The Battle of Yarmuk - Khalid Bin Al-Waleed’s Greatest Victory

[The SC]

March 634 - 2 Years Before The Battle of Yarmuk

Heraclius stood by the window with one hand on the wall gazing down at the city. He stared at the morning bustle in the streets of Constantinople but he wasn’t interested in the life below. He was lost in thought, disturbed by the reports he just received. A Roman Legion defeated by desert nomads!

The engagement at the oasis of Dasin, just outside of Gaza, was a minor skirmish but the Muslim victory sent a shock wave all the way up to Constantinople!

To Heraclius the Arabs were a backward people living in a desert wasteland. The Arabs he knew were an unsophisticated lot in constant conflict with each other, just barely eking out an existence under the unforgiving desert sun. The Arabs were not a military threat let alone a military power they were just a thorn in his side when they did pop out of the desert. He looked down on them as petty raiders looking to snatch camels, goats and sheep; the modern day equivalent of pick pockets.

But united for the first time under the banner of Islam, the Arabs unleashed a gale force wind that would sweep across the Middle East and blow as far East as China and West across North Africa.

The soldiers at Dasin were not raiders but the advance guard of an organized Muslim army with large ambitions. They were sent by the Caliph in Medina with a strategic objective... conquer Syria.

Heraclius wrapped his arms behind his back and staring down at the cobblestone floor he pulled away from the window and trudged his way back towards his chamber. He entered his dimly lit room as his mind raced back four years earlier; the citizenry showered him with honour as he rode through the streets of Constantinople in triumph after defeating the Persians and restoring the Empire’s splendor. It was a glorious time. He clenched his teeth and grimaced. Now was the time to enjoy the fruits of his labour, he did not expect this.

Four Muslim divisions marched through the Holy lands and swept across Jordan, Palestine, up the Mediterranean coast and penetrated as far north as Emessa. The Muslim armies terrorized the countryside but they did not lay siege to any city. He didn’t understand why.



The Muslim plan of attack into Syria
sat down at his large oak desk illuminated by a red candle sitting at the corner. A parchment with his general’s plan and strategy to stop the Muslim advance lay on his desk.

Heraclius was a military genius and a master organizer. It was due to his incredible abilities that the Roman defeated the Persians and took back Anatolia and the Holy lands. But most important, he recovered the True Cross and brought it back to its rightful place.

Heraclius nodded his head in agreement as he read the plan to concentrate troops at Ajnadein; a strategic location where the Romans could strike at any of the four Muslim divisions in the theater of operations. He had an astute understanding of the situation and immediately understood the thinking behind the plan. First, by placing a large army behind Muslim lines it would stop the advance in its track; the Muslims would have to secure their rear before moving forward and second it gave the Romans the ability to strike back.


Roman counter measures



He grabbed the candle sitting at the corner of his desk. After four years of idleness his generals had not lost their ability to defend the Empire. He tilted the candle to allow several drops of hot red wax to drip on the plan. He stamped it with his royal seal and sent it off.

He leaned back in his chair and looking up at the ceiling, he asked the good Lord to help him once again!

Umar's (RA) Burden

Umar ibn Khattab (RA) sat in the Prophet’s (SAW) Mosque in Medina burdened with the weight of the nascent ummah on his shoulder. It had only been several weeks since Abu Bakr (RA), the first Caliph of Islam, passed away and Umar (RA) proclaimed the second Caliph. He inherited two wars on two fronts against two superpowers (Romans and Persians) but he was the ideal leader for the trials that lay ahead.

Umar (RA) was a towering figure, stout, firm and resolute. He had a fair complexion with a reddish tint, balding down the middle of his head with grey hair on the sides. Although he was Caliph, he despised extravagance. He walked the streets of Medina in garments of wool patched in places with leather. He lived a frugal life.

His anger was well known but he was just and had genuine concern for the people under his rule, he kept their needs central to his leadership. As Caliph, he refused to chop off the hands of thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all of his subjects. His vision was to ensure that everyone in his domain slept on a full stomach.

Umar (RA) was known to have said:
“If a dog dies hungry on the banks of the River Euphrates, Umar will be responsible for dereliction of duty”. –Umar (RA)
Such was his sense of responsibility to his people.
______ .... ______

The Sahaba sat in a semi circle around their new leader. The Majlis-al-Shura included Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Abdur Rahman bin Awf; giants who were some of the closest Companions of the Prophet (SAW).

Umar (RA) sat crossed legged leaning against a wall. He read out loud the reports filtering in from Syria. The Sahaba’s faces were lit with expressions of relief as they listened.

Khalid bin Waleed (RA) had just recently entered Syria with 9000 veterans from the Persian campaign in Iraq and assessed the situation. The Muslim force of 32,000 were scattered across the land with 90,000 Romans concentrated at Ajnadein behind Muslim lines. The Roman concentration at Ajnadein had to be dealt with before further conquests could be made otherwise the Muslim forces would be picked off one division at a time. Khalid (RA) ordered all commanders to converge at Ajnadein with haste.

On July 30, 634, Khalid (RA) ordered a general assault and 32,000 Muslims fell upon 90,000 Romans. 50,000 Romans perished including the commander in chief, his deputy and several generals versus 450 dead on the Muslim side. The Roman army of Ajnadein cease to exist. Those who survived sought refuge behind the walls of Jerusalem, Gaza and Jaffa.

It was a crushing victory!

Umar (RA) heard murmurs of “Subhan Allah” in hushed tones from the gathered majlis, he continued.

A week after the mammoth battle, the combined army marched north to Damascus under Khalid’s (RA) orders. On Aug 20, 634 Khalid (RA) laid siege to the city with 20,000 men against a garrison of 15,000 deep inside Roman territory.

After two months of skirmishing with the Roman garrison, Khalid (RA) finally had an opening. Jonas the Greek crossed to the Muslim side and informed Khalid (RA) of a festival. During this festival the people would be drunk and the walls would have a skeleton crew manning them.

Khalid selected 100 of his elite soldiers and scaled the most impregnable point in the defenses. He and his men subdued the few men guarding the wall, dropped down on the other side and opened the gate from the inside. Khalid’s division rushed in and after several hours of fighting the city fell. The loss of Damascus was a staggering blow for Heraclius.

The army rested at Damascus awaiting their next orders.

Umar (RA) looked up at the Sahaba, paused and asked “What is your opinion?”

Dec 635 - 9 Months Before The Battle of Yarmuk

Two inches remained of a foot long candle that burned most of the night illuminating a map spread out across Heraclius desk. Alone and frustrated, he stared at the map dumbfounded! His generals marked those cities lost in battle over the past two years and those that remained.

Every manoeuvre Heraclius made was strategically flawless but ended in defeat. The first concentration at Ajnadein - failed. His attempt to limit the Muslim advance by a stout defense at Damascus - failed. The defensive manoeuvre at Baisan also failed.

After the fall of Damascus the Muslim army split into four divisions and spread out like birds migrating across the land. The flag of Islam spread quickly as city after city fell in quick succession to the onslaught.

In Syria; Emessa, Qinassareen, Hama, Shaizar, Asamiya and Ma’arra were conquered by Khalid (RA) and Abu Ubaidah (RA).

In Palestine; Nablus, Amawas, Gaza, and Yubna fell to Amr al Aas.

In Jordan; Shurahbeel subdued Tabariya.

Along the Mediterranean coast; Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Arqa, Jabail and Beirut were crushed by Yazeed and Shurahbeel.

Heraclius could not stop the bloodletting.

The Muslims went from victory to victory and by the summer of 636, they had conquered the frontier provinces of Palestine, Jordan and the southern part of Syria.


Muslim conquests by the summer of 636


Heraclius folded his arms and swivelled around in his chair staring at his shadow cast against the back wall. He stroked his beard and realized the situation had become critical. He had to move decisively and with overwhelming force if he had any chance of victory.

When Khalid (RA) broke into the Southern part of Syria, the Muslims threatened the economic wellbeing of the Empire. The cities in Syria were the key to power. Damascus, Homs, Hama, Aleppo; they were sophisticated trading centers, outposts that received caravans from the east. Losing Syria meant losing a pillar of the Empires economic base.

Over the next few months, Heraclius would reach out across the empire and stretch his resources to face this mortal threat. He sought the Empires best generals and provided them with his best officers. He assembled an army of 150,000 men and concentrated them in the area of Antioch.

He appointed Mahan, King of Armenia the General of the Army.

Heraclius divided his forces into five divisions. His strategy was to isolate each Muslim division and attack them one at a time. His first target would be the army led by Khalid (RA) and Abu Ubaidah (RA) operating in the region of Hama and Emessa. He would attack from the front, the two wings and cut off their retreat to Damascus. Even Khalid (RA) would not be able to fend off an army 10 times his size.

Once Khalid (RA) was disposed of, he would move onto Beirut to confront Shurahbeel, Yazeed at Caesarea and Amr al Aas in Palestine. He would continue until his dominion was purified of this foreign threat.

It was Heraclius’ last chance and he knew it!


Roman plans for a counter offensive

July 636 - 5 Weeks Before the Battle of Yarmuk

Umar (RA) called the Majlis-al-Shura to gather at the Prophet’s (SAW) Mosque after fajr salat. They had been discussing, arguing and debating for the better part of the morning without reaching a conclusion. Umar (RA) was silent for most of the deliberation; he was lost in thought with the situation the Muslims found themselves in.

The wars in Syria and Iraq were going well but both had reached a boiling point. It was obvious to Umar (RA) that a decisive battle was coming in both arenas. He had an army encamped at Qadisiya in Iraq waiting for Rustam and the Persians to arrive but it was the situation in Syria that disturbed him on this day.

The Muslims conquests in Syria over the past two years were remarkable but the intelligence reports he received from Northern Syria was staggering; 120,000 to 150,000 soldiers amassing in the area surrounding Antioch. Even after such a bruising war, the Romans were still capable of fielding such a large force.

Umar’s (RA) keen strategic eye immediately understood Roman intentions and realized how vulnerable the Muslims were. The Muslim divisions were scattered across the land and could be picked off one at a time. Abu Ubaidah’s (RA) and Khalid’s (RA) division (which were furthest north) hung like an overripe fruit ready to be plucked.

The sun was reaching its zenith and Umar (RA) had other business to attend to. He final interjected and asked the assembled Majlis for their final opinion. Should they retreat into the desert and fight another day or challenge this juggernaut?

The Majlis fell silent. A Sahaba spoke up and said “It is Khalid’s (RA) opinion in this letter that the Muslims should face the enemy in battle.” The other notable Sahaba silently nodded their head in agreement.

Khalid’s (RA) reputation preceded him. Although Umar (RA) had issues with Khalid (RA), he respected his judgement in military matters. Second, retreating meant giving up all they had gained over the past two years which was not acceptable. Therefore the only decision left was to face the enemy head on.

Umar (RA) accepted their opinion and closed the meeting with a final du’a.
______ .... ______

Khalid (RA) and Abu Ubaidah (RA) beat a tactical retreat. If they’re going to face this Roman juggernaut, it would be as a combined army. All of the territory and cities conquered over the past two years were abandoned and each division converged on the scrubby plains of Yarmuk.


Muslim retreat to the plains of Yarmuk

Yarmuk was the battle of the century. It was a battle to decide the fate of this war. Heraclius placed the full weight of the Empire behind his army and he had nothing left to give.

By the time Mahan arrived on the plains of Yarmuk, he had anywhere between 80,000 to 120,000 professional soldiers. The Muslims had 30,000 to 40,000 men and no reserves.

Retreat was not an option for either side. The Muslims had invested two years and numerous lives just to reach this point and giving up was not in their nature, no matter what the odds. Heraclius fought the Persians for ten years just to regain Syria and he was not about to walk away.

The war had reached its climax. Only one side would be left standing and Yarmuk would decide it.

In the second week of Rajab in the 15th year after Hijra (3rd week of August 636), Mahan ordered a general assault on the Muslim line, marking day 1 of the Battle of Yarmuk.

The battle would last for six grueling days.

Mahan came within a hair widths edge of victory several times but the Khalid (RA) pushed him back from the brink. On the final day, the military brilliance of Khalid (RA) wiped Mahan’s army off the field. The Roman army was decimated, nothing remained of this army.

Those who escaped were not given reprieve. Mahan was in full retreat when Khalid (RA) and the mobile guard caught up with him on the road to Damascus and was killed.

The Muslim army spent one month recuperating before marching. The first target was Jerusalem. After a 4 month siege, Jerusalem surrendered.

The army broke up again. Amr and Shurahbeel marched to reoccupy Palestine and Jordan. Yazeed lay siege to Caesarea. Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Khalid (RA) set out to complete the conquest of Syria and the cities fell fast and furious.

Damascus, Qinassareen, Aleppo, Antioch, Latakia, Jabla, Tartus and Azaz all fell in quick succession. Once Azaz fell, Syria was secure. Azaz was the northern most point on the road to Constantinople it was the cork which sealed the Syrian bottle. With the conquest of Azaz, no large Roman army could threaten Syria.

By the end of 637 all of Northern Syria and the Western coast were under Muslim control except Caesarea which held out until 640.


