我成功自研阻止飞机冲出跑道技术 打破美垄断
2012-10-22 16:04 中国民航报
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不久前，陈先生在Discovery频道上看到一个新奇的玩意：美国人在一些机场跑道的尽头铺了拦阻床，居然能阻止飞机冲出跑道。在电视画面上，跑道端铺就的材料成功阻止了一架即将冲出跑道的波音客机，保护了飞机，更保证了乘客的安全。
　　画面中呈现的这项技术叫做特性材料拦阻系统（Engineered Material Arresting System，简称EMAS），这项技术长期以来都被国外公司所垄断。2012年7月12日，由中国民航科学技术研究院研发的，具有完全自主知识产权的EMAS正式通过了中国民航局的合格审定并获得工程应用批准，这是中国民航在涉及飞行安全的重大系统研发方面取得的重要进展，也是世界上第二个取得政府民航主管机构批准的EMAS。这一成果的取得，将大幅降低机场安装该系统的成本，从而推动我国众多高原机场和特殊地形机场有效提升安全保障能力。
　　如何阻止飞机冲出跑道？
　　随着世界民航业迅的速发展，航班起降架次明显增多，飞机冲出跑道的次数呈上升趋势，如何避免飞机冲出跑道后发生严重事故，已经成为民航安全的一个重要课题。为了解决这一难题，早在20世纪60年代，英国人就着手研发相关技术来拦停冲出跑道的飞机，但是由于种种原因未能形成产品。到20世纪80年代，美国联邦航空局（FAA）与美国一家公司开始共同研发EMAS系统。
　　事实上，EMAS是由一种具有特定力学性能的泡沫混凝土，以数十厘米的厚度铺设在跑道延长线的地面上，形成一个拦阻床。其宽度与跑道一致，长度在数十米到100多米之间。飞机一旦冲出跑道即进入其中，泡沫混凝土在机轮的碾压下破碎，以此吸收飞机的动能，在保证飞机和机上人员安全的前提下，让飞机逐渐减速并最终停止在拦阻床内。
　　20世纪90年代，FAA审定了EMAS系统的设计方法。1996年首次在纽约肯尼迪机场进行了试验性铺设，并成功拦停了3架飞机。随后，FAA对其颁发了许可证，并在全美国有需要的民用机场中推广使用。截至目前，美国已有35个民用机场铺设了55套EMAS系统，成功拦停了8架飞机。与此同时，美国在全球范围内推广EMAS系统。近年来，我国四川九寨黄龙机场和台湾松山机场也先后安装了该系统。
　　能解决冲出跑道的难题
　　四川九寨黄龙机场削山而建，三面环山，由于受复杂地形和高海拔的影响，飞行员在执行九寨黄龙机场飞行任务的过程中往往感觉跑道偏短，特别是在雨雪天气状况下，飞机着陆和中断起飞一旦出现反喷、刹车失效或冲出跑道的情况，后果不堪设想。因此，在2006年，九寨黄龙机场进行二期扩建工程时，就在跑道南北两端分别安装了两套EMAS系统。
　　在我国，有相当数量的机场削山而建，俗称“桌面机场”。虽然这些机场均按标准建立了跑道端安全区，但安全区外往往为陡坎或悬崖，飞机一旦冲出跑道端安全区，机毁人亡的悲剧必然上演。此外，一些临江、临海、临居民区的机场也存在这样的问题。
　　随着中国民航的快速发展，航班数量剧增，要维持过去的安全水平，就需要更新的安全手段。国际民航组织统计数据显示，在全球范围内冲偏出跑道事故次数排在民用航空器事故类型统计的首位。我国民航近年来冲偏出跑道事件次数在民用航空器严重事故征候类型统计中亦居首位。由此可见，在跑道端安全区不够长的机场安装EMAS系统，解决好飞机冲偏出跑道的问题，能明显提升安全运行水平。
　　的技术难题
　　在中国民航科学技术研究院研发的EMAS获得中国民航局的审定批准之前，国内没有类似产品，我国机场如果要安装，需要面对三个问题：产品价格高、运输距离远和系统维护难。
　　据报道，2010年台湾松山机场计划铺设1套该系统，预算高达43000万新台币，与2006年四川九寨黄龙机场铺设该系统时相比，价格有较大幅度的增长。如此高昂的费用，即使政府给予大部分补贴，国内最需要安装EMAS系统的中小机场也难以负担。
　　中国需要自己的EMAS系统！2010年，在民航局副局长李健的指示下，航科院组织了由院主要领导挂帅、数十名科研骨干参与的研发团队，联合国内相关单位，投入数千万元经费。经过2年多的时间，攻克了材料生产和系统设计方法的技术难题。为了有效验证产品的性能和系统的安全性，航科院设计并建造了专用的试验台架，对机轮碾压材料的过程进行了数十次试验测试，取得了大量宝贵的数据，并最终建立起一套完善的拦阻过程仿真计算模型和设计方法。航科院还专门从国航购买了一架波音737飞机，从2011年第四季度开始，利用天津机场第二跑道先后开展了6次大规模的真机验证试验。试验结果表明，航科院研发的EMAS系统具有有效的拦阻功效，并能保证飞机和机上人员的安全。
　　的发展展望
　　“对于中国民航而言，EMAS项目是一项全新的、具有开创性的项目，国际上也仅有美国掌握了这项技术，我们没有任何经验可以借鉴和参考。做好这个项目，对于中国民航向国际民航界输出标准，提升中国民航的国际地位，对于提升复杂机场的安全裕度，对于建设民航强国，都具有十分重要的意义。”民航局李健副局长曾多次在不同场合强调中国民航研发自己的EMAS系统的重要意义。
　　航科院（北京）科技发展有限公司有关负责人向记者透露，国产EMAS系统的成功研发大幅降低了铺设费用，为在我国众多高原机场、复杂地形机场、其他因为特殊原因难以延长跑道端安全区的机场，提供了价位合理的工程解决方案。它具有非常广阔的市场前景，腾冲机场已经确定安装EMAS系统，而国内外多家机场也对该产品表现出浓厚的兴趣。“我们在天津空港经济区拥有10000多平方米的生产厂房，能够满足拦阻材料生产、养护所需的环境要求，可以保证材料性能的稳定，每月可生产1套EMAS系统所需的材料。”
　　今年，国际民航组织将在“国际标准与建议措施”中提出提高跑道端安全区长度的标准，以减少因为冲出跑道造成的重大飞行安全事故。但因为地理或者别的环境因素制约，很多机场难以满足新的跑道端安全区长度要求，EMAS已写入ICAO《国际民用航空公约》附件14《机场》第一卷《机场设计和运行》第3.5.5条，成为国际通行的等效安全措施。
　　据了解，尽管国产EMAS系统价格相比国外同类产品有较大幅度下降，但对于很多机场特别是中小型机场来说，此费用也是一笔巨大的开支。鉴于EMAS系统铺设的目的是提高机场运行的安全性，中国民航局正着手制定相关补贴政策，以支持EMAS系统的推广运用。
责任编辑：刘昆
We successful self-development to prevent the aircraft overran the runway technology to break the US-monopoly
China's civil aviation 2012-10-22 16:04
