This paper goes into quite some detail on the history of the nearly two decade long period [2003-2022] when eu/iri relations went from being [arguably] at their best to ultimately being little different in real terms to current us/iri relations.
It details the attempts [and ultimate failure] by the eu to try and pursue its own [somewhat] independent foreign and security policies towards iran,as opposed to just blindly aping the policies of the us,and why these ultimately failed.
This is definitely worth the read.
You can download and read the complete paper here:
https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/joint_rp_13.pdf
The Unfulfilled Promise of EU Foreign and Security Policy towards Iran
February 2023
JOINT Papers RICCARDO ALCARO with STEVEN BLOCKMANS, AKIN ÜNVER and SINE ÖZKARAŞAHIN
https://www.jointproject.eu/2023/02/01/the-unfulfilled-promise-of-eu-foreign-and-security-policy-towards-iran/
With the 2015 nuclear deal dead in all but name, Iran is getting closer to Russia and more repressive at home, while EU member states’ priorities about the Islamic Republic now extend beyond nuclear proliferation to human rights and European security. This shift in priorities cements a re-orientation of the EU’s approach to Iran from conditional engagement to confrontation. EU member states’ options are limited, however. Pressure worked prior to the nuclear agreement because the EU cut off significant trade with Iran. But US extraterritorial sanctions, re-imposed after the United States left the deal in 2018, have rendered EU-Iran trade so modest that cutting it would have little impact. The EU could get more leverage by providing incentives, yet the political inexpediency of rewarding Iran at a time of rising belligerence of the Islamic Republic greatly restricts the range of benefits potentially on offer. Still, in the mid- to longer term, the EU and its member states will need to combine pressure with some form of incentives if they want to defend their interests in non-proliferation, European security and the protection of human rights in Iran. They also need to resort to a variety of international partnerships in order to maximise their residual leverage.
You can download and read the complete paper here:
https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/joint_rp_13.pdf
It details the attempts [and ultimate failure] by the eu to try and pursue its own [somewhat] independent foreign and security policies towards iran,as opposed to just blindly aping the policies of the us,and why these ultimately failed.
This is definitely worth the read.
You can download and read the complete paper here:
https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/joint_rp_13.pdf
The Unfulfilled Promise of EU Foreign and Security Policy towards Iran
February 2023
JOINT Papers RICCARDO ALCARO with STEVEN BLOCKMANS, AKIN ÜNVER and SINE ÖZKARAŞAHIN
https://www.jointproject.eu/2023/02/01/the-unfulfilled-promise-of-eu-foreign-and-security-policy-towards-iran/
With the 2015 nuclear deal dead in all but name, Iran is getting closer to Russia and more repressive at home, while EU member states’ priorities about the Islamic Republic now extend beyond nuclear proliferation to human rights and European security. This shift in priorities cements a re-orientation of the EU’s approach to Iran from conditional engagement to confrontation. EU member states’ options are limited, however. Pressure worked prior to the nuclear agreement because the EU cut off significant trade with Iran. But US extraterritorial sanctions, re-imposed after the United States left the deal in 2018, have rendered EU-Iran trade so modest that cutting it would have little impact. The EU could get more leverage by providing incentives, yet the political inexpediency of rewarding Iran at a time of rising belligerence of the Islamic Republic greatly restricts the range of benefits potentially on offer. Still, in the mid- to longer term, the EU and its member states will need to combine pressure with some form of incentives if they want to defend their interests in non-proliferation, European security and the protection of human rights in Iran. They also need to resort to a variety of international partnerships in order to maximise their residual leverage.
You can download and read the complete paper here:
https://www.jointproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/joint_rp_13.pdf