Sept 637 - 1 Year After the Battle of Yarmuk

Heraclius was riding his ornamented horse in the lead and could see the pine, cedar and oak trees on the slopes of the Taurus Mountains; the Roman column wasapproaching the Cilician Gates pass. What remained of the Roman army was in full retreat to the safety of Anatolia.

Two years earlier, Heraclius travelled to Antioch to take direct control of military affairs but after the loss of the city, he had no choice but to abandon Syria.

He left a broken man.

The Empire he saved from the Persians was torn apart by nomads from the desert and his empire was in a perilous situation. He had committed all military resources to Syria and only had a token force to protect his capital. Any thoughts of returning to Syria were abandoned. His focus was now to keep what he had left.

Just as Heraclius entered the pass, he turned around to take one last look at Syria and with sorrow said


“Salutations to thee, O Syria! And farewell from one who departs. Never again shall the Roman return to thee except in fear. Oh, what a fine land I leave to the enemy!”

 

[The SC]

Eve of Yarmuk

Mahan glared at the rag tag army from the desert with contempt. If the Muslims weren’t standing in formation he would have confused them for a mob. They had no uniform. Their weapons were anything but standard; one had Sasanian sword, another a Roman shield and the next a bow taken from a dead Ghassanid archer. Now these fakirs stood before him ready to do battle!

Sitting on his horse behind his soldiers, Mahan could see the silhouette of the Muslim line as the sun rose up from behind. What do these backward desert dwellers know about strategy and war? And yet, thought the Roman General, these same Muslims had decisively defeated his comrades at Ajnadin, Damascus & Baisan. And they now occupied the one point of elevation on the scrubby plain of Yarmuk, which gave them an annoyingly good vantage.

Mahan’s barrel chest swelled with confidence as he gazed at his soldiers standing in perfect formation with the standard of each squad and corps fluttering in the air. He had 120 000 of the toughest soldiers and most talented Generals produced by the Empire. Mahan knew he outnumbered the Muslim army 2 to 1 possibly 3 to 1. They had at most 40 000 troops.


Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (RA)

Their General was Khalid bin Waleed. His people call him the "Sword of Allah". Ever since he entered the Syrian theater Mahan heard the stories. He was a man built for war, a military genius with a sharp strategic mind, a brilliant tactician and the strength to go up against any champion. Khalid (RA) employed strategies and battle field tactics that embarrassed the imperial armies of Persia and Rome.

The destruction of the Persian army at Walaja was still talked about in the capital. Khalid (RA) enveloped the entire Persian army and annihilated it. Mahan, a student of military history, understood the significance of that victory. Many factors are required to pull off a double envelopment or pincer movement. As a result there are few recorded instances of this tactic being employed successfully. The Carthaginian General Hannibal first employed this tactic against the Romans at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE. But Khalid (RA) was not aware of Hannibal and must have developed his strategy independently. Mahan would not underestimate him.

Mahan had the glory of Rome behind him. He’d studied his compatriot’s defeats and this time it would be different. He would go on the offensive and teach these camel herders a lesson in war.


Order of Battle on the Eve of Yarmuk

Day 1

Mahan watched his champions fall like flies. The two armies stood facing each other watching their champion’s faceoff in individual combat and the Muslims were winning. Mahan clenched his teeth in frustration. He swung around with his finger pointing at his deputy and barked “order the assault!”

Along the entire front a third of his army charged shrieking across no man’s land slamming into the Muslim lines.

Not a concerted effort; but simply to test the resolve of the battle hardened Muslim army. At the end of the day, both sides held the same position.

As the sun set across the Yarmuk River, Mahan vowed the next day would be different. He would teach Khalid (RA) and the Muslims a lesson in war.

Day 2

Pebbles bounced up and down on the scrubby Yarmuk plain as the Roman soldiers thundered across the field.

Mahan launched his left and right flank early in the morning hoping to catch the Muslims off guard. He planned to send wave after wave of fresh fighters until the Muslim line broke. He outnumbered Khalid’s (RA) army by a wide margin and knew that Khalid (RA) could not replace his tired troops. He would use his numerical superiority to his advantage.

Squeezed between the treacherous cliffs of the River Yarmuk and the army of Abu Ubaidah (RA), Yazeed repulsed the initial Roman attack.

How long could he hold out before fatigue kicked in, thought Mahan.

The blowing sound of a horn filled the air. From his periphery he saw the second wave launch in unison screaming across the field as the Muslim line reorganized in expectation. The Romans crashed into the tired Muslims and engaged. There was vicious close quarter combat with broken bodies littered everywhere. Mahan could see his troops slowly gaining. Their standard fluttered in the air, it was never pushed back; just kept inching forward. Mahan’s eye zoomed in on that one standard, watching it in expectation until the Muslim line broke and the flood gates opened.

On the left flank with the Azra hills off in the distance things were moving slowly. Amr Al Aas was putting up stiff resistance. His troops repelled 2 waves of Roman fighters and the 3rd wave was barreling towards them midway between the two armies. It was just a matter of time thought Mahan. Even the most battle hardened soldier must give in to fatigue. At that moment the veteran general’s prediction came true; the Muslim line broke. Mahan relaxed. His clenched fists loosened. So far so good.

The Muslims retreated in some disorder back toward their camp but there was no reprieve there. The women came out and threw pebbles at their men for retreating and exhorting them to turn and fight.

The Muslim commanders reorganized their troops and launched a counter attack but they desperately needed support.


Day 2 - Roman attack from the right and left flank
Mahan sat smug on his horse and surveyed his work. He’d broken through on both flanks. From his vantage point behind the center army Mahan could see that Khalid (RA) had not deployed his mobile guard. Mahan knew why and his lips curled into a vicious smile. If Khalid (RA) supported one flank, the other flank would be overwhelmed. Checkmate.

Mahan could taste victory. He was almost disappointed the famous Khalid bin Waleed (RA) did not provide a better challenge. So much for his reputation as a cunning strategist, thought Mahan.

As if on cue, Khalid (RA) deployed his mobile guard. He unleashed his cavalry in support of Amr just as he was launching his counter attack. Mahan’s left flank was struck from two sides. Mahan watched in dismay as the Romans fought heroically but were beaten back to their original lines. No worries, this battle would be decided on the other side of the field.



Day 2 - Muslim counter attack on the Roman left flank

Once Mahan saw that Khalid (RA) had committed his mobile guard to the left flank, he scrutinized the tactical situation on the right and devised his next move with the Corps Commander of the right flank Gregory.

Before Mahan had a chance to issue even a single order, a plume of dust rose up behind the Muslim lines at incredible speed. Mahan stared. Khalid’s (RA) mobile guard raced to support Yazeed on the other side. The Muslim leader hit them from three sides, with Yazeed counter attacking, Khalid’s (RA) mobile guard charging in and Abu Ubaidah (RA) supporting. Mahan’s soldiers put up a stiff resistance but at the end of the day, they fell back to their original position.

Mahan tipped his hat. Khalid’s (RA) reputation remained intact. The next day would be different. He’d learned a lesson from Khalid (RA).


Day 2 - Muslim counter attack on the Roman right flank

Day 3
Mahan felt the wind sweep across the blood soaked plain as he came out of his tent and slowly mounted his horse. Khalid (RA) was outnumbered by a wide margin, he thought. They must be tiring by now. It was just a matter of time before victory. He decided to keep the same strategy as the previous 2 days: attack the flanks and keep throwing fresh men until the lines broke.

Mahan focused on the left flank and gave the order to charge. Just as the previous day, his fighters broke through after several attempts. Just as the previous day, the Muslim commanders reorganized and launched a counter attack with Khalid (RA) supporting. And just as the second day the Muslims pushed the Romans back to their lines.



Day 3 - Roman offensive on the left flank


Day 3 - Muslim counter offensive on the left flank

Another day; another reverse.

Mahan’s face grew dark with concern. His lips tightened at the thought that he had thrown everything he had and gained nothing. From the other side of no man’s land he could hear the cries of “Allahu Akbar” repeated over and over again. Their morale must be high.

Mahan nudged his horse and trotted back to his tent, lost in thought: “What can I do differently to break this army from the desert?”

Mahan’s window of opportunity was closing and the chances of victory were becoming slim.

Day 4 – Day of Lost Eyes

The morning mist from the Yarmuk river gave a strange sense of calm on such a momentous day.

It was now or never. Mahan knew that if his men did not break through they would not be able to launch another offensive. Today had to be decisive. Realizing how desperate he was, he knew he had to take advantage of any opening no matter how trivial.

His men were ready. The standards were fluttering in the air and Mahan gave the order to charge. The horn sounded and the soldiers broke free. He was leaning on his veterans on the left flank again. So far they had carried the lion’s share of the fight and would do so again today.

After three days of fighting Mahan felt the Muslims on his left flank were ripe for the picking. The Roman soldiers engaged Amr and Shurahbeel’s Corps. Amr’s men held their line but the Romans broke through Shurahbeel.


Day 4 - Roman offensive on the left flank

At last! thought Mahan. He watched his troops break through. He knew Khalid (RA) would move his mobile guard to support as he did the previous few days and this time he would act decisively. Once Khalid (RA) moved the mobile guard, Mahan would order the other flank to attack. Without support, the Muslims line would crumble before Khalid (RA) had a chance to react.

Mahan waited. Khalid (RA) never moved. Instead, Khalid (RA) ordered Yazeed and Abu Ubaidah (RA) to charge at Mahan’s right flank to pin them down.

It can’t be!

Khalid (RA) was always one step ahead of him. Khalid (RA) was reading his mind and hearing his thoughts. Mahan was dealing with a master tactician who read the battlefield like a book. Those were not fairy tales he heard in the capital; they were true stories.


Day 4 - Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed pin down the Romans

Mahan’s brows furrowed in frustration; he couldn’t do anything! Once his right flank was pinned down, Khalid (RA) divided his mobile guard in two. The first half attacked the Romans by going around Shurahbeel’s army and the second half attacked from the south. It was a brilliant move. Hit from three sides, the Romans were pushed back to their original positions. Out-maneuvered again.


Day 4 - Khalid (RA) counter attack on the left flank

Meanwhile, on the banks of the Yarmuk river, only the standards could be seen above the dust cloud that enveloped the fighting men. All that could be heard were the sound of swords clashing against shields, arrows whizzing by, the screams of fallen soldiers and the groans of dying men.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed pinned down the Romans, giving Khalid (RA) valuable time to clean up the situation on the other side; but they had no support. The Roman archers launched an arrow barrage, which covered the blue sky black with arrows sailing across and impaling their victims with deadly accuracy. 700 Muslims lost an eye and the day become known as the day of lost eyes. Both commanders wisely pulled back.

Feeling the pressure of this rare opportunity, Mahan pressed his advantage. He ordered the right flank to chase the retreating Muslims. The Romans surged forward. Their morale boosted at the sight of a retreating foe. The Romans jumped over the fallen in pursuit, slashing at anything not Roman. The Muslims fell back deeper into their territory.

Ikrimah's Last Stand

As the Muslims retreated, one regiment stood its ground. Ikrimah, one of the great foes of the Prophet (SAW) before his conversion, made a pact with death. He would not surrender his position or die defending it. 400 men followed him. With the Muslim army falling back, they were surrounded on all sides. With the ferocity of possessed men they slashed their swords and thrust their spears against all challengers. The position was never lost. Of the 400 men, everyone was either killed or severely wounded. Ikrimah and his son were mortally wounded.

Father and son would later die with their head in the lap of Khalid (RA) – his uncle and dear, dear friend.


Day 4 - The Roman right chase the retreating Muslims

As the Romans surged deeper into Muslim territory, Mahan looked beyond the mayhem of the battle field and could see the Muslim camp. Tents of all sizes with camels tied down, tended by their servants. The women stood outside staring at the drama unfolding before them.

The battle raged for hours. Each side knowing what was at stake. Mahan was anxious. He was looking for a sign, anything to tell him the Romans had broken through. He could see the Roman standards deep inside Muslim territory but they weren’t moving. Several women emerged from the camp and with sword in hand threw themselves against the Romans with wild shouts. The men seeing their women fighting, flew into a rage and counter attacked.

The battle on this front broke down. There was no manoeuvre a general could make to sway the outcome. It came down to each individual soldier giving their super human strength to overcome the other.

Under the heat of the afternoon sun pounding down on the fighting men, Mahan saw the first sign. The fluttering flag of a Roman standard pulled back. Another several hundred meters away also pulled back. Another fell to the ground out of sight. A trickle of men started to retreat and then it became a flood. Mahan’s chest deflated, his head bowed and his eyes shut. They were so close.

The Romans were overcome and retreated back to their lines.


Day 4 - Position of both armies at the end of day 4



As the afternoon turned to evening the day’s action came to an end. It was a vicious day. The battle raged across the entire front and all generals were engaged in combat. Every commander proved his right to be a leader of brave men.

After four days of intense fighting and outnumbering the Muslims 3 to 1 the Romans could not deliver the final blow. The morale had shifted in the Muslims’ favour.

As the sun set on the western edge of the Yarmuk plain, Mahan walked towards his tent passing workers burying the dead and tending to the wounded. Entering his tent, he flopped on the cushions. After a period of stone cold silence he instructed his deputy to assemble his war council. They had to decide the action for the next day; but he knew the answer. They had to negotiate a truce.

