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ALL Xinjiang related issues e.g. uyghur people, development, videos etc, In here please.

An Independent East Turkestan will be bad for Pakistan

  • Yes

    Votes: 64 53.8%
  • No

    Votes: 55 46.2%

  • Total voters
    119
If the "barbarity" is threatening the order, yes. In fact, if it were up to me, I wouldn't use concentration camps. I would use prisons. That is what law enforcement should do. Chinese government is facing the typically tough situation as any government does to face insurgency. In fact, what Uyghurs are practicing is insurgency. Those terrorists or insurgents are hiding in Uyghur communities and protected by Uyghur people. Don't tell me they are peaceful people. But Chinese government doesn't want to admit it so they choose some middle ground. Back in 1950s, Chinese army actually rolled tanks on the streets and opened fire to suppress insurgency.

If you support a military which rolls tanks on the streets to shoot protestors then that must end our discussion. You're beyond hope :D
 
If you support a military which rolls tanks on the streets to shoot protestors then that must end our discussion. You're beyond hope :D
Even in 1950s, Chinese army didn't shoot protestors. They shot those armed insurgents. In recent XinJiang, targets should be those axe and knife waving terrorists and those who protect them. In fact, Han people in XinJiang also fought back with knife and sticks but they were suppressed by paramilitary. Apparently, you would prefer military not be involved at all and let people fight with each other, like those happened in India, wouldn't you?
 
I am surprised that you were surprised. I know Chinese history, which is filled with interaction with nomadic people, from Huns to Turks to Mongols, etc. Better yet, I actually grew up in XinJiang. I know both the kindness and stupidity of Uyghurs. When they are nice to you, they pour their hearts out. Offer you everything they have. Their purity and naivety often make them vulnerable to shrew villains who use them as pawns for their own sinister objectives.

When they are mad at you, they will cut you into pieces without giving you any chance to protest. It is an informal rule in the military that if a driver hits someone on the road in the predominately Uyghur neighborhood, RUN! You are right. Hit-and-run is not only practiced but also encouraged if the driver still wants to stay alive. Rule-of-law is not in their culture. When some dumb kids feel bored, they could sit at the curb and ask people who walk by on whether they like to have a fist fight. But the same kids also play soccer very well. The only time when I was robbed on the tip of a knife was done by Uyghur kids when I was in school.

You are right that their culture is also related to Chinese culture, but to a small degree. They don't live by the same culture rules as Chinese. For example, Chinese culture suppresses hot heads but ordinary Uyghurs are often hot heads. Chinese culture emphasizes greatly on formal education while Uyghurs don't. Their parents would let their kids roaming on the streets in the way that is unthinkable to Chinese parents, no matter how poor Chinese parents are. How much of that is attributed to Turkish culture or Islamic culture or pure poverty? I don't know.
Actually Turk people r like that everywhere, They live in Pakistan too actually, Uyghurs Turks who settled here since 50s, then there r proper Turkic people, like the one u see in my profile picture, That was my best Friend, who was martyred in Operation Zarb e Azb in 15 july 2014, he was in special forces.

So i hear what yr trying to say, and i have noticed that too, When i had gone to turkey, i had noticed this attitude in them as well. U can even see the Turkish members here, they too r hot headed.

My conclusion is that this is their ethnic personality trait. But in Pakistan, the solution that we have developed, is that we hire them into law enforcement agencies and military, where we can channel their aggression into a proper discipline, that way they learn to control their temper, and we make them unleash that into the battlefield where it is required!

Let me give u an example! in 2009's Operation Rah e Nejaad in Swat, the terrorists were most scared of the units of our Northern Light Infantry (NLI) after the operation, at ceasefire negotiations at that time, they had specially put a condition to make these NLI units go away as they have totally demoralized their fighters.

The reason why they said was because they had done such type of attacks and did them in such type of tactics that really broke their spirits. Whenever they used to catch a Militant Sniper, they used to never kill him(a military protocol for enemy snipers) or take them as prisoners, but used to take their both eyes out, and then used to send them back to their militant held area all by themselves, all alone bleeding and being blind.

Those TTP fellows r brutal themselves they r known for taking heads off to every soldier or civilian they captured, but even those savages got sacred and demoralized as to what these Turkic Warriors of Pakistan did to them! They made them feel like a child in sheer savagery and brutality!!!! hence the demoralization.


