May 2013, page 20
With its strong economy, the country wants to play a bigger role on the world science stage.
Sixteen（since expanded to eighteen）science and technology projects will receive big infrastructure investments in China, the countrys State Council announced on 23 February. The competitively selected upgrades and new facilities focus on such topics as energy, nuclear waste, materials science, ocean surveys, and astroparticle physics (see the table on page 22).
The projects are part of Chinas mid- to long-term perspectives for the development of major national infrastructures in science and technology stretching out to 2030. Through the end of the current five-year planning period in 2015, the total investment is expected to be about CNY19 billion (about $3 billion), more than three times the amount in the previous five-year plan. Individual facilities will get up to CNY2 billion. The construction money comes from the National Development and Reform Commission. Ongoing research is covered by other sources, says Lu Yu, a senior scientist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics, so the new large projects do not threaten funding for laboratory-scale science.
Zhen Cao, the chief scientist for a new cosmic-ray observatory that made the cut, says that with the economy strong, people are thinking this is the time for China to take responsibility for the development of basic science and technology. The US and Europe, he notes, are both home to many large scientific experiments. China is making major contributions to science too, he says. That is why China thinks we should have this concrete plan to build and grow as many big facilities as possible.
Among the 16 selected projects, some are ready to go forward pending various permits, but others will be put up for bid. Thats the case, for example, for a user facility to study materials under extreme conditions. Proposals for such projects are due soon, and decisions are likely before the end of the year, says Yu.
Pure science
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), the cosmic-ray observatory that Cao heads, is to be built at 4300 meters in Shangrila, Yunnan Province, in the southwest corner of China. Combining five detector types at high altitude is what makes LHAASO unique, says Cao. For cosmic-ray particles with energies above 1015 eV, the existing data are chaotic, he says. We have to build many types of detectors to collect information about the air showers. The aim, he says, is to identify the violent processes that produce the particles. We want to find the sources of cosmic rays. (See also Physics Today, April 2013, page 14.)
One of the LHAASO detectors will be a large pool of water, lined with 3600 phototubes to observe the Cherenkov radiation produced by impinging particles from the air showers caused by cosmic rays. We will measure the timing and how many particles there are, Cao says. An array of 6000 scintillators over a circle about 1.2 kilometers in diameter will measure the energy and intensity of incident cosmic rays. The third detector will be an array of bags of pure water with phototubes buried about 3 meters underground to watch for muons. Because the detectors are underground, says Cao, electrons and photons are excluded. In practice, he explains, you are looking for the [gamma-ray] showers without muons. Finally, the LHAASO will have 24 UV telescopes to look for fluorescent light and Cherenkov radiation produced in air showers and 400 burst detectorsscintillators on the surface that are shielded by lead so that they record only the most energetic particles.
Cao hopes construction can begin in two years. We need to get permission to use the land, and then we face an environmental review, he says. Once ground is broken, it will take about four years to build the facility, which is expected to cost about CNY1 billion. Although a mainly Chinese project, scientists from France and Russia are working on aspects of the detectors.
The China Antarctic Observatory also got the nod. Two large telescopes will be added to a site on Dome A in Antarctica where China already has a small presence. (For more on Antarctic telescopes, see the Quick Study on page 60.) One is a 2.5-meter optical-IR telescope to study dark matter and dark energy and to search for exoplanets; it will be perched on a 14.5-meter-high tower to lift it above the turbulence layer. The other is a 5-meter submillimeter telescope to study star and galaxy formation (see Physics Today, January 2011, page 22).
Aside from those two astrophysics projects, most of the megafacilities are a mix of basic and applied science or tend more to applications.
Pushing extremes
Hong Ding, chief scientist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, is working to bring the extreme conditions project to the Beijing suburb of Huairou; word has it that another team may submit a competing proposal. Ding envisions the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility (SECUF) boasting some 20 different instruments that can operate at low temperatures (below 1 mK), high pressures (approaching 300 gigabar), high magnetic fields (32 tesla), and ultrashort laser pulses (200 attoseconds). We want to push to extremes to achieve world records, to do world-leading research, says Ding. He and his colleagues will submit their proposal for SECUF in the coming weeks.
Ding notes that China is not strong in building instrumentation. We mostly buy commercial products. But because off-the-shelf products are not available for the proposed extreme conditions, Ding says, we hope to help China develop and commercialize instrumentation. That is one of our goals. The suite of instruments would include systems for large-volume high-pressure materials synthesis, time-resolved transmission electron microscopy, high-field scanning tunneling microscopy, refrigeration by nuclear demagnetization, and a laser-wakefield-driven x-ray source.
Zuyu Zhao, who heads the ultralow temperature department at the Massachusetts-based Janis Research, sees increasing interest in low-temperature physics and cryogenic technologies among scientists in China. A seminar he gave in 2007 at Tsinghua University in Beijing drew few attendees, he says, and even fewer really understood what I was talking about. Just four years later, in 2011, Zhao gave another seminar on ultralow-temperature physics in Beijing. That time, he says, half the audience was in the corridor. The situation has changed completely. Ding agrees: The driving force behind SECUF, he says, is a growing demand by scientists.
Ding and others longer-term dream for Huairou is to collocate an array of facilities there. The Beijing Advanced Science and Innovation Center, or BASIC, would bring together SECUF, the future Beijing synchrotron light source, the Earth simulation computing facility, and perhaps other infrastructures. Huairou is also near the new site of the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which would give BASIC researchers access to students and students access to the centers facilities. issues and events。
Science and technology infrastructure gets the nod in Chinas 12th five-year plan: Mid- to long-term projects ranked by priority：
1. Ocean-floor scientific survey network
2. High-energy synchrotron test facility
3. Accelerator-driven subcritical reactor research facility
4. Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility
5. High-flux heavy ion accelerator
6. High-efficiency, low-carbon gas turbine testing facility
7. Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory
8. Future network experimental facility
9. Outer-space environment simulating facility
10. Translational medicine research facility
11. China Antarctic Observatory
12. Precision gravity measurement research facility
13. Large-scale low-speed wind tunnel
14. Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phase-II Beamline Project
15. Model animal phenotype and heredity research facility
16. Earth system digital simulator
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