But would Khalid (RA) agree?

"Women will no longer be able to give birth to the likes of Khalid bin Al-Waleed."
(Abu Bakr (RA))

Day 5
Sitting on his Arab stallion on the hilltop Jumm’a, Khalid’s (RA) shadow cast forward as the sun rose behind him. Broad-shouldered, he folded his arms across his sturdy frame and ran the fingertips of one hand over his cheek and through his thick flowing beard. The battlefield lay sprawling before him like a game of chess; he mentally moved the pieces to corner the king.

Across the scrubby Yarmuk plain, Khalid (RA) saw the glint off the amour as the morning sun struck the Roman line. Khalid (RA) gazed at the pomp and ceremony of the Roman army; silver armour resting neatly on top of their red tunics with a hint of gold. Impressive; but never judge a soldier by his pretty clothes, Khalid (RA) thought, smiling. After four days of hard fighting, the Romans could not deliver that final fatal blow!

Waging war came naturally to Khalid (RA).

He belonged to the Makkan tribe of Bani Makhzum. They were responsible for matters of war. As a Makhzumi, proficiency over the horse, camel, sword, spear, bow and lance was a minimum and Khalid (RA) had mastered them all. His father, the tribal chief, mentored him in tribal warfare tactics; the importance of speed, mobility and surprise. As he reached maturity, war became his main interest. Yarmuk would be Khalid’s (RA) greatest test and it would push the limits of his training and experience.

Khalid's (RA) Men

Khalid (RA) dropped his glance at the base of the hill Jumm’a and observed his men. Between every soldier there was a wounded man leaning against another. Their spirit in the face of such overwhelming odds never wavered and he would not abandon them; even if it meant death.

He glanced back at the Roman line. He may not have a professional army, he thought, but he had a thousand Companions of the Prophet (SAW) and a hundred veterans of Badr, from the first battle. They were all he needed and he felt comfort in knowing this.

And yet, he was worried. How much longer could his men hold out? Another battle such as the one fought yesterday and his Bedouin army would have to disappear in the desert behind them. The Romans still had enough men to overwhelm the tired Muslims. What would the Romans do today.

Movement in the Roman center caught his attention. The Romans separated to create a corridor of men through which a rider appeared. The rider kicked up dirt and a trail of dust rose up behind as he rode to the middle of no man’s land. Khalid (RA) watched. Surely this was not a Roman knight out to challenge the Muslims to a dual? Khalid (RA) ordered his deputy to meet the rider.

The two emissaries met in no man’s land, their horses standing face to face inches apart. There was a verbal exchange. Khalid’s (RA) deputy nodded in understanding. The rider handed him a scroll, pulled on his reins and rode back to his line.

The deputy reported back to Khalid (RA). The rider was Mahan’s emissary with an offer of truce.

The Truce and the Decision to Continue The Battle

As the sun reached its zenith over the Muslim camp, the slaves tending to the camels overheard a passionate harangue inside Abu Ubaidah’s (RA) tent.

Inside, the tent lacked any ornamentation. An old faded rug with some worn out cushions covered the ground. All of the senior commanders sat on the threadbare rug in a semicircle with Abu Ubaida (RA) at the head. The decision to accept or reject the truce rested with Abu Ubaida (RA) as Supreme Commander of all Muslim forces in the Syrian theater (Abu Ubaidah (RA) had delegated command for Yarmuk to Khalid (RA)).

Many of the Corps Commanders argued to accept the truce. “This is victory,” they passionately argued. “The men are tired, wounded and we’re heavily outnumbered” they pleaded. “We fought a much larger army deep within enemy territory; we can leave with our honour intact and come back to fight another day.” Their words had an impact on Abu Ubaidah.

Khalid (RA) quietly listened to his fellow comrades. Their arguments were sound but they missed the bigger tactical picture.

Khalid (RA) folded his arms across his great chest and bowed his head down. Now was the time to be decisive he thought. The strategy was to remain on the defensive, wear out the enemy, then pounce. After four days of heavy fighting the Romans had lost their will to fight. It was now his turn. He could see the future battle play out in his mind like a game of chess. Even in the face of such over whelming odds he saw the path to victory.

They had to continue!

The brilliance of Khalid bin Waleed (RA) would be illuminated in these final two days. He selected the plain of Yarmuk because of lessons he’d learned from the Persian campaign. He defeated the Persian army at Kazima only to see its remnants turn up at Qarin. He realized that he could not fight a war of attrition against the imperial armies. He conceived a tactical solution and at Walaja he mastered it. He enveloped the Persian army and annihilated it. It was a stroke of genius and this would become his standard operandi.

At Yarmuk, his tactic would be different but the objective was the same. He selected Yarmuk because of a hidden trap. To their horror, the Roman generals would not realise this until it was too late.

When Khalid (RA) raised his head to speak, there was a hush in the tent. His reputation commanded attention. His battlefield record was unmatched not only in the number of victories but the brilliant manner in which he attained those victories. Khalid’s (RA) words carried weight.

“Bismillah” he started by invoking the name of Allah.

He continued in a deep tone and a deliberate pace, “these past four days have tested our resolve. But now is not the time to concede, when the fruits of victory are within our grasp.” Khalid (RA) rejected Mahan’s offer.

Khalid (RA) spoke about the heroics of the past four days. He reminded his men of their strategy and presented them with his plan.

Abu Ubaida (RA) and the other commanders listened with their eyes staring at the faded rug out of respect for their great general. If the person speaking was anyone other than Khalid (RA), they would probably have rejected his plan. But this was not just any person. This was Khalid (RA), son of Waleed.

Once Khalid (RA) finished, there was silence. Only the fluttering of a loose tent canvas could be heard. Abu Ubaida (RA) paused. No one spoke. The matter was settled. The Muslims would fight!


Final Preparations

As the afternoon heat gave way to a cool evening breeze, the rank and file relaxed for a well-deserved break. Many spent the day in prayer and remembrance of Allah, as was their habit.

Khalid (RA) spent the remainder of the day reorganizing the troops for the counter-offensive. He gave orders to the various commanders and squad leaders. He combined the 4 different cavalry regiments into one powerful mounted force totaling 8000 mounted warriors. This new cavalry unit was placed behind Amr Al Aas’ division on the right flank.

The news about the plan spread throughout the army; not one soldier objected.

After all they had been through over the past 4 years the; destruction of the imperials armies from Constantinople and Persia, the overwhelming odds they faced at each battle this, was just another stroll through the desert.

Their Iman was strong, they had faith in their leaders and they had complete confidence in Khalid (RA) as their general.

Tomorrow would be payback.

 

[The SC]

"...how often has a small force vanquished a large force by the permission of Allah? Allah is with those who steadfastly persevere."
(Quran 2:249)
Day 6

Standing on the hilltop of Jummu’a, Khalid (RA) placed his foot on top of a large boulder. His forearms bore the brunt of his weight as he leaned forward on his thigh. Khalid (RA) watched intently as the Romans lined up into battle formation. He was looking for cracks in the defense that he could exploit and make last minute adjustments to his plan. Khalid (RA) was going to rely on speed and mobility, he was going to blitz this army and anything that could slow him down had to be dealt with.

His train of thought was interrupted when a hulking Roman on a heavy war horse trotted out arrogantly into no man’s land and threw down a challenge. Judging by his colorful ornamentation, Khalid (RA) deduced that he must be a high ranking general; and a warrior of similar status had to meet him. Khalid (RA)’s pulse quickened at the thought of fighting this fine specimen. Khalid (RA) straightened to study his opponent for a second then quickly hastened down the hill. He mounted his Arab steed and rode off toward Abu Ubaidah (RA), his Supreme commander.

From Abu Ubaidah (RA), he learned that the warrior was Gregory; the general of the Roman right flank. Gregory had a reputation for being a powerful fighter and he looked it too. Khalid (RA) assumed he would answer the call but Abu Ubaidah (RA) insisted; as the Supreme commander he would answer the challenge. Khalid (RA) protested but Abu Ubaidah (RA) ignored him. He gave the army standard to Khalid (RA) and with an intense look said, “If I do not return you shall command the army, until the Caliph decides the matter,” and rode off to meet Gregory.

Who is Abu Ubaidah (RA)

Abu Ubaidah (RA) was a man in his early fifties. He was tall, slim and wiry. He had a lean and clear cut face with a thin beard. His eyes showed understanding and gentleness.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) didn’t need a title to be respected. His toothless smile displayed his high rank. He accepted Islam after Abu Bakr (RA) and was one of the blessed ten guaranteed paradise. The Prophet (SAW) called him the “Trusted one of the Nation”. At the battle of Uhud, Abu Ubaidah (RA) was at the Prophet’s (SAW) side when the Prophet’s (SAW) helmet was struck and two links of chain mail were deeply embedded in his cheek. Abu Ubaidah (RA) bent over, clenched the link with his front tooth and yanked it out; and did it again for the second link. It gave visible comfort to the Prophet (SAW) but he ripped out his own front teeth at the same time. From that day forward he had the toothless smile which was the envy of all Muslims.

The two generals met in the middle. Both armies watched in expectation as their commanders squared off.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Gregory were both excellent swordsmen. They circled each other and after exchanging blows for several minutes, Gregory withdrew and started to retreat back to his line. Abu Ubaidah (RA) watched and nudged his horse forward. Gregory’s retreat was a trick designed to bring down Abu Ubaidah (RA)’s defenses. As Abu Ubaidah (RA) caught up, Gregory turned and raised his sword to strike. But Abu Ubaidah (RA) was no novice. He lurched forward and struck Gregory at the base of the neck. Gregory’s sword fell from his hand and the enormous man slumped to the ground.

Shouts of “Allahu Akbar” rang out from the Muslims side along with the rattle of swords banging against their shields. Abu Ubaidah (RA) stared at the dead general and ignoring the ornate armour and weapons, he pulled on the reins and trotted back to his men.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) had a habitual disregard for worldly possessions.

Khalid (RA) stood just ahead of the infantry watching his commander dispose of the Roman general. Convinced the duel was over, he slipped through the Muslim line and urged his horse into a gallop to join his men of the cavalry.

The officers stood in a group, displaying a quiet confidence. As Khalid (RA) approached, they fell silent. Their orders were clear so Khalid (RA) reminded them that speed would be the deciding factor on this day; they had to move fast and without hesitation. With this small pep talk, the officers disbursed and joined their units, leaving Khalid (RA) alone in contemplation.

“Have I committed the entire army to death?” thought Khalid (RA).

The burden of command rested on his shoulders. The previous day he convinced the senior commanders to continue the battle. They accepted his opinion and trusted him completely.

Khalid (RA) closed his eyes and the air drained from his lungs. His shoulders sagged and his head bowed down. He whispered a prayer of assistance to Allah. Satisfied, he opened his eyes and thought “this is not the time for doubt.” He called out to his deputy and ordered the general assault.

The Start of the Battle


Order of Battle on Day 6

The mid morning dew on the blades of grass had just evaporated when the air filled with the Mu’azzin’s cry of “Allahu Akbar!” signalling the attack. The men of the right flank directly in front of Khalid (RA) charged the Roman line with screams of “Allahu Akbar!”

The Mu’azzin several hundred meters away, upon hearing the cry of the Mu’zzin on the right, yelled “Allahu Akbar!” From the periphery Khalid (RA) watched the center army charge screaming “Allahu Akbar!” A domino effect went all the way down the line.

The men along the entire 11 mile front surged forward across no man’s land. 30000 Muslims slammed into 80000 Romans.

Phase 1 – Outflank the Enemy


The start of the Muslim offensive

Khalid (RA) ordered his cavalry forward in formation; they trotted close behind Amr al–Aas’s men. Khalid (RA) noticed a gap forming between the Roman infantry and the Roman cavalry. As soon as Amr’s men engaged, Khalid (RA) broke out into a fast gallop and surged right. The entire cavalry followed Khalid (RA)’s lead and formed an arc behind him as he raced around the Roman flank. Khalid (RA) could see over his left shoulder the fight raging between the opposing armies. He could hear the clash of swords and shields and the shouts of men but he kept nudging his Arab stead faster.

As Khalid (RA) passed the scrimmage line, the arc turned into the Roman flank. As they turned, a small detachment broke loose from the main body and charged the stunned Roman cavalry. Their purpose was to keep the Roman cavalry occupied while Khalid (RA) and the rest laid waste to the infantry.



The Muslim cavalry attack the exposed Roman flank


As Khalid (RA) neared the Roman infantry, he slowed and allowed the rest of the cavalry to form up beside him in a line several rows deep.

Khalid (RA) steadied his lance and yelled “Allahu Akbar!” The others followed his lead. Each drew his weapon of choice and yelled “Allahu Akbar!” With lances, swords and spears pointing directly at the Roman flank, Khalid (RA) and the cavalry crashed into the defenceless Roman infantry.

The Roman foot soldiers on the flank saw a black cloud of horses fall upon them like thunder. Those who could broke formation and ran. Those further in were blindsided.

Khalid (RA) impaled the first soldier with such force that his lance snapped like a twig. He threw the snub away, drew his sword and slashed at anything in a red tunic. His horse twisted and turned to keep the foot soldiers away and at times stood on her hind legs if anyone came too close.