Not long ago, Mr. Chen, on the Discovery Channel to see a novel thing: Americans shop at the end of the airport runway arresting bed, and actually be able to stop the aircraft overran the runway. On the TV screen, the end of the runway clad material to prevent the success of an upcoming runway Boeing to protect the aircraft, but also to ensure the safety of passengers.
The characteristics of this technology is called Material Arresting System (Engineered Material Arresting System, presented on the screen EMAS), this technology has long been monopolized by foreign companies. July 12, 2012, developed by the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China Institute of Science and Technology, with completely independent intellectual property rights EMAS formal certification by the Civil Aviation Administration of China and the approval of the project application, which is a major system of China's civil aviation flight safety R & D has made important progress, but also the world's second-to obtain the approval of the competent authority of Civil Aviation EMAS. This has been achieved, will significantly reduce the cost of the airport to install the system, and thus promote the many plateau Airport in China and the the special terrain Airport effective to enhance the security capabilities.
How to prevent the aircraft overran the runway?
With the rapid development of the world civil aviation industry fast flight movements increased significantly, the upward trend in the number of aircraft overran the runway, and how to avoid aircraft overran the runway after a serious accident, has become an important issue for the safety of civil aviation. In order to solve this problem as early as in the 1960s, the British started research and development of related technologies Elam parked aircraft runway, but for various reasons failed to form the product. By the 1980s, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the U.S. company jointly developed the EMAS system.
In fact, EMAS is formed of a specific mechanical properties of the foam concrete is laid on the extension line of the runway in the ground to a thickness of several tens of centimeters, the formation of an arresting bed. Consistent width and runway length in tens of meters to over 100 m. Once the aircraft overran the runway into which foam of broken wheel RCC concrete, in order to absorb the kinetic energy of the aircraft, under the premise to guarantee the safety of the aircraft and crew, the aircraft gradually slow down and eventually stop arresting bed.
In the 1990s, FAA validation of the the EMAS system design methods. The first time in 1996 at New York's Kennedy Airport, the pilot laying, and successfully stopped three aircraft parked. Subsequently, FAA its issued licenses, and to promote the use of civilian airports in the United States need. As of now, there are 35 civil airports in the United States laid 55 sets EMAS system successfully pulled over eight aircraft. At the same time, the United States in the global promotion of EMAS system. In recent years, China's Sichuan Jiuzhaigou Huanglong Airport and Taiwan Songshan Airport has installed the system.