So r u getting my point?:azn: use this unique personality trait of their's for the benefit of China! help them channelize this hot headedness and aggression into something useful by recruiting them into military and for the protection of China!

Think abt it, if there was just one unit of these warriors in Hong Kong right now, then tell me who dared there to come out and do all those thing that they r doing and whatever they r saying against China? Heck! even in South China sea these people in Navy would have made Americans look like a little bitch pussy despite all their might in technology.

These people can prove to be an asset to yr country, dont waste them!
 
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Actually Turk people r life that everywhere, They live in Pakistan too actually, Uyghurs Turks who settled here since 50s, then there r proper Turkic people, like the one u see in my profile picture, That was my best Friend, who was martyred in Operation Zarb e Azb in 15 july 2014, he was in special forces.

So i hear what yr trying to say, and i have noticed that too, When i had gone to turkey, i had noticed this attitude in them as well. U can even see the Turkish members here, they too r hot headed.

My conclusion is that this is their ethnic personality trait. But in Pakistan, the solution that we have developed is that we hire them into law enforcement agencies and military, where we can channel their aggression into a proper discipline that way they learn to control their temper, and we make them unleash that into the battlefield where it is required!

Let me give u can example! in 2009's Operation Rah e Nejaad in Swat, the terrorists were most scared of the units of our Northern Light Infantry (NLI) after the operation in ceasefire negotiations at that time they had specially put a condition to make these NLI units go away as they have totally demoralized their fighters.

They reason why he said was because they had done such type of attacks and did them in such type of tactics that really broke their spirits. Whenever they used to catch a Militant Sniper, they used to never kill him, but used to take his both eyes out, and then used to send them back to their militant held area all by themselves all alone bleeding and being blind.

Those TTP fellows r brutal themselves they r known for taking heads off to every soldier or civilian they captured, but even those savages got sacred and demoralized as to what these Turkic Warriors of Pakistan did to them! They made them feel like a child in sheer savagery and brutality!!!! hence the demoralization.


So r u getting my point?:azn: use this unique personality trait of their's for the benefit of China too! help them channelize this hot headedness and aggression into something useful by recruiting them into military and for the protection of China!

Think abt it, if there was just one unit of these warriors in Hong Kong right now, then tell me who dared there to come out and do all those thing and whatever they r saying against China? Heck! even in South China sea these people in Navy would have made Americans look like a little bitch phussy despite all their might in technology.

These people can prove to be an asset to yr country, dont waste them!
Before employing them in military, you can actually recruit them in sports. XinJiang's basketball team has been very successful in recent years: 5 times in the final and one time national champion.

I blame Chinese government the most for the recent tension in that region. They adopted some very stupid policy that swings between two stupid ends. Both are counter-productive. First, they tried to suppress the local disobedience by force. That only bought some time. Then, they tried to bribe them with irrationally lenient law enforcement. That didn't help make them disciplined. They became more demanding, which led to more dissatisfaction and eventual insurgency. Now, they try to use force again. The whole thing just goes back and forth without any progress.

Such a stupid policy has its very root in communism. They simply don't understand people with different ideology. Their goal is to eradicate anything that is not communistic. The impatience with the world combined with their self-righteousness makes them ruthless. Just see how Engels regarded those workmen who still supported capitalistic system and you will get an idea. In a way, it is similar to those who are eager to spread Islam by way of force.

The religious freedom written in China constitution is just to give some faux appearance. They would never consider those religious folks as the same people as themselves. For Uyghurs, it is even worse since they not only think differently, they also look differently. How can you win their trust with such an attitude? For them, freedom under the rule of law is unthinkable.
 
Before employing them in military, you can actually recruit them in sports. XinJiang's basketball team has been very successful in recent years: 5 times in the final and one time national champion.

I blame Chinese government the most for the recent tension in that region. They adopted some very stupid policy that swings between two stupid ends. Both are counter-productive. First, they tried to suppress the local disobedience by force. That only bought some time. Then, they tried to bribe them with irrationally lenient law enforcement. That didn't help make them disciplined. They became more demanding, which led to more dissatisfaction and eventual insurgency. Now, they try to use force again. The whole thing just goes back and forth without any progress.