The cavalry wreaked havoc in the ranks. The Roman soldiers fought a determined Amr from the front and now the cavalry from the side. With no support from their own cavalry, the infantry of the Roman left flank collapsed and fled.


Resistance from the Roman left flank collapses

Blood dripping off his sword, Khalid (RA) surveyed his handy work. The Roman infantry with their backs to the Muslims were in full retreat. He displayed no expression of satisfaction, the battle had just begun.

Swords and shields, amour and helmets lay strewn on the ground among dying and dead bodies. He scanned the field with steely eye, searching for Amr’s standard. He found it; it was still standing.

He searched for assurance that Amr was following through with the next phase, which was to swing his division around and attack the exposed flank of the Armenians (Roman centre). He could see the regimental banners swing around, the squad leaders barking orders and the disarrayed men quickly flocking to their colours.

He looked further down the line to see if he could find Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed’s standard, but they were too far away.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed were to engage but they were not to press the attack. Their role was to distract the Roman infantry on their front while Khalid (RA) took care of the right flank. Khalid (RA) could only hope things were under control.

Satisfied, he snapped orders in quick succession to reorganize the cavalry. Without waiting for the entire unit, he charged straight for the Roman cavalry tied down by his small detachment.



Khalid (RA) attacks the Roman cavalry; Amr attacks the center

Shell shocked at the speed at which the infantry collapsed in front of them, the Roman cavalry had mentally lost the fight before Khalid (RA) and his reinforcements arrived. After taking a severe beating by the reinforced cavalry, they were driven from the field and galloped north to safety. Their day was done.

Phase 2 – Force the Cavalry off the Field

Mahan, sitting on his horse behind the Armenians, watched in horror at the debacle unfolding before him. Before he had a chance to move, his infantry on his left had been routed and now his supporting cavalry was being mauled.

Khalid (RA) moved with astonishing speed.

He realized that if he didn’t move quickly the entire army would be enveloped. He gave desperate orders to all cavalry commanders to form into one powerful fighting force to counter Khalid (RA) and to move to the center. Mahan decided he would lead the cavalry himself.

Cowardice was not in Mahan’s nature.

Khalid (RA)’s mind raced. He was deep behind enemy lines. He overran the infantry and spanked the cavalry but he knew the Romans could still carry the day. Victory was within reach but he had one last obstacle forming to the south of his position, the combined Roman cavalry.

He snapped quick orders to reorganize his cavalry but this time he waited. He was outnumbered at least 3 to 1 and would need every mounted warrior to take on this next challenge. He formed two units, one to attack from the front, the other from the flank leaving the north wide open. Khalid (RA) gave the order and the mounted warriors charged.



Khalid (RA) attacks the main body of the Roman cavalry


The sun was just about to reach its noon time peak when Khalid (RA) led the charge on the flank. Pinched between the Armenian infantry on his left and the forming Roman cavalry on his right he raced across the field with his shadow racing to keep up.

As he approached, he saw confusion in the Roman ranks. Some squads were in a tight formation and ready; others were in a loose formation and confused; and some even took a couple steps back at the sight of a fast moving and determined opponent. Khalid (RA) dug his heals and pushed his Arab steed hard.

Mahan had a problem. He normally dispatched the Cataphracts as shock troops. This armoured heavy cavalry made up the back bone of his cavalry. They typically charged the main body of a set enemy position in a tight formation and plowing through. They had a devastating impact and usually decided the outcome of most battles. The Cataphracts were tough warriors; but in this type of fluid situation the heavy cavalry was at a disadvantage against the Muslim light cavalry. Khalid (RA)’s men could strike, disengage, manoeuvre and strike again.

Mahan furiously shouted orders to position the various regiments into a fighting formation but before he could, shouts of distress came from the outside perimeter. He looked up and saw a black jagged line of horses charging his position. A cloud of dust billowed behind, covering the blue sky in a dark pall of doom. He was out of time.

The Muslim cavalry scattered and engaged in small groups or individually. Without a target to charge at, the Roman Cataphracts took hits from all sides and could not counter. Seeing the futility of their situation, the cavalry broke and retreated, taking the protesting commander of the army, Mahan, against his will.

40000 Roman cavalry rode away leaving the infantry to their fate.

For hours, Khalid (RA) and his men had ridden hard from one battle to the next, racing to stay ahead of the Romans. Now, silence fell over the field.

The hooves of the retreating Roman cavalry slowly faded away in the distance, leaving a trail of dust.

Beads of sweat rolled down Khalid (RA)’s cheek, absorbed by his beard. He slowly lowered his sword to his side, looked up to the heavens, closed his eyes and whispered a prayer of thanks. He felt a sense of calm run all over his body and relax his taut muscles. It was not apparent to everyone but he knew this battle was over.

Victory!

But just as quickly, reality checked in. The noise of fighting men behind him off in the distance filtered in. He may have run the Roman cavalry off the field but he still had to deal with the abandoned Roman infantry.

He opened his eyes and saw his men staring at him with pride. These were men who followed him with unquestioning loyalty and faith; men who did not understand the meaning of defeat under Khalid (RA). Although their orders were obvious, they wanted to hear it from their great general.

Phase 3 – Attack From Behind



Roman Infantry attacked from behind by Khalid (RA)

Khalid (RA) wheeled around in the direction of the Roman center. The standards of the regimental leaders were brought forward and the men flocked towards them.

Khalid (RA) started out at a trot to keep his formation intact. As the sound of fighting grew louder, the wisp of arrows showered around them as the Roman archers became aware of the new threat behind them. As Khalid (RA) approached, panic took hold and an uncoordinated barrage of arrows rained down. Khalid (RA) finally broke out into a full gallop towards the helpless Armenians.

The horror started in the rear as the archers turned and started shooting without orders. Loud shouts from stricken soldiers began to reach the front lines. The officers were hand cuffed. Men were committed to holding off Shurahbeel from the front and Amr on the flank. If the Armenians had a little more time, the officers may have been able to put up some defense, but Khalid (RA) was moving too fast.

Once terror took hold, the infantry disintegrated.

It was every man for himself. Swords and shields were discarded. Helmets were thrown aside. Men trampled over one another to get away from the carnage in the center. Those who escaped ran towards the banks of the Wadi ur Raqqad.

To their surprise, Khalid (RA) did not pursue them.

Further down the line, Deirjan saw that his Roman flank and rear were exposed and did an orderly withdrawal towards the Wadi. Khalid (RA) did not pursue them either.

The rabbit was running straight into Khalid (RA)’s snare!


The Roman infantry retreat towards the only escape route available


Phase 4 – Block All Escape Routes


Khalid (RA) and the cavalry blocked the northern escape route which forced the Roman infantry to flee into a part of the battle field which made escape almost impossible.

On the southern end of this field, the Yarmuk river ran through a 15 mile canyon with steep banks reaching as high as 1000 feet. On the western end flowed the Wadi ur Raqqad which was a deep ravine with steep banks. To add to this treacherous corner, precipices with a sheer drop of 100 to 200 feet lined the banks of both the Yarmuk and the Raqqad making a crossing across either river incredibly difficult if not impossible.

But, there was one escape route.

There was a ford located on the northern part of the Raqqad. The slope on the eastern bank was easy to traverse. The western side had a road on a steep bank and both sides of the road were precipitous creating a bottle neck at the top.

The Roman officers were guiding their men to this ford.

The leading elements of the retreating infantry dashed across the field trying to put as much distance between them and the advancing Muslim army. There were expressions of relief as they finally reached the ford. Some slowed to a jog and others started to walk trying to catch their breath.

They made it!

They quickly ran down the eastern slope, crossed the ravine and hiked up the western slope. As the road narrowed, they formed up into a column of men.

As they reached the top, there were men standing, staring down at them. The Romans called out but, there was no response. They didn’t look like Roman soldiers, could they be slaves from the camp? It didn’t matter, they were safe. They quickened their pace to reach the top.

Suddenly, rocks started to fall on their heads, arrows started to wisp by and then they heard the dreaded Muslim battle cry “Allahu Akbar!” Their passage was blocked!

Dhirar’s Wide Detour

The previous night, Khalid (RA) had sent a detachment of 500 horsemen lead by Dhirar to make a wide detour around the Roman left, get behind the Wadi ur Raqqad and secure the river crossing on the western bank. They concealed themselves during the night and waited during the day. Because the road on the western bank was narrow, a small force could hold back an entire army.



Dhirar takes 500 mounted warriors around the Roman flank and occupies the only river crossing on the Raqqad


Several Romans reached the top but they were cut down. The leading elements fell back on those behind them and they fell back on those behind them. Once Dhirar and his men charged, an avalanche of men fell down the western slope.

The Romans on the eastern bank saw their stricken comrades and realized they were trapped; surrounded by the impossible terrain behind them and the Muslims in front. The generals that remained hastily formed up their men for defense.

The Muslims commanders formed a semi circle and moved in for the final kill.

The snare tightened.

Phase 5 – Cornered



The Romans infantry's last stand

The final phase of the battle of Yarmuk had begun.

The Romans were packed tight. There was little room for maneuver. Those on the front line fought heroically but in a futile effort. Rank after rank were cut down. Screams of delirium from the defenders were mixed with shouts from the attackers. Khalid (RA) and his cavalry used their hooves to knock down the tired defenders. Many dropped to their knees and raised their heads exposing their neck; indicating they were prepared to die... with honour.

The last of the Roman defense collapsed and the battle turned to butchery. The sound of swords striking shields ceased and the sound of sword cutting flesh and cracking bones could be heard. The Roman rabble made a final mad dash to the edge of the ravine. The view to the bottom was terrifying, 200 foot drop with jagged rocks jutting out. Those reaching the edge of the ravine blindly pushed those already there. Ranks after ranks were pushed off the precipice with blood curdled cries. Those pushing from behind were hacked down.

The carnage would continue from the late afternoon to evening. It would be nightfall before the blood soaked field would fall silent.

Victory

The full moon lit the mounds of dead bodies. The stench began to fill the air. Soldiers searched for their wounded and dead comrades, others rested. As soon as news reached the camp, the women and slaves rushed out to tend to the exhausted army.

The victory was total. Any chance of the remnants regrouping to challenge the Muslim army perished on the fields of Yarmuk. Syria lay open.

As Khalid (RA) trotted back to the Muslim camp, he raised his right hand with his index finger pointing up into the black sky and testified.

“La illah ila illallah muhammadur rasulullah.”

The battle of Yarmuk, Khalid (RA) bin Waleed’s greatest victory, came to its final bloody end.



http://www.forgottenislamichistory.com/2014/10/the-battle-of-yarmuk-khalid-bin-al.html

 

[Hamza913]

Subhnallah, we need more men like Khalid Radhiallahu anu today.

 

[bdslph]

The Battle Of Yarmouk - Khalid Ibn Walid - معركة اليرموك

 

[LeGenD]

This was not the original Roman Empire.

This was a predominantly Greeks-led civilization, identified as Byzantine Empire in history.

The Battle Of Yarmouk - Khalid Ibn Walid - معركة اليرموك

Looks like propaganda/marketing video.

I wish someone develops a historically accurate film centered around this great battle much like The Message.

 

[Mian Babban]

This was not the original Roman Empire.

This was a predominantly Greeks-led civilization, identified as Byzantine Empire in history.


Looks like propaganda/marketing video.

I wish someone develops a historically accurate film centered around this great battle much like The Message.

"Byzantine" word is used by modern historians. Greek rulers of eastern Roman empire called themselves Roman and Arabs also called them Rumi , as evident from historical sources of those times......Rumelia for example is derived from Rum

 

[LeGenD]

"Byzantine" word is used by modern historians. Greek rulers of eastern Roman empire called themselves Roman and Arabs also called them Rumi , as evident from historical sources of those times......Rumelia for example is derived from Rum

I do not disagree with your point but history is much more complex than that. This Empire ceased to be Roman at some point in its culture/norms and battle-tactics. Historians are not wrong when they call it "Byzantine Empire."

 

[Spring Onion]

"...how often has a small force vanquished a large force by the permission of Allah? Allah is with those who steadfastly persevere."
(Quran 2:249)
Day 6

Standing on the hilltop of Jummu’a, Khalid (RA) placed his foot on top of a large boulder. His forearms bore the brunt of his weight as he leaned forward on his thigh. Khalid (RA) watched intently as the Romans lined up into battle formation. He was looking for cracks in the defense that he could exploit and make last minute adjustments to his plan. Khalid (RA) was going to rely on speed and mobility, he was going to blitz this army and anything that could slow him down had to be dealt with.

His train of thought was interrupted when a hulking Roman on a heavy war horse trotted out arrogantly into no man’s land and threw down a challenge. Judging by his colorful ornamentation, Khalid (RA) deduced that he must be a high ranking general; and a warrior of similar status had to meet him. Khalid (RA)’s pulse quickened at the thought of fighting this fine specimen. Khalid (RA) straightened to study his opponent for a second then quickly hastened down the hill. He mounted his Arab steed and rode off toward Abu Ubaidah (RA), his Supreme commander.

