assist in its sustainable development and security.

Lu Yongxiang, president of the CAS and vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), said at a conference Wednesday: "China cannot simply copy other countries' models of development of science and technology."

China must try to develop a creative road in science and technology with it's own characteristics, he said.

According to the report, China could be involved in the development of emerging strategic industries like energy by 2050.

It could also be involved in the development of new energy and environmentally-friendly products, according to the report.

Xinhua contributed to the story"

Chinese version of moon landing.

 

[cfldad]

I know little about it

 

[Brotherhood]

Chang'e 2 heads for deep space - People's Daily Online June 09, 2011

As China's second lunar probe satellite Chang'e 2 completed its six lunar explorations and reached six-month designed life in April 1, the orbiter remains stable and normal with adequate fuel. In a bid to accumulate more space probe experience, the Chang'e 2 will fly away from its lunar orbit today and conduct deep aerospace exploration and monitoring test, according to the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.

It is learned that Chang'e 2 is an improved version of China's first lunar probe Chang'e 1's backup satellite. The major mission of Chang'e 2 is to test and validate some of the key technologies that are applicable to the Chang'e 3's missions, and to pave a way for soft landing experiment of its successors.

By People's Daily Online

 

[qwerrty]

long march 5 prototype being assembled.

 

[Kyusuibu Honbu]

Can anyone here tell me when China had launched its first military reconnaissance satellite?

 

[teddy]

Can anyone here tell me when China had launched its first military reconnaissance satellite?

Actually china don't have real military reconnaissance satellite until 1987.

FSW-1 / JianBing 1A

The improved FSW-1, or JianBing 1A in its military designation, was China’s first mapping satellite. It was based on the FSW-0 design, but carried a fix-lens panoramic camera to provide high-precision imagery used for mapping and survey. A total of five launches were carried out between September 1987 and October 1993, with four successfully recovered.

Specifications: Typical orbit: 170 x 500km, 57~63 deg inclination; Length: 4.60m; Maximum Diameter: 2.20m; Mass: 1,790kg; Payload: 750kg; Typical mission duration: 8 days.

 

[teddy]

long march 5 prototype being assembled.

This is the CZ5 / Longmarch 5 heavily lift rocket, it have moduler design and will replace all the other longmarch seriers, may be we will see it launch the space station module soon! Great news!

 

[siegecrossbow]

Can anyone here tell me when China had launched its first military reconnaissance satellite?

No one knows for sure. Officially China never launched a military reconnaissance satellite before. This is because they usually go under other names, such as weather or geographical surveillance satellites.

 

[qwerrty]

Shen Long

 

[qwerrty]

Launch Schedule for 2011

Satellite experimental robotic arm

 

[qwerrty]

《Journal of Rocket Propulsion》 2011-01

Research on power system of heavy launch vehicle in China
TAN Yong-hua (Academy of Aerospace Propulsion Technology,Xi'an 710100,China)

The development trend of future aerospace industry is analyzed.The necessity of developing the heavy launch vehicles and high thrust rocket engines to realize the manned moonfall and deep space exploration is described.The main power system of heavy launch vehicles of China is planned.A integrated scheme of 600 t LOX/kerosene rocket engine and 200 t LOX/LH2 rocket engine is put forward.The primary parameters of the two engines are chosen.The key technology and development condition of the rocket engines is analyzed.The development effort is schemed.The development of the two engines will be completed in about 2020 according to the level of technology and industrial base.

*ttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HJTJ201101003.htm

development of 200t-300t LOX/LH2 motor to be completed in 2015, 600t LOX/Kerosene in 2020.

130t rocket config

modified CZ-5

 

[qwerrty]

moon lander

mars

 

[teddy]

Chinese orbital launch vehicle. China's family of new generation expendable launch vehicles began development in 2000. Boosters of various capabilities would be assembled from three modular stages of 2.25 m, 3.35 m and 5.0 m diameter. These would be powered by new variable-thrust 120 tonne thrust Lox/Kerosene engines or 50 tonne thrust Lox/LH2 engines.
China's family of new generation expendable launch vehicles were announced in February 2001, and modified descriptions were provided at the Wuzhai Air Show and IAC in late 2002. Propulsion system details and masses were released at the FAI in Bremen in September 2003. These modular stages were as follows:


•2.25 m diameter module powered by one 120 tonne thrust Lox/Kerosene engine
•3.35 m diameter module powered by two 120 tonne thrust Lox/Kerosene engines
•5.0 m diameter module powered by two 50 tonne thrust Lox/LH2 engines
•5.0 m diameter upper stage powered by two 8 tonne thrust Lox/LH2 engines (a derivative of the CZ-3B upper stage)
•3.35 m diameter upper stage powered by four 15 tonne thrust Lox/Kerosene engines, evidently an indigenous Chinese development
•2.25 m diameter upper stage for the light launch vehicle (probably the CZ-4A third stage)
•Common large payload fairing, 5.2 m in diameter and coming in three standard lengths.

The new launch vehicles were said to be designed for a 98% reliability as compared to 91% for existing Chinese designs. They were also said to be expected to be 20% cheaper than existing designs. Chief Designer for the new series was Long Lehao.

The new family would use a unique 'direct-to-pad' integration concept using highly automated systems with a total cycle time of only 20 days. The launch vehicle was to be assembled vertically on the launch pad as soon as the stages arrived at the site. It would be checked out in a mobile service tower (MST). In parallel to this the payload would be integrated and encapsulated in a separate encapsulation facility. The encapsulated payload was to be transferred and mated to the launch vehicle only three days before launch.