Such a stupid policy has its very root in communism. They simply don't understand people with different ideology. Their goal is to eradicate anything that is not communistic. The impatience with the world combined with their self-righteousness makes them ruthless. Just see how Engels regarded those workmen who still supported capitalistic system and you will get an idea. In a way, it is similar to those who are eager to spread Islam by way of force.

The religious freedom written in China constitution is just to give some faux appearance. They would never consider those religious folks as the same people as themselves. For Uyghurs, it is even worse since they not only think differently, they also look differently. How can you win their trust with such an attitude? For them, freedom under the rule of law is unthinkable.
Yeah i agree, sports is another place for them, any place where there is a constant tussle and physical competition is there place! They r the type of people who like to compete and always try to win in any situation.

The reason for Chinese government of this attitude is that, China has been a closed society culturally and politically since past 2000 years. There has been little to no interaction with the World besides mere trade relations thanks to old Silk route. So they havnt interacted much with World civilizations, so they like to live in their own World, and its not just china actually, i observed that in Iran, India, East Asia too with exception of Japan and Korea. Inter Civilizational relations had been missing where u could observe other civilizations, they way of lives and their way of doing things and how they specially deal with problems when they r stuck with certain stubborn people, they actually take advantage of such ''different'' people as they see them giving them a different opinion of life and hence be able to present an out of box solution to any problem they face, since they see things differently and have a different angle to everything that the rest of people do, so they use that to their advantage.

But i think i know why the Chinese government today does that, i guess that comes from the Old One China Policy of Mao. Because by One China, they mean totally One China, not just geographically but culturally, socially and mentally too! Basically in every shape or form.

This is just my opinion i maybe wrong too.
 
Yeah i agree, sports is another place for them, any place where there is a constant tussle and physical competition is there place! They r the type of people who like to compete and always try to win in any situation.

The reason for Chinese government of this attitude is that, China has been a closed society culturally and politically since past 2000 years. There has been little to no interaction with the World besides mere trade relations thanks to old Silk route. So they havnt interacted much with World civilizations, so they like to live in their own World, and its not just china actually, i observed that in Iran, India, East Asia too with exception of Japan and Korea. Inter Civilizational relations had been missing where u could observe other civilizations, they way of lives and their way of doing things and how they specially deal with problems when they r stuck with certain stubborn people, they actually take advantage of such ''different'' people as they see them giving them a different opinion of life and hence be able to present an out of box solution to any problem they face, since they see things differently and have a different angle to everything that the rest of people do, so they use that to their advantage.

But i think i know why the Chinese government today does that, i guess that comes from the Old One China Policy of Mao. Because by One China, they mean totally One China, not just geographically but culturally, socially and mentally too! Basically in every shape or form.

This is just my opinion i maybe wrong too.
Actually, that is not the reason. China has been a closed society but so has been every other country. In ancient time, travel wasn't easy. Most people only knew what was around them. Cultural interaction was mostly driven by trade and war, in which people traveled far, against all odds. China didn't lack either trade or war and its territory has been altered dramatically over time. Shrink, expand, shrink again, expand again. In addition, China didn't have state religion. People practiced all kinds of religions. The state only sponsored one religion for a very brief period. No religion ever dominated. It helped Chinese to develop their distinct trait: pragmatism. Basically whatever works. And Chinese will risk their lives to look for whatever that works.

The attitude from Chinese government is a breach of such a trait by introducing a state religion: communism. Just like all other religions, once it is state sponsored, it no longer tolerates the existence of other religions. The recent economic reform is a recess back to the "national" trait. It embraced capitalism with a straight face under the flag of socialism, which is probably unthinkable to democratic countries. But Chinese don't care much of it. Whatever works.
 
Actually, that is not the reason. China has been a closed society but so has been every other country. In ancient time, travel wasn't easy. Most people only knew what was around them. Cultural interaction was mostly driven by trade and war, in which people traveled far, against all odds. China didn't lack either trade or war and its territory has been altered dramatically over time. Shrink, expand, shrink again, expand again. In addition, China didn't have state religion. People practiced all kinds of religions. The state only sponsored one religion for a very brief period. No religion ever dominated. It helped Chinese to develop their distinct trait: pragmatism. Basically whatever works. And Chinese will risk their lives to look for whatever that works.