From Abu Ubaidah (RA), he learned that the warrior was Gregory; the general of the Roman right flank. Gregory had a reputation for being a powerful fighter and he looked it too. Khalid (RA) assumed he would answer the call but Abu Ubaidah (RA) insisted; as the Supreme commander he would answer the challenge. Khalid (RA) protested but Abu Ubaidah (RA) ignored him. He gave the army standard to Khalid (RA) and with an intense look said, “If I do not return you shall command the army, until the Caliph decides the matter,” and rode off to meet Gregory.

Who is Abu Ubaidah (RA)

Abu Ubaidah (RA) was a man in his early fifties. He was tall, slim and wiry. He had a lean and clear cut face with a thin beard. His eyes showed understanding and gentleness.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) didn’t need a title to be respected. His toothless smile displayed his high rank. He accepted Islam after Abu Bakr (RA) and was one of the blessed ten guaranteed paradise. The Prophet (SAW) called him the “Trusted one of the Nation”. At the battle of Uhud, Abu Ubaidah (RA) was at the Prophet’s (SAW) side when the Prophet’s (SAW) helmet was struck and two links of chain mail were deeply embedded in his cheek. Abu Ubaidah (RA) bent over, clenched the link with his front tooth and yanked it out; and did it again for the second link. It gave visible comfort to the Prophet (SAW) but he ripped out his own front teeth at the same time. From that day forward he had the toothless smile which was the envy of all Muslims.

The two generals met in the middle. Both armies watched in expectation as their commanders squared off.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Gregory were both excellent swordsmen. They circled each other and after exchanging blows for several minutes, Gregory withdrew and started to retreat back to his line. Abu Ubaidah (RA) watched and nudged his horse forward. Gregory’s retreat was a trick designed to bring down Abu Ubaidah (RA)’s defenses. As Abu Ubaidah (RA) caught up, Gregory turned and raised his sword to strike. But Abu Ubaidah (RA) was no novice. He lurched forward and struck Gregory at the base of the neck. Gregory’s sword fell from his hand and the enormous man slumped to the ground.

Shouts of “Allahu Akbar” rang out from the Muslims side along with the rattle of swords banging against their shields. Abu Ubaidah (RA) stared at the dead general and ignoring the ornate armour and weapons, he pulled on the reins and trotted back to his men.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) had a habitual disregard for worldly possessions.

Khalid (RA) stood just ahead of the infantry watching his commander dispose of the Roman general. Convinced the duel was over, he slipped through the Muslim line and urged his horse into a gallop to join his men of the cavalry.

The officers stood in a group, displaying a quiet confidence. As Khalid (RA) approached, they fell silent. Their orders were clear so Khalid (RA) reminded them that speed would be the deciding factor on this day; they had to move fast and without hesitation. With this small pep talk, the officers disbursed and joined their units, leaving Khalid (RA) alone in contemplation.

“Have I committed the entire army to death?” thought Khalid (RA).

The burden of command rested on his shoulders. The previous day he convinced the senior commanders to continue the battle. They accepted his opinion and trusted him completely.

Khalid (RA) closed his eyes and the air drained from his lungs. His shoulders sagged and his head bowed down. He whispered a prayer of assistance to Allah. Satisfied, he opened his eyes and thought “this is not the time for doubt.” He called out to his deputy and ordered the general assault.

The Start of the Battle


Order of Battle on Day 6

The mid morning dew on the blades of grass had just evaporated when the air filled with the Mu’azzin’s cry of “Allahu Akbar!” signalling the attack. The men of the right flank directly in front of Khalid (RA) charged the Roman line with screams of “Allahu Akbar!”

The Mu’azzin several hundred meters away, upon hearing the cry of the Mu’zzin on the right, yelled “Allahu Akbar!” From the periphery Khalid (RA) watched the center army charge screaming “Allahu Akbar!” A domino effect went all the way down the line.

The men along the entire 11 mile front surged forward across no man’s land. 30000 Muslims slammed into 80000 Romans.

Phase 1 – Outflank the Enemy


The start of the Muslim offensive

Khalid (RA) ordered his cavalry forward in formation; they trotted close behind Amr al–Aas’s men. Khalid (RA) noticed a gap forming between the Roman infantry and the Roman cavalry. As soon as Amr’s men engaged, Khalid (RA) broke out into a fast gallop and surged right. The entire cavalry followed Khalid (RA)’s lead and formed an arc behind him as he raced around the Roman flank. Khalid (RA) could see over his left shoulder the fight raging between the opposing armies. He could hear the clash of swords and shields and the shouts of men but he kept nudging his Arab stead faster.

As Khalid (RA) passed the scrimmage line, the arc turned into the Roman flank. As they turned, a small detachment broke loose from the main body and charged the stunned Roman cavalry. Their purpose was to keep the Roman cavalry occupied while Khalid (RA) and the rest laid waste to the infantry.



The Muslim cavalry attack the exposed Roman flank


As Khalid (RA) neared the Roman infantry, he slowed and allowed the rest of the cavalry to form up beside him in a line several rows deep.

Khalid (RA) steadied his lance and yelled “Allahu Akbar!” The others followed his lead. Each drew his weapon of choice and yelled “Allahu Akbar!” With lances, swords and spears pointing directly at the Roman flank, Khalid (RA) and the cavalry crashed into the defenceless Roman infantry.

The Roman foot soldiers on the flank saw a black cloud of horses fall upon them like thunder. Those who could broke formation and ran. Those further in were blindsided.

Khalid (RA) impaled the first soldier with such force that his lance snapped like a twig. He threw the snub away, drew his sword and slashed at anything in a red tunic. His horse twisted and turned to keep the foot soldiers away and at times stood on her hind legs if anyone came too close.

The cavalry wreaked havoc in the ranks. The Roman soldiers fought a determined Amr from the front and now the cavalry from the side. With no support from their own cavalry, the infantry of the Roman left flank collapsed and fled.


Resistance from the Roman left flank collapses

Blood dripping off his sword, Khalid (RA) surveyed his handy work. The Roman infantry with their backs to the Muslims were in full retreat. He displayed no expression of satisfaction, the battle had just begun.

Swords and shields, amour and helmets lay strewn on the ground among dying and dead bodies. He scanned the field with steely eye, searching for Amr’s standard. He found it; it was still standing.

He searched for assurance that Amr was following through with the next phase, which was to swing his division around and attack the exposed flank of the Armenians (Roman centre). He could see the regimental banners swing around, the squad leaders barking orders and the disarrayed men quickly flocking to their colours.

He looked further down the line to see if he could find Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed’s standard, but they were too far away.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed were to engage but they were not to press the attack. Their role was to distract the Roman infantry on their front while Khalid (RA) took care of the right flank. Khalid (RA) could only hope things were under control.

Satisfied, he snapped orders in quick succession to reorganize the cavalry. Without waiting for the entire unit, he charged straight for the Roman cavalry tied down by his small detachment.



Khalid (RA) attacks the Roman cavalry; Amr attacks the center

Shell shocked at the speed at which the infantry collapsed in front of them, the Roman cavalry had mentally lost the fight before Khalid (RA) and his reinforcements arrived. After taking a severe beating by the reinforced cavalry, they were driven from the field and galloped north to safety. Their day was done.

Phase 2 – Force the Cavalry off the Field

Mahan, sitting on his horse behind the Armenians, watched in horror at the debacle unfolding before him. Before he had a chance to move, his infantry on his left had been routed and now his supporting cavalry was being mauled.

Khalid (RA) moved with astonishing speed.

He realized that if he didn’t move quickly the entire army would be enveloped. He gave desperate orders to all cavalry commanders to form into one powerful fighting force to counter Khalid (RA) and to move to the center. Mahan decided he would lead the cavalry himself.

Cowardice was not in Mahan’s nature.

Khalid (RA)’s mind raced. He was deep behind enemy lines. He overran the infantry and spanked the cavalry but he knew the Romans could still carry the day. Victory was within reach but he had one last obstacle forming to the south of his position, the combined Roman cavalry.

He snapped quick orders to reorganize his cavalry but this time he waited. He was outnumbered at least 3 to 1 and would need every mounted warrior to take on this next challenge. He formed two units, one to attack from the front, the other from the flank leaving the north wide open. Khalid (RA) gave the order and the mounted warriors charged.



Khalid (RA) attacks the main body of the Roman cavalry


The sun was just about to reach its noon time peak when Khalid (RA) led the charge on the flank. Pinched between the Armenian infantry on his left and the forming Roman cavalry on his right he raced across the field with his shadow racing to keep up.

As he approached, he saw confusion in the Roman ranks. Some squads were in a tight formation and ready; others were in a loose formation and confused; and some even took a couple steps back at the sight of a fast moving and determined opponent. Khalid (RA) dug his heals and pushed his Arab steed hard.

Mahan had a problem. He normally dispatched the Cataphracts as shock troops. This armoured heavy cavalry made up the back bone of his cavalry. They typically charged the main body of a set enemy position in a tight formation and plowing through. They had a devastating impact and usually decided the outcome of most battles. The Cataphracts were tough warriors; but in this type of fluid situation the heavy cavalry was at a disadvantage against the Muslim light cavalry. Khalid (RA)’s men could strike, disengage, manoeuvre and strike again.

Mahan furiously shouted orders to position the various regiments into a fighting formation but before he could, shouts of distress came from the outside perimeter. He looked up and saw a black jagged line of horses charging his position. A cloud of dust billowed behind, covering the blue sky in a dark pall of doom. He was out of time.

The Muslim cavalry scattered and engaged in small groups or individually. Without a target to charge at, the Roman Cataphracts took hits from all sides and could not counter. Seeing the futility of their situation, the cavalry broke and retreated, taking the protesting commander of the army, Mahan, against his will.

40000 Roman cavalry rode away leaving the infantry to their fate.

For hours, Khalid (RA) and his men had ridden hard from one battle to the next, racing to stay ahead of the Romans. Now, silence fell over the field.

The hooves of the retreating Roman cavalry slowly faded away in the distance, leaving a trail of dust.

Beads of sweat rolled down Khalid (RA)’s cheek, absorbed by his beard. He slowly lowered his sword to his side, looked up to the heavens, closed his eyes and whispered a prayer of thanks. He felt a sense of calm run all over his body and relax his taut muscles. It was not apparent to everyone but he knew this battle was over.

Victory!

But just as quickly, reality checked in. The noise of fighting men behind him off in the distance filtered in. He may have run the Roman cavalry off the field but he still had to deal with the abandoned Roman infantry.

He opened his eyes and saw his men staring at him with pride. These were men who followed him with unquestioning loyalty and faith; men who did not understand the meaning of defeat under Khalid (RA). Although their orders were obvious, they wanted to hear it from their great general.

Phase 3 – Attack From Behind



Roman Infantry attacked from behind by Khalid (RA)

Khalid (RA) wheeled around in the direction of the Roman center. The standards of the regimental leaders were brought forward and the men flocked towards them.

Khalid (RA) started out at a trot to keep his formation intact. As the sound of fighting grew louder, the wisp of arrows showered around them as the Roman archers became aware of the new threat behind them. As Khalid (RA) approached, panic took hold and an uncoordinated barrage of arrows rained down. Khalid (RA) finally broke out into a full gallop towards the helpless Armenians.

The horror started in the rear as the archers turned and started shooting without orders. Loud shouts from stricken soldiers began to reach the front lines. The officers were hand cuffed. Men were committed to holding off Shurahbeel from the front and Amr on the flank. If the Armenians had a little more time, the officers may have been able to put up some defense, but Khalid (RA) was moving too fast.

Once terror took hold, the infantry disintegrated.

It was every man for himself. Swords and shields were discarded. Helmets were thrown aside. Men trampled over one another to get away from the carnage in the center. Those who escaped ran towards the banks of the Wadi ur Raqqad.

To their surprise, Khalid (RA) did not pursue them.

Further down the line, Deirjan saw that his Roman flank and rear were exposed and did an orderly withdrawal towards the Wadi. Khalid (RA) did not pursue them either.

The rabbit was running straight into Khalid (RA)’s snare!


The Roman infantry retreat towards the only escape route available


Phase 4 – Block All Escape Routes


Khalid (RA) and the cavalry blocked the northern escape route which forced the Roman infantry to flee into a part of the battle field which made escape almost impossible.

On the southern end of this field, the Yarmuk river ran through a 15 mile canyon with steep banks reaching as high as 1000 feet. On the western end flowed the Wadi ur Raqqad which was a deep ravine with steep banks. To add to this treacherous corner, precipices with a sheer drop of 100 to 200 feet lined the banks of both the Yarmuk and the Raqqad making a crossing across either river incredibly difficult if not impossible.

But, there was one escape route.

There was a ford located on the northern part of the Raqqad. The slope on the eastern bank was easy to traverse. The western side had a road on a steep bank and both sides of the road were precipitous creating a bottle neck at the top.

The Roman officers were guiding their men to this ford.

The leading elements of the retreating infantry dashed across the field trying to put as much distance between them and the advancing Muslim army. There were expressions of relief as they finally reached the ford. Some slowed to a jog and others started to walk trying to catch their breath.

They made it!

They quickly ran down the eastern slope, crossed the ravine and hiked up the western slope. As the road narrowed, they formed up into a column of men.

As they reached the top, there were men standing, staring down at them. The Romans called out but, there was no response. They didn’t look like Roman soldiers, could they be slaves from the camp? It didn’t matter, they were safe. They quickened their pace to reach the top.