To solve the problem of runway
Sichuan Jiuzhaigou Huanglong Airport cut mountain built, surrounded by mountains, due to the complex terrain and high altitude, pilots often perform Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport mission feeling the runway is short, especially in the rain and snow weather conditions, aircraft landing and rejected takeoff once the anti-spray, brake failure or out of the runway, the consequences could be disastrous. Therefore, in 2006, Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport Phase II Expansion Project in the north and south ends of the runway were installed two sets of EMAS system.
In China, there are considerable number of airports cut the mountain and built, commonly known as the "Desktop airport. These airports are standard runway end safety area, but outside the security zone for scarp or cliff, once the aircraft out of the runway end safety area, machine crash tragedy must be staged. In addition, some Riverside, Linhai, temporary residential area of ​​the airport is there such a problem.
With the rapid development of China's civil aviation, the sharp increase in the number of flights, to maintain the level of security, you need to update the security means. ICAO statistics show that the number of runway incidents the first row in the type of civil aircraft accidents statistics worldwide red wide. China's civil aviation in recent years red runway event also ranks first in the number of serious incidents of civil aircraft type statistics. Shows that the airport runway end safety area is not long enough install EMAS system to solve aircraft to overshoot the runway of the problem, can significantly improve the level of safe operation.
The technical problems
Institute of Science and Technology in China's civil aviation research and development EMAS be obtained prior to the examination and approval of the Civil Aviation Administration of China, the domestic similar products, our airports, if you want to install, you need to face three problems: the high price of the product, the transport distance and system maintenance difficult.
It is reported that in 2010, Taiwan Songshan Airport plans to lay 1 sets the system budget of up to NT $ 430 million, compared with the 2006 Sichuan Jiuzhaigou Huanglong Airport laying the system, the substantial increase in the price. Such a high cost, even if the government gives most of the subsidies, the most difficult burden on the to install EMAS system of small and medium airports.
China needs its own EMAS system! In 2010, under the instructions of the Deputy Secretary for the Civil Aviation Authority, Li Jian, Air EPRI organized by the School of the principal leaders in command, dozens of research backbone to participate in research and development team, the United Nations related units invested tens of millions of dollars of funding. After 2 years, the capture of material production and the technical problems of the system design methodology. In order to effectively validate product performance and system security, Air ASTRI design and construction of a dedicated test bench, wheel roller compacted material process dozens of pilot testing, made a lot of valuable data, and ultimately establish a comprehensive process of arresting simulation model and design methods. Air EPRI also specifically purchased from Air China Boeing 737, starting from the fourth quarter of 2011, the Tianjin Airport second runway has launched a large-scale real machine verification test. The test results show that the the Air EPRI research and development of EMAS system has an effective blocking effect, and to ensure the safety of aircraft and personnel.
Developments and Prospects
"For the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, EMAS project is a new, groundbreaking project, also only master the technology in the United States, we do not have any experience can learn and reference. Well this project, the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China output standards to the international aviation community, to enhance the international status of the Chinese civil aviation, and to enhance the margin of safety of the complex airport for the construction of civil aviation power, has a very important significance. "the CAA Li Jian, deputy director of China has repeatedly emphasized on different occasions the significance of the civil aviation research and development of the EMAS system.
The person in charge of the Air Research Institute (Beijing) Technology Development Co., Ltd. told reporters domestic EMAS system successfully developed significantly reduce the laying costs, complex terrain Airport in many plateau Airport in China, due to special reasons difficult to extend the runway end safety area airport, reasonably priced and engineering solutions. It has a very broad market prospects the The Tengchong airport have been identified to install EMAS system, while the number of domestic and international airports also expressed a keen interest in the product. "We are in the Tianjin Airport Economic Zone has more than 10,000 square meters of production plants, blocking material to meet the production, conservation of environmental requirements, can guarantee the stability of the material properties a month to produce a set of materials required by the EMAS system."
This year, the International Civil Aviation Organization "International Standards and Recommended Practices to improve the standard of the length of the runway end safety area to reduce overran the runway caused significant flight safety accident. However, because of geographic or other environmental factors, many airports is difficult to meet the new runway end safety area length requirements, EMAS has written to the ICAO "International Convention on Civil Aviation Annex 14" Airport "Volume I" airport design and run the first 3.5 .5 become the international equivalent security measures.
It is understood that, although the domestic EMAS system price compared to similar foreign products have decreased substantially, but for many airports, especially small and medium-sized airport, this fee is a huge expense. The purpose of laying view of the EMAS system is to improve the safety of the operation of the airport, the Civil Aviation Administration of China is working on the development of policies related to subsidies, in order to support the promotion of the use of the EMAS system.
Editor: Liu Kun
google translation