The attitude from Chinese government is a breach of such a trait by introducing a state religion: communism. Just like all other religions, once it is state sponsored, it no longer tolerates the existence of other religions. The recent economic reform is a recess back to the "national" trait. It embraced capitalism with a straight face under the flag of socialism, which is probably unthinkable to democratic countries. But Chinese don't care much of it. Whatever works.
actually communism isnt the problem! One China Policy is, i standby that. Yr probably saying that because yr life in west is getting into yr head! China isnt the only communist Country too, and in others there is no such problem. This problem is only unique to China as well.
 
actually communism isnt the problem! One China Policy is, i standby that. Yr probably saying that because yr life in west is getting into yr head! China isnt the only communist Country too, and in others there is no such problem. This problem is only unique to China as well.
Such a policy is practiced by every country that has unsettled territory claim, though it may take a different name. And, you have missed an important fact. Soviet had the same problem as China has.
 
North Korea, Syria and Myanmar among countries defending China's actions in Xinjiang

By Joshua Berlinger, CNN

Updated 1:39 AM ET, Mon July 15, 2019













CNN captures rare images China doesn't want you to see 06:11
(CNN)Ambassadors representing 37 countries praised China for its "remarkable achievements in the field of human rights,
just a day after a group of 22 other countries
formally condemned Beijing for the mass detention of ethnic and religious minorities in the country's Xinjiang region.

The Thursday letter was the first major collective international challenge to China's ongoing policy in its far western border region, where experts estimate up to 2 million people have been detained in vast re-education style camps. Many of those detained are ethnic Uyghurs and Muslims.
Beijing denies any allegations of torture or political indoctrination, and says the camps are "vocational training centers" designed to fight terrorism and combat Islamic extremism.
China's partners backed that claim in their Friday letter, claiming the signatories to the Thursday statement were politicizing human rights issues, according to China's state-run Xinhua news agency.

In their letter, the 37 envoys commended China's efforts in "protecting human and promoting human rights through development," echoing a common refrain used in Chinese state media.
"The past three consecutive years has seen not a single terrorist attack in Xinjiang and people there enjoy a stronger sense of happiness, fulfillment and security," the envoys said.

190509215609-matt-rivers-pkg-xinjiang-muslims-large-169.jpg

The people affected by detention camps in China 04:55

The countries backing China included several accused of human rights violations. Among those listed are Saudi Arabia, accused of jailing and executing dissidents and critics of the regime; Russia, accused of cracking down on individual freedoms and killing critics of President Vladimir Putin; Myanmar, accused of carrying out crimes against humanity targeting the minority Rohingya community inside the country; Syria, where the Bashar al Assad regime has been accused of using chemical weapons against civilians; and North Korea, which is accused of detaining more than 100,000 political prisoners in a gulag-like facilities.

"The pro-China signatories include a rogues' gallery of rights abusing countries that have zero credibility when it comes to human rights," Elaine Pearson of Human Rights Watch said in a statement.
Pearson said it appears the letter criticizing China "touched a nerve."
"Clearly the Chinese government is feeling so insecure that it needs to issue a statement praising itself," she said.

'Sensitive and concerned'

Allegations of torture inside the Xinjiang camps are rampant. Accounts given to CNN by former detainees describe forced reeducation under the threat of violence.
The reports, however, have been difficult to independently corroborate. Though the Chinese government has provided limited access to journalists and foreign diplomats in strictly guided tours of the facilities, access to Xinjiang is tightly controlled, amid growing surveillance and a prominent police presence.

190508195243-matt-rivers-xinjiang-notebook-medium-plus-169.jpg

China tries to thwart CNN probe into detention camps 03:56

Top UN officials including Michelle Bachelet have called for the global body to be given access to the camps to investigate allegations of human rights abuses.
James Leibold, a professor at Australia's La Trobe University who specializes in modern Chinese history and society, said Beijing is likely seeking help from its international partners in order to bolster its arguments
"They've always been sensitive and concerned about how they are viewed internationally, and I think the entire Xinjiang story and the amount of press it's gotten internationally has really disturbed policy makers in Beijing," Leibold said.
"It's not enough for them to say it themselves, they want to get their allies and supporters internationally to also back that claim ... particularly in the Muslim world, where I think they need to make sure that the wider Islamic community doesn't start to question what's happening in Xinjiang, to see China as anti-Islam."
The Thursday letter expressing concern about "credible reports of arbitrary detention ... as well as widespread surveillance and restrictions" was co-signed by mostly Western and European countries.