Suddenly, rocks started to fall on their heads, arrows started to wisp by and then they heard the dreaded Muslim battle cry “Allahu Akbar!” Their passage was blocked!

Dhirar’s Wide Detour

The previous night, Khalid (RA) had sent a detachment of 500 horsemen lead by Dhirar to make a wide detour around the Roman left, get behind the Wadi ur Raqqad and secure the river crossing on the western bank. They concealed themselves during the night and waited during the day. Because the road on the western bank was narrow, a small force could hold back an entire army.



Dhirar takes 500 mounted warriors around the Roman flank and occupies the only river crossing on the Raqqad


Several Romans reached the top but they were cut down. The leading elements fell back on those behind them and they fell back on those behind them. Once Dhirar and his men charged, an avalanche of men fell down the western slope.

The Romans on the eastern bank saw their stricken comrades and realized they were trapped; surrounded by the impossible terrain behind them and the Muslims in front. The generals that remained hastily formed up their men for defense.

The Muslims commanders formed a semi circle and moved in for the final kill.

The snare tightened.

Phase 5 – Cornered



The Romans infantry's last stand

The final phase of the battle of Yarmuk had begun.

The Romans were packed tight. There was little room for maneuver. Those on the front line fought heroically but in a futile effort. Rank after rank were cut down. Screams of delirium from the defenders were mixed with shouts from the attackers. Khalid (RA) and his cavalry used their hooves to knock down the tired defenders. Many dropped to their knees and raised their heads exposing their neck; indicating they were prepared to die... with honour.

The last of the Roman defense collapsed and the battle turned to butchery. The sound of swords striking shields ceased and the sound of sword cutting flesh and cracking bones could be heard. The Roman rabble made a final mad dash to the edge of the ravine. The view to the bottom was terrifying, 200 foot drop with jagged rocks jutting out. Those reaching the edge of the ravine blindly pushed those already there. Ranks after ranks were pushed off the precipice with blood curdled cries. Those pushing from behind were hacked down.

The carnage would continue from the late afternoon to evening. It would be nightfall before the blood soaked field would fall silent.

Victory

The full moon lit the mounds of dead bodies. The stench began to fill the air. Soldiers searched for their wounded and dead comrades, others rested. As soon as news reached the camp, the women and slaves rushed out to tend to the exhausted army.

The victory was total. Any chance of the remnants regrouping to challenge the Muslim army perished on the fields of Yarmuk. Syria lay open.

As Khalid (RA) trotted back to the Muslim camp, he raised his right hand with his index finger pointing up into the black sky and testified.

“La illah ila illallah muhammadur rasulullah.”

The battle of Yarmuk, Khalid (RA) bin Waleed’s greatest victory, came to its final bloody end.



http://www.forgottenislamichistory.com/2014/10/the-battle-of-yarmuk-khalid-bin-al.html

Thank you for posting. It reminds me of reading those books on Muslim warriors including those on Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed and his victory.

I was in 9th grade when This addiction to these books started. Wonderful time.

 

[The SC]

Thank you for posting. It reminds me of reading those books on Muslim warriors including those on Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed and his victory.

I was in 9th grade when This addiction to these books started. Wonderful time.

As you know Khalid ibn al-waleed (RA) fought more than a hundred battles and never lost one.. The battle of Yarmuk was a turning point in history, but he fought other important battle..

Khalid ibn Al-Waleed


Khalid ibn AI-Waleed

“The Sword of Allah” (d. 21 A.H.)

It is reported that Prophet Muhammad

said, ‘The better ones of you in the Days of Ignorance are the better ones of you in Islam when they understand (the religion).” These wise words of Prophet Muhammad

were best proved in the case of our hero today, Khalid ibn AI-Waleed. For, it was Khalid ibn AI-Waleed who managed to cause the defeat of the Muslim army at Uhud,??before his conversion t o Islam.

After his acceptance of the Faith , Khalid ibn AI-Waleed was the champion of many a decisive battle in favour of Islam, such as the battle against Musaylimah the Imposter and the battle of Yarmauk against the Roman Empire’s army in Syria.
In fact , the reader of history will find that Khalid ibn Al-Waleed was a military strategist and commander with very few equals in human history, a man who turned many a defeat or near defeat into glorious victories, as well shall see in the few examples we will be quoting.

The first military encounter in which our hero showed his genius was the Battle of Uhud, which he (while a polytheist) caused to be the worst for Muslims in the early days of Islam. This battle was initiated by the Makkan polytheists in revenge for their defeat at the Battle of Badr, where more than thousand of them were defeated by only a little over three hundred Muslims fighters.

In the Battle of Uhad, Prophet Muhammad

placed a group of archers on a nearby hill to give protection to the back of the Muslim army with specific instructions not to leave their posts under any circumstances. However, when the battle proved initially to be in favour of the Muslim army, the archers forgot the orders of their commander and left their positions. At this juncture, the military genius of Khalid ibn AI-Waleed led him to take a band of fighters with him around the hill and attack
the Muslim army from the rear, where they least expected their enemy; hence, the loss on the part of the Muslims became a great one. The Prophet

was wounded and his uncle Hamzah

killed, along with many other distinguished companions of the Prophet

.

In the eighth year after the Hijra. one day Khalid ibn AI-Waleed sat pondering on the new religion (Islam). He kept saying to himself, “The message is fast spreading, and the man is certainly a Messenger. What am I waiting for? For how long shall I postpone my conversion to Islam?” He wished for a companion to travel with him to Madinah, and he found two others who had the same thought. When Khalid arrived at Madinah and announced his acceptance of the Faith of Islam, the first thing he asked the Prophet

was to pray to Allah to forgive him for his earlier aggression against Islam and the Muslims.

The Prophet told him that conversion to Islam meant that all his past sins were forgiven by Almighty Allah. Nevertheless, at the insistence of the sincerely repenting Khalid. the Prophet

prayed for him to be forgiven for whatever he had done to Islam and the Muslims
before his conversion to Islam.

With Khalid ibn AI-Waleed joining the camp of believers he found the honourable cause to fight for, and the believers gained a true military genius who was both an excellent strategist and a fierce fighter and army commander. The first battle in which Khalid won the day for Muslims was the Muslims’ first encounter with the Byzantine army in the Battle of Mu’tah on the Northern borders of the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the dangerous nature of the battle, Prophet Muhammad

chose three commanders to succeed one another. The reason for sending these fighters was that the Byzantine rulers in the Syrian region had killed some Muslim missionaries and converts to Islam; thus, proving their hostility not only to the Faith, but also, and even worse, to the principle of freedom of belief which Islam considers to be the most important cause for which a believer should fight and stand. The Byzantine army proved to be too large in number in comparison with the small number of the Muslims. Yet, the Muslim army never hesitated to enter the battle (everyone hoping to find his way to Paradise and the Pleasure of Allah through martyrdom).

The three commanders were killed, and the banner was about to fall on the ground when Thabit ibn AI-Arqam rushed to save it; he took it to our hero Khalid ibn AI-Waleed

, telling him that he gave it to him because he was more knowledgeable in matters of war. In the beginning Khalid refused because he felt Thabit was more worthy of leading the army due to his age and service to Islam. But he accepted at Thabit’s insistence and the unanimous consent of the fighters. We mentioned that the battle was not in favour of the Muslims, due to the huge number of the Byzantines and the death of the three commanders appointed by the Prophet

.

The only way to save the day was to retreat, but that was almost impossible, since the Muslim army was surrounded. It was here that we see the Genius of Khalid ibn AI-Waleed at Work.
For, despite the extreme difficulty of the situation, he reshuffled the right and left flanks of the Muslim army and introduced forward a division from the rear in order to cast fear in the hearts of the disbelieves who then thought that fresh reinforcements had arrived. Though clever planning and courageous fighting, Khalid managed to make an opening within the lines of the enemy through which the Muslim army managed to get out safely. We are told in Sahih Al-Bukhari that our hero used seven swords that all broke in that battle.

The Prophet

, who was then in Madinah, was talking to his companions when he received the revelation about what was going on in the battle, and he informed them of the death of the three commanders. “Then,” he said, “a sword of Allah took hold of the banner and saved the day.” Thus, it was that our hero Khalid ibn AI-Waleed was given the title of Sayf-ul-llah. ‘The Sword of Allah.’

Upon the death of Prophet Muhammad

Abu Bakr (RA) was elected successor to the Prophet. The first crisis that met the new Caliph was that of mass apostasy and the apostates in the Peninsula. It is true that many people did not reject the Faith, but they only refused to pay Zakat. To Abu Bakr??(RA) that was the same as rejecting the Faith because paying Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam. There also appeared imposters who claimed prophet hood like Musaylimah. The crisis was a great one indeed, and the Muslim community was in the danger of annihilation, without a swift and decisive action on the part of the Caliph. So Abu Bakr (RA) formed an army which he wanted to lead himself, were it not for the insistence of the leaders of the community that he stayed at the capital, Madinah. He divided the army into eleven divisions with a commander for each. One of those divisions was put under the command of our hero Khalid ibn AI-Waleed, who won all the battles entered by his army. But the most dangerous to be met with was that in which the Muslims had to fight Musaylimah the Imposter and the Liar, who formed the largest army of apostates. The Caliph chose Khalid for the assignment of fighting Musaylimah. In the beginning, a large number of the Muslims were killed. Seeing that. Khalid went up to the top of a nearby hill and studied the situation to discover the weak spots of the enemy. He then re-organized his army.

The battle raged furiously and Musaylimah was killed. With that Khalid finished off the danger of apostasy and apostates in the Arabian Peninsula.

But this was only the beginning of the many tasks which Abu Bakr (RA) assigned to our hero and which he successfully carried out. For, from experience and with his foresight, Abu Bakr (RA) knew that the two hostile empires on the borders of the Peninsula had to be confronted and tamed. There was no better man for the job than our hero. Abu Bakr (RA) gave orders to Khalid ibn AI-Waleed to proceed to Iraq (which was then a part of the Persian Empire), which he liberated for its people who were subjugated by the Persians. To the Roman Empire Abu Bakr??(RA) sent armies under the command of distinguished companions of the Prophet

such as Abu ‘Obaidahh ibn Al-Jarrah and ‘Amr ibn AI-‘As. But the Roman Empire prepared a huge army whose news was sent to Abu Bakr (RA).

His answer was that Khalid ibn AI-Waleed, who was ordered to go to Syria to take charge. However, with his intelligence and experience, Khalid realized that the former commanders might not be happy with that decision of the Caliph. So he suggested that he, along with others, take command by rotation. After a careful analysis of the situation and a study of his enemy, Khalid laid down a very careful strategy. Since the Muslim army was outnumbered and the Romans were better equipped and experienced (there were also many new converts from the region” Khalid was afraid that a couple of soldiers might try fleeing, which would have a devastating effect on the morals of his army. To avoid such a situation Khalid ordered that Muslim women be armed too and wait in the rear. They were given orders to kill anyone who might attempt to flee from the battle, something which is considered treachery and a major sin in Islam. The battle was a very fierce one, but with their unlimited faith and conviction and with their thirst for martyrdom the Muslims fought fearlessly, to the extent that with a band of only 100 fighters Khalid faced a whole division of many thousand Roman soldiers.

The genius of Khalid fascinated many Roman commanders, which led one of them at a lull of the fight to call out for Khalid. When he met him he asked, “Khalid. tell me the truth. Is it true that the Almighty has sent down a sword from Heaven to His Prophet, and he gave to you, and that no one can stand it?” Khalid could have used the occasion to frighten his enemy, but instead he told the truth and said, “No.” Then he explained how he came to be called the Sword of God. The Roman commander asked, “What are your preaching?” Khalid replied,: “We preach the worship of one God.” the Roman asked, “Will a convert today have the same reward from Allah like you?” to which Khalid answered, “Yes, and More.” “How come” inquired the Roman. “when in fact you joined the faith before him?” Khalid answered, “We lived in the life-time of Muhammad (sa/la-Uaahu ‘a/ayhi we-settemi, and we saw his signs and miracles. It was very easy for someone like that to accept Islam and believe in its Messenger. As for you, you have not seen or heard the Prophet, but you believe in him in absentia. So your reward with Allah should be greater if you are sincere.” The Roman commander went next to Khalid ”
and asked him to teach him Islam. He joined the faith and fought along the Muslim army only to die as a martyr In the Cause of Allah.

The heroic nature of Khalid is revealed in another manner in this famous battle of Yarmouk. For in the midst of that critical battle Khalid received a letter in which he was informed of the death of Abu Bakr (RA) and the instructions of the new Caliph that he make Abu Obaidahh in charge. To Avoid any possible confusion in the army, Khalid kept the matter in secrecy until victory was achieved. He then went to Abu Obaidahh to put himself under his command. To Khalid it made no difference whether he was in command or a soldier as long as the was fighting for the sake of Almighty Allah.

Source: Heros of Islam – Dar-us-Salam

http://islamichistory.org/khalid-ibn-al-waleed/

 

[LeGenD]

An account of this battle from a Western historian: http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-yarmuk-636/

Talent is not confined to some parts of the world. We should expect brilliance in any part of the world: Khalid ibn al-Waleed is an example. What a fine warrior and tactician he was.

I believe that Byzantium severely underestimated the potential of Arabs in forming a civilization and mastering the art of warfare. If they had been wise...

"It is impossible to read any account of this battle from either side without being overcome by the drama, intensity and resonance."

So true.

Also, when one learns about the fate of Byzantium infantry at the end of this great battle, it sends a chill down the spine of the reader. Lack of strategic calculations on part of Vahan cost him and his men dearly.

 

[.]

This was not the original Roman Empire.

This was a predominantly Greeks-led civilization, identified as Byzantine Empire in history.

Man ,Why are you claiming such nonsense.
This byzantine empire was also called eastern roman empire until start of ottoman empire defeated them completely in 1400s ,they occupied huge amounts of territory in modern day syria,turkey etc.

Eve of Yarmuk

Mahan glared at the rag tag army from the desert with contempt. If the Muslims weren’t standing in formation he would have confused them for a mob. They had no uniform. Their weapons were anything but standard; one had Sasanian sword, another a Roman shield and the next a bow taken from a dead Ghassanid archer. Now these fakirs stood before him ready to do battle!

Sitting on his horse behind his soldiers, Mahan could see the silhouette of the Muslim line as the sun rose up from behind. What do these backward desert dwellers know about strategy and war? And yet, thought the Roman General, these same Muslims had decisively defeated his comrades at Ajnadin, Damascus & Baisan. And they now occupied the one point of elevation on the scrubby plain of Yarmuk, which gave them an annoyingly good vantage.

Mahan’s barrel chest swelled with confidence as he gazed at his soldiers standing in perfect formation with the standard of each squad and corps fluttering in the air. He had 120 000 of the toughest soldiers and most talented Generals produced by the Empire. Mahan knew he outnumbered the Muslim army 2 to 1 possibly 3 to 1. They had at most 40 000 troops.


Khalid Bin Al-Waleed (RA)

Their General was Khalid bin Waleed. His people call him the "Sword of Allah". Ever since he entered the Syrian theater Mahan heard the stories. He was a man built for war, a military genius with a sharp strategic mind, a brilliant tactician and the strength to go up against any champion. Khalid (RA) employed strategies and battle field tactics that embarrassed the imperial armies of Persia and Rome.

The destruction of the Persian army at Walaja was still talked about in the capital. Khalid (RA) enveloped the entire Persian army and annihilated it. Mahan, a student of military history, understood the significance of that victory. Many factors are required to pull off a double envelopment or pincer movement. As a result there are few recorded instances of this tactic being employed successfully. The Carthaginian General Hannibal first employed this tactic against the Romans at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE. But Khalid (RA) was not aware of Hannibal and must have developed his strategy independently. Mahan would not underestimate him.

Mahan had the glory of Rome behind him. He’d studied his compatriot’s defeats and this time it would be different. He would go on the offensive and teach these camel herders a lesson in war.


Order of Battle on the Eve of Yarmuk

Day 1

Mahan watched his champions fall like flies. The two armies stood facing each other watching their champion’s faceoff in individual combat and the Muslims were winning. Mahan clenched his teeth in frustration. He swung around with his finger pointing at his deputy and barked “order the assault!”

Along the entire front a third of his army charged shrieking across no man’s land slamming into the Muslim lines.

Not a concerted effort; but simply to test the resolve of the battle hardened Muslim army. At the end of the day, both sides held the same position.

As the sun set across the Yarmuk River, Mahan vowed the next day would be different. He would teach Khalid (RA) and the Muslims a lesson in war.

Day 2

Pebbles bounced up and down on the scrubby Yarmuk plain as the Roman soldiers thundered across the field.

Mahan launched his left and right flank early in the morning hoping to catch the Muslims off guard. He planned to send wave after wave of fresh fighters until the Muslim line broke. He outnumbered Khalid’s (RA) army by a wide margin and knew that Khalid (RA) could not replace his tired troops. He would use his numerical superiority to his advantage.

Squeezed between the treacherous cliffs of the River Yarmuk and the army of Abu Ubaidah (RA), Yazeed repulsed the initial Roman attack.

How long could he hold out before fatigue kicked in, thought Mahan.

The blowing sound of a horn filled the air. From his periphery he saw the second wave launch in unison screaming across the field as the Muslim line reorganized in expectation. The Romans crashed into the tired Muslims and engaged. There was vicious close quarter combat with broken bodies littered everywhere. Mahan could see his troops slowly gaining. Their standard fluttered in the air, it was never pushed back; just kept inching forward. Mahan’s eye zoomed in on that one standard, watching it in expectation until the Muslim line broke and the flood gates opened.

On the left flank with the Azra hills off in the distance things were moving slowly. Amr Al Aas was putting up stiff resistance. His troops repelled 2 waves of Roman fighters and the 3rd wave was barreling towards them midway between the two armies. It was just a matter of time thought Mahan. Even the most battle hardened soldier must give in to fatigue. At that moment the veteran general’s prediction came true; the Muslim line broke. Mahan relaxed. His clenched fists loosened. So far so good.

The Muslims retreated in some disorder back toward their camp but there was no reprieve there. The women came out and threw pebbles at their men for retreating and exhorting them to turn and fight.

The Muslim commanders reorganized their troops and launched a counter attack but they desperately needed support.


Day 2 - Roman attack from the right and left flank
Mahan sat smug on his horse and surveyed his work. He’d broken through on both flanks. From his vantage point behind the center army Mahan could see that Khalid (RA) had not deployed his mobile guard. Mahan knew why and his lips curled into a vicious smile. If Khalid (RA) supported one flank, the other flank would be overwhelmed. Checkmate.

Mahan could taste victory. He was almost disappointed the famous Khalid bin Waleed (RA) did not provide a better challenge. So much for his reputation as a cunning strategist, thought Mahan.

As if on cue, Khalid (RA) deployed his mobile guard. He unleashed his cavalry in support of Amr just as he was launching his counter attack. Mahan’s left flank was struck from two sides. Mahan watched in dismay as the Romans fought heroically but were beaten back to their original lines. No worries, this battle would be decided on the other side of the field.



Day 2 - Muslim counter attack on the Roman left flank

Once Mahan saw that Khalid (RA) had committed his mobile guard to the left flank, he scrutinized the tactical situation on the right and devised his next move with the Corps Commander of the right flank Gregory.

Before Mahan had a chance to issue even a single order, a plume of dust rose up behind the Muslim lines at incredible speed. Mahan stared. Khalid’s (RA) mobile guard raced to support Yazeed on the other side. The Muslim leader hit them from three sides, with Yazeed counter attacking, Khalid’s (RA) mobile guard charging in and Abu Ubaidah (RA) supporting. Mahan’s soldiers put up a stiff resistance but at the end of the day, they fell back to their original position.

Mahan tipped his hat. Khalid’s (RA) reputation remained intact. The next day would be different. He’d learned a lesson from Khalid (RA).


Day 2 - Muslim counter attack on the Roman right flank

Day 3
Mahan felt the wind sweep across the blood soaked plain as he came out of his tent and slowly mounted his horse. Khalid (RA) was outnumbered by a wide margin, he thought. They must be tiring by now. It was just a matter of time before victory. He decided to keep the same strategy as the previous 2 days: attack the flanks and keep throwing fresh men until the lines broke.

Mahan focused on the left flank and gave the order to charge. Just as the previous day, his fighters broke through after several attempts. Just as the previous day, the Muslim commanders reorganized and launched a counter attack with Khalid (RA) supporting. And just as the second day the Muslims pushed the Romans back to their lines.



Day 3 - Roman offensive on the left flank


Day 3 - Muslim counter offensive on the left flank

Another day; another reverse.

Mahan’s face grew dark with concern. His lips tightened at the thought that he had thrown everything he had and gained nothing. From the other side of no man’s land he could hear the cries of “Allahu Akbar” repeated over and over again. Their morale must be high.

Mahan nudged his horse and trotted back to his tent, lost in thought: “What can I do differently to break this army from the desert?”

Mahan’s window of opportunity was closing and the chances of victory were becoming slim.

Day 4 – Day of Lost Eyes

The morning mist from the Yarmuk river gave a strange sense of calm on such a momentous day.

It was now or never. Mahan knew that if his men did not break through they would not be able to launch another offensive. Today had to be decisive. Realizing how desperate he was, he knew he had to take advantage of any opening no matter how trivial.

His men were ready. The standards were fluttering in the air and Mahan gave the order to charge. The horn sounded and the soldiers broke free. He was leaning on his veterans on the left flank again. So far they had carried the lion’s share of the fight and would do so again today.

After three days of fighting Mahan felt the Muslims on his left flank were ripe for the picking. The Roman soldiers engaged Amr and Shurahbeel’s Corps. Amr’s men held their line but the Romans broke through Shurahbeel.


Day 4 - Roman offensive on the left flank

At last! thought Mahan. He watched his troops break through. He knew Khalid (RA) would move his mobile guard to support as he did the previous few days and this time he would act decisively. Once Khalid (RA) moved the mobile guard, Mahan would order the other flank to attack. Without support, the Muslims line would crumble before Khalid (RA) had a chance to react.

Mahan waited. Khalid (RA) never moved. Instead, Khalid (RA) ordered Yazeed and Abu Ubaidah (RA) to charge at Mahan’s right flank to pin them down.

It can’t be!

Khalid (RA) was always one step ahead of him. Khalid (RA) was reading his mind and hearing his thoughts. Mahan was dealing with a master tactician who read the battlefield like a book. Those were not fairy tales he heard in the capital; they were true stories.


Day 4 - Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed pin down the Romans

Mahan’s brows furrowed in frustration; he couldn’t do anything! Once his right flank was pinned down, Khalid (RA) divided his mobile guard in two. The first half attacked the Romans by going around Shurahbeel’s army and the second half attacked from the south. It was a brilliant move. Hit from three sides, the Romans were pushed back to their original positions. Out-maneuvered again.


Day 4 - Khalid (RA) counter attack on the left flank

Meanwhile, on the banks of the Yarmuk river, only the standards could be seen above the dust cloud that enveloped the fighting men. All that could be heard were the sound of swords clashing against shields, arrows whizzing by, the screams of fallen soldiers and the groans of dying men.

Abu Ubaidah (RA) and Yazeed pinned down the Romans, giving Khalid (RA) valuable time to clean up the situation on the other side; but they had no support. The Roman archers launched an arrow barrage, which covered the blue sky black with arrows sailing across and impaling their victims with deadly accuracy. 700 Muslims lost an eye and the day become known as the day of lost eyes. Both commanders wisely pulled back.

Feeling the pressure of this rare opportunity, Mahan pressed his advantage. He ordered the right flank to chase the retreating Muslims. The Romans surged forward. Their morale boosted at the sight of a retreating foe. The Romans jumped over the fallen in pursuit, slashing at anything not Roman. The Muslims fell back deeper into their territory.

Ikrimah's Last Stand

As the Muslims retreated, one regiment stood its ground. Ikrimah, one of the great foes of the Prophet (SAW) before his conversion, made a pact with death. He would not surrender his position or die defending it. 400 men followed him. With the Muslim army falling back, they were surrounded on all sides. With the ferocity of possessed men they slashed their swords and thrust their spears against all challengers. The position was never lost. Of the 400 men, everyone was either killed or severely wounded. Ikrimah and his son were mortally wounded.

Father and son would later die with their head in the lap of Khalid (RA) – his uncle and dear, dear friend.


Day 4 - The Roman right chase the retreating Muslims

As the Romans surged deeper into Muslim territory, Mahan looked beyond the mayhem of the battle field and could see the Muslim camp. Tents of all sizes with camels tied down, tended by their servants. The women stood outside staring at the drama unfolding before them.

The battle raged for hours. Each side knowing what was at stake. Mahan was anxious. He was looking for a sign, anything to tell him the Romans had broken through. He could see the Roman standards deep inside Muslim territory but they weren’t moving. Several women emerged from the camp and with sword in hand threw themselves against the Romans with wild shouts. The men seeing their women fighting, flew into a rage and counter attacked.

The battle on this front broke down. There was no manoeuvre a general could make to sway the outcome. It came down to each individual soldier giving their super human strength to overcome the other.

Under the heat of the afternoon sun pounding down on the fighting men, Mahan saw the first sign. The fluttering flag of a Roman standard pulled back. Another several hundred meters away also pulled back. Another fell to the ground out of sight. A trickle of men started to retreat and then it became a flood. Mahan’s chest deflated, his head bowed and his eyes shut. They were so close.

The Romans were overcome and retreated back to their lines.


Day 4 - Position of both armies at the end of day 4



As the afternoon turned to evening the day’s action came to an end. It was a vicious day. The battle raged across the entire front and all generals were engaged in combat. Every commander proved his right to be a leader of brave men.

After four days of intense fighting and outnumbering the Muslims 3 to 1 the Romans could not deliver the final blow. The morale had shifted in the Muslims’ favour.

As the sun set on the western edge of the Yarmuk plain, Mahan walked towards his tent passing workers burying the dead and tending to the wounded. Entering his tent, he flopped on the cushions. After a period of stone cold silence he instructed his deputy to assemble his war council. They had to decide the action for the next day; but he knew the answer. They had to negotiate a truce.

But would Khalid (RA) agree?