The 37 countries who signed the letter backing China included several Muslim majority nations, including Saudi Arabia, Syria, Qatar, the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan and Pakistan.

CNN's Yong Xiong, Jadyn Sham and Ben Westcott contributed reporting
 
Such a policy is practiced by every country that has unsettled territory claim, though it may take a different name. And, you have missed an important fact. Soviet had the same problem as China has.
explain?

North Korea, Syria and Myanmar among countries defending China's actions in Xinjiang

By Joshua Berlinger, CNN

Updated 1:39 AM ET, Mon July 15, 2019













CNN captures rare images China doesn't want you to see 06:11
(CNN)Ambassadors representing 37 countries praised China for its "remarkable achievements in the field of human rights,
just a day after a group of 22 other countries
formally condemned Beijing for the mass detention of ethnic and religious minorities in the country's Xinjiang region.

The Thursday letter was the first major collective international challenge to China's ongoing policy in its far western border region, where experts estimate up to 2 million people have been detained in vast re-education style camps. Many of those detained are ethnic Uyghurs and Muslims.
Beijing denies any allegations of torture or political indoctrination, and says the camps are "vocational training centers" designed to fight terrorism and combat Islamic extremism.
China's partners backed that claim in their Friday letter, claiming the signatories to the Thursday statement were politicizing human rights issues, according to China's state-run Xinhua news agency.

In their letter, the 37 envoys commended China's efforts in "protecting human and promoting human rights through development," echoing a common refrain used in Chinese state media.
"The past three consecutive years has seen not a single terrorist attack in Xinjiang and people there enjoy a stronger sense of happiness, fulfillment and security," the envoys said.

190509215609-matt-rivers-pkg-xinjiang-muslims-large-169.jpg

The people affected by detention camps in China 04:55

The countries backing China included several accused of human rights violations. Among those listed are Saudi Arabia, accused of jailing and executing dissidents and critics of the regime; Russia, accused of cracking down on individual freedoms and killing critics of President Vladimir Putin; Myanmar, accused of carrying out crimes against humanity targeting the minority Rohingya community inside the country; Syria, where the Bashar al Assad regime has been accused of using chemical weapons against civilians; and North Korea, which is accused of detaining more than 100,000 political prisoners in a gulag-like facilities.

"The pro-China signatories include a rogues' gallery of rights abusing countries that have zero credibility when it comes to human rights," Elaine Pearson of Human Rights Watch said in a statement.
Pearson said it appears the letter criticizing China "touched a nerve."
"Clearly the Chinese government is feeling so insecure that it needs to issue a statement praising itself," she said.

'Sensitive and concerned'

Allegations of torture inside the Xinjiang camps are rampant. Accounts given to CNN by former detainees describe forced reeducation under the threat of violence.
The reports, however, have been difficult to independently corroborate. Though the Chinese government has provided limited access to journalists and foreign diplomats in strictly guided tours of the facilities, access to Xinjiang is tightly controlled, amid growing surveillance and a prominent police presence.

190508195243-matt-rivers-xinjiang-notebook-medium-plus-169.jpg

China tries to thwart CNN probe into detention camps 03:56

Top UN officials including Michelle Bachelet have called for the global body to be given access to the camps to investigate allegations of human rights abuses.
James Leibold, a professor at Australia's La Trobe University who specializes in modern Chinese history and society, said Beijing is likely seeking help from its international partners in order to bolster its arguments
"They've always been sensitive and concerned about how they are viewed internationally, and I think the entire Xinjiang story and the amount of press it's gotten internationally has really disturbed policy makers in Beijing," Leibold said.
"It's not enough for them to say it themselves, they want to get their allies and supporters internationally to also back that claim ... particularly in the Muslim world, where I think they need to make sure that the wider Islamic community doesn't start to question what's happening in Xinjiang, to see China as anti-Islam."
The Thursday letter expressing concern about "credible reports of arbitrary detention ... as well as widespread surveillance and restrictions" was co-signed by mostly Western and European countries.