"Women will no longer be able to give birth to the likes of Khalid bin Al-Waleed."
(Abu Bakr (RA))

Day 5
Sitting on his Arab stallion on the hilltop Jumm’a, Khalid’s (RA) shadow cast forward as the sun rose behind him. Broad-shouldered, he folded his arms across his sturdy frame and ran the fingertips of one hand over his cheek and through his thick flowing beard. The battlefield lay sprawling before him like a game of chess; he mentally moved the pieces to corner the king.

Across the scrubby Yarmuk plain, Khalid (RA) saw the glint off the amour as the morning sun struck the Roman line. Khalid (RA) gazed at the pomp and ceremony of the Roman army; silver armour resting neatly on top of their red tunics with a hint of gold. Impressive; but never judge a soldier by his pretty clothes, Khalid (RA) thought, smiling. After four days of hard fighting, the Romans could not deliver that final fatal blow!

Waging war came naturally to Khalid (RA).

He belonged to the Makkan tribe of Bani Makhzum. They were responsible for matters of war. As a Makhzumi, proficiency over the horse, camel, sword, spear, bow and lance was a minimum and Khalid (RA) had mastered them all. His father, the tribal chief, mentored him in tribal warfare tactics; the importance of speed, mobility and surprise. As he reached maturity, war became his main interest. Yarmuk would be Khalid’s (RA) greatest test and it would push the limits of his training and experience.

Khalid's (RA) Men

Khalid (RA) dropped his glance at the base of the hill Jumm’a and observed his men. Between every soldier there was a wounded man leaning against another. Their spirit in the face of such overwhelming odds never wavered and he would not abandon them; even if it meant death.

He glanced back at the Roman line. He may not have a professional army, he thought, but he had a thousand Companions of the Prophet (SAW) and a hundred veterans of Badr, from the first battle. They were all he needed and he felt comfort in knowing this.

And yet, he was worried. How much longer could his men hold out? Another battle such as the one fought yesterday and his Bedouin army would have to disappear in the desert behind them. The Romans still had enough men to overwhelm the tired Muslims. What would the Romans do today.

Movement in the Roman center caught his attention. The Romans separated to create a corridor of men through which a rider appeared. The rider kicked up dirt and a trail of dust rose up behind as he rode to the middle of no man’s land. Khalid (RA) watched. Surely this was not a Roman knight out to challenge the Muslims to a dual? Khalid (RA) ordered his deputy to meet the rider.

The two emissaries met in no man’s land, their horses standing face to face inches apart. There was a verbal exchange. Khalid’s (RA) deputy nodded in understanding. The rider handed him a scroll, pulled on his reins and rode back to his line.

The deputy reported back to Khalid (RA). The rider was Mahan’s emissary with an offer of truce.

The Truce and the Decision to Continue The Battle

As the sun reached its zenith over the Muslim camp, the slaves tending to the camels overheard a passionate harangue inside Abu Ubaidah’s (RA) tent.

Inside, the tent lacked any ornamentation. An old faded rug with some worn out cushions covered the ground. All of the senior commanders sat on the threadbare rug in a semicircle with Abu Ubaida (RA) at the head. The decision to accept or reject the truce rested with Abu Ubaida (RA) as Supreme Commander of all Muslim forces in the Syrian theater (Abu Ubaidah (RA) had delegated command for Yarmuk to Khalid (RA)).

Many of the Corps Commanders argued to accept the truce. “This is victory,” they passionately argued. “The men are tired, wounded and we’re heavily outnumbered” they pleaded. “We fought a much larger army deep within enemy territory; we can leave with our honour intact and come back to fight another day.” Their words had an impact on Abu Ubaidah.

Khalid (RA) quietly listened to his fellow comrades. Their arguments were sound but they missed the bigger tactical picture.

Khalid (RA) folded his arms across his great chest and bowed his head down. Now was the time to be decisive he thought. The strategy was to remain on the defensive, wear out the enemy, then pounce. After four days of heavy fighting the Romans had lost their will to fight. It was now his turn. He could see the future battle play out in his mind like a game of chess. Even in the face of such over whelming odds he saw the path to victory.

They had to continue!

The brilliance of Khalid bin Waleed (RA) would be illuminated in these final two days. He selected the plain of Yarmuk because of lessons he’d learned from the Persian campaign. He defeated the Persian army at Kazima only to see its remnants turn up at Qarin. He realized that he could not fight a war of attrition against the imperial armies. He conceived a tactical solution and at Walaja he mastered it. He enveloped the Persian army and annihilated it. It was a stroke of genius and this would become his standard operandi.

At Yarmuk, his tactic would be different but the objective was the same. He selected Yarmuk because of a hidden trap. To their horror, the Roman generals would not realise this until it was too late.

When Khalid (RA) raised his head to speak, there was a hush in the tent. His reputation commanded attention. His battlefield record was unmatched not only in the number of victories but the brilliant manner in which he attained those victories. Khalid’s (RA) words carried weight.

“Bismillah” he started by invoking the name of Allah.

He continued in a deep tone and a deliberate pace, “these past four days have tested our resolve. But now is not the time to concede, when the fruits of victory are within our grasp.” Khalid (RA) rejected Mahan’s offer.

Khalid (RA) spoke about the heroics of the past four days. He reminded his men of their strategy and presented them with his plan.

Abu Ubaida (RA) and the other commanders listened with their eyes staring at the faded rug out of respect for their great general. If the person speaking was anyone other than Khalid (RA), they would probably have rejected his plan. But this was not just any person. This was Khalid (RA), son of Waleed.

Once Khalid (RA) finished, there was silence. Only the fluttering of a loose tent canvas could be heard. Abu Ubaida (RA) paused. No one spoke. The matter was settled. The Muslims would fight!


Final Preparations

As the afternoon heat gave way to a cool evening breeze, the rank and file relaxed for a well-deserved break. Many spent the day in prayer and remembrance of Allah, as was their habit.

Khalid (RA) spent the remainder of the day reorganizing the troops for the counter-offensive. He gave orders to the various commanders and squad leaders. He combined the 4 different cavalry regiments into one powerful mounted force totaling 8000 mounted warriors. This new cavalry unit was placed behind Amr Al Aas’ division on the right flank.

The news about the plan spread throughout the army; not one soldier objected.

After all they had been through over the past 4 years the; destruction of the imperials armies from Constantinople and Persia, the overwhelming odds they faced at each battle this, was just another stroll through the desert.

Their Iman was strong, they had faith in their leaders and they had complete confidence in Khalid (RA) as their general.

Tomorrow would be payback.

It was a great read ,Thank you very much sir.

 

[LeGenD]

Man ,Why are you claiming such nonsense.
This byzantine empire was also called eastern roman empire until start of ottoman empire defeated them completely in 1400s ,they occupied huge amounts of territory in modern day syria,turkey etc.

I am pointing out the obvious. Just because my point does not conforms to your perception, does not makes it nonsense. There was a Holy Roman Empire as well, founded in Germany around 800 AD that lasted until the start of 19th century.

You may call it Eastern Roman Empire but I came to understand from various readings that it was a Roman Empire only in name. It changed significantly over time in the matters of administration, battlefield tactics and culture.

My point is that Byzantium and Holy Roman Empires are not genuine continuations of the original Roman Empire but different civilizations. Their adoption of the mantle is largely symbolic. No need to get emotional over these matters.

 

[Frosty]

I am pointing out the obvious. Just because my point does not conforms to your perception, does not makes it nonsense. There was a Holy Roman Empire as well, founded in Germany around 800 AD that lasted until the start of 19th century.

You may call it Eastern Roman Empire but I came to understand from various readings that it was a Roman Empire only in name. It changed significantly over time in the matters of administration, battlefield tactics and culture.

My point is that Byzantium and Holy Roman Empires are not genuine continuations of the original Roman Empire but different civilizations. Their adoption of the mantle is largely symbolic. No need to get emotional over these matters.

The first use of the term "Byzantine" to label the later years of the Roman Empire was in 1557, by the German historian Hieronymus Wolf.

It's Emperor Diocletian who decided to break the Roman empire into two pieces. One piece would be the western empire, based in Rome. The other would be the eastern empire, based in Byzantium (Later called Constantinople then Istanpol ) There would be two emperors, one in charge of each piece, working together against outside enemies, but each ruling their half separately. When the Western Roman empire collapsed, the Eastern Empire continued for another thousand years.

"In 293, emperor Diocletian created a new administrative system (the tetrarchy), to guarantee security in all endangered regions of his Empire. He associated himself with a co-emperor (Augustus), and each co-emperor then adopted a young colleague given the title of Caesar, to share in their rule and eventually to succeed the senior partner. The tetrarchy collapsed, however, in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus"

source
Bury 1923, p. 1; Kuhoff 2002, pp. 177–178.
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/1*.html#1


So basically they called themselves Romans, The world called them Romans. People in Rome called them Romans of the east. Allah Almighty called them Romans in the Quran
(غلبت الروم)

 

[LeGenD]

The first use of the term "Byzantine" to label the later years of the Roman Empire was in 1557, by the German historian Hieronymus Wolf.

It's Emperor Diocletian who decided to break the Roman empire into two pieces. One piece would be the western empire, based in Rome. The other would be the eastern empire, based in Byzantium (Later called Constantinople then Istanpol ) There would be two emperors, one in charge of each piece, working together against outside enemies, but each ruling their half separately. When the Western Roman empire collapsed, the Eastern Empire continued for another thousand years.

"In 293, emperor Diocletian created a new administrative system (the tetrarchy), to guarantee security in all endangered regions of his Empire. He associated himself with a co-emperor (Augustus), and each co-emperor then adopted a young colleague given the title of Caesar, to share in their rule and eventually to succeed the senior partner. The tetrarchy collapsed, however, in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus"

source
Bury 1923, p. 1; Kuhoff 2002, pp. 177–178.
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/1*.html#1


So basically they called themselves Romans, The world called them Romans. People in Rome called them Romans of the east. Allah Almighty called them Romans in the Quran
(غلبت الروم)

Fair! They continued to identify themselves as Rûm (Rome) and others recognized them as such.

However, it is important to understand how great civilizations loose their power and glory over time.

The Eastern Roman Empire (recognized as Byzantine Empire later) was much different from the ancient Roman Empire in culture and administration and relatively inferior in power, coverage and influence. Even though it lasted 1000 years, it was a civilization in decline over time.

Allah Almighty pointed out the same in Surah ar-Rum. Allah Almighty stated that present-day Rûm (Byzantine Empire) might impress you but superior powers (with superior accomplishments) existed in the past and they failed due to polytheism and arrogance. They rejected teachings of prophets of the time and became mired in corruption.

Have they not traveled through the earth and observed how was the end of those before them? They were greater than them in power, and they plowed the earth and built it up more than they have built it up, and their messengers came to them with clear evidences. And Allah would not ever have wronged them, but they were wronging themselves. (Surah ar-Rum; verse 9)

Absolutely true.

Look no further than examples of Ancient Egyptian Empire, Ancient Roman Empire and Babylon Empire. They were superpowers and extremely advanced civilizations of their time but had two things in common: polytheism and arrogance. Conversely, they became mired in corruption and evil practices. And their downfall became inevitable.

Even though Byzantine Empire was predominantly Christian, it rejected teachings of one true God and refused to acknowledge Muhammad (SAW) as messenger of God. Therefore, Surah ar-Rum came in which Allah Almighty warned them (and others) that they will meet their end if they would not heed the message. Relevant details here: http://www.answering-islam.org/Muhammad/heraclius.html

Allah Almighty also pointed out in the same surah that only those forces emerge victorious in the battlefield whom he wills. While we give credit to Khalid ibn al-Waleed for defeating a Byzantine contingent in Yarmouk, real credit rests with Allah Almighty.

In the victory of Allah. He gives victory to whom He wills, and He is the Exalted in Might, the Merciful. (Surah ar-Rum; verse 5)

Some modern historians also are skeptical of over-glorified accounts of Khalid and battle of yarmouk. They seriously doubt the potential of Byzantine Empire to field a huge army for a single battle like ancient Romans (as claimed in Arabic accounts of late 8th/9th centuries) and they also assert that all accounts of battle of yarmouk are murky from its time. However, they don't say that Arabic accounts are totally false; rather exaggerated in description of the relevant event. FYI:

https://www.reddit.com/r/path%3D%252Fr%252FAskHistorians%252Fcomments%252F27sja6%252F

Another: https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/14273/20391

If you read the history carefully and also consult Surah ar-Rum, you will see the bigger picture. Here it is:

Byzantine Empire was no Rome in strength but had endured its downfall and carried its mantle for centuries. However, they rejected teachings of one true God and prophet Muhammad (SAW) in their arrogance, and would pay the price. They lost Syria to Islamic forces during 7th century period. They would later call for crusades from across the Europe in order to retake lost lands from Muslims in the Middle East. Those crusaders succeeded in this mission for a time but they eventually turned their guns towards Byzantium itself and wrecked it (really ironic). Mongols exacted further toll and Seljuk Turks would deliver the final blow. Byzantium eventually ceased to exist in the 15th century with the fall of Constantinople.

---

Personally, I find the battle of yarmouk a very fascinating subject and admire all the effort put into describing it but at the same time I advice people to exercise caution in judgement.