The 37 countries who signed the letter backing China included several Muslim majority nations, including Saudi Arabia, Syria, Qatar, the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan and Pakistan.

CNN's Yong Xiong, Jadyn Sham and Ben Westcott contributed reporting
BTW the where is yr israel? whom did it voted for?
 
Soviet had the same problem with its Muslim population. The moment when Soviet's grip was loosen, the separatists had their "fun". Comparatively, Soviet was much tougher on its Muslim population than China and both had the same insurgency when their control was weaken, either involuntarily or voluntarily.
 
Anti-China trolls and haters are having a collective heart attack.:lol:

fBhexcM.png
A map is better than 1000 words. Good job. Can we compare the population between countries condemn China and defend China?

As human rights concerns, all men(women) are equal. Populations should be the most important factor in this regard.
 
Ambassadors from 50 countries voice support for China's position on issues related to Xinjiang
Source: Xinhua| 2019-07-27 17:31:08|Editor: huaxia
GENEVA, July 27 (Xinhua) -- Ambassadors from 50 countries to the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) have co-signed a letter to the President of the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) and the High Commissioner for Human Rights to voice their support for China's position on issues related to its Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Earlier on July 12, a number of ambassadors in Geneva sent the joint letter to show their support for China, and as of Friday evening, more ambassadors had joined, the Chinese Mission to the UNOG revealed.

In a statement issued on Friday night, the Chinese mission said that some other countries had also expressed their support in separate letters or press statements.

In the joint letter, the ambassadors commend China for its economic and social progress, effective counter-terrorism and de-radicalization measures, and strong guarantee of human rights.

They appreciate the opportunities provided by China for diplomatic envoys, officials of international organizations, and media professionals to visit Xinjiang, and point to the contrast between Xinjiang in the eyes of those who have visited it and the one portrayed by some western media.

The ambassadors also urge a certain group of countries to stop using uncorroborated information to make unfounded accusations against China.

"I was surprised that some people call these vocational training and education centers concentration or internment camps," Vadim Pisarevich, deputy permanent representative of Belarus to the UNOG, told Xinhua.

"They're nothing of the kind. They look like ordinary educational facilities and even I said that they are more than this because they provide life skills training to the students," Pisarevich said.

They are "very useful institutions for addressing the problems of terrorism, extremism and separatism," he said.

"Terrorism and extremism are an intractable challenge across the world. In the face of its grave threat, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region responded with a number of lawful steps, including setting up vocational education and training centers, to prevent and combat terrorism and extremism," the Chinese Mission to the UNOG said in its statement.

"Facts speak louder than words, and justice cannot be overshadowed. The great diversity of countries co-signing the letter -- from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe, especially the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) -- makes it clear that the international community has drawn a fair conclusion about Xinjiang's human rights achievement and counter-terrorism and de-radicalization outcome," the statement said.

"Those that seek to use human rights as an excuse to slander and pressure China have only themselves to deceive," it added.

"We oppose any attempt to use human rights issues as a cover for interference in a country's internal affairs. We urge those who are doing so to change course, refrain from politicization and double standards, and stop interfering in the internal affairs of other countries under the pretext of human rights," it said.

At a press conference on Friday, China's Ambassador to the UNOG Chen Xu also rebuked some Western nations for slandering China over Xinjiang, noting that China doesn't accept these "groundless accusations."

Jamshed Khamidov, head of Tajikistan's mission in Geneva, said his government opposes any attempts to use the Human Rights Council for particular political purposes, and efforts should be made to avoid any politicization of the Human Rights Council.

"We know the situation in the Xinjiang region. We know how much the government of China is doing ... and what kind of measures were implemented in this region to support its peace, security and development," he said.

In visits to the vocational training and education centers in Xinjiang's Urumqi and Kashi, Zenon Mukongo Ngay, head of the Democratic Republic of Congo's mission in Geneva, said he was impressed with the "level of development" in Xinjiang and how the people in the centers receive education for getting a job.

The Chinese mission also said that together with all parties, China is committed to promoting the healthy development of the international human rights cause by encouraging multilateral human rights institutions to stick to the purpose and principles of the UN Charter, handle human rights issues in an objective, impartial and non-selective manner, and engage in constructive dialogues and cooperation.
 

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