Of course it did. Most debris burnt up within 48 hours following the intercept of USA-193, but it took 40 weeks for all debris to be rendered harmless.
The US has Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, which limit where and when an intercept test can occur during peacetime operations. Thusly, Operation Burnt Frost took place at a time, against a target and in an area where the risk to other orbital bodies was deemed less significant.
http://www.airpowerstrategy.com/2017/03/05/burnt-frost/
It's hard to judge India's test though. We simply don't have the requisite details at the moment or insight into their risk mitigation policies and thus have to rely on OSINT and statements made by official government bodies like NASA. You didn't hear a similar statement from NASA following Operation Burnt Frost because they were part of the planning and risk mitigation team from the start.
https://www.governmentattic.org/doc..._Communications_Plan_(1400_hrs_14_Feb_08).pdf
Both Russia and China offered criticism, but themselves are culpable of ASAT development. Russia in particular has invested a great deal into air-launched ASATs and hunter-killer satellites in recent years, mimicking past American interest in either.
India's ASAT test is impressive, and I suspect its prowess in satellite building and development has led them to an interest in satellites similar to the American "inspection" satellite series "Prowler" and "MiteX"
https://sattrackcam.blogspot.com/2012/03/mitex-1-aehf-1-and-prowler.html
https://sattrackcam.blogspot.com/2011/07/prowler.html
In any event, yes debris posses a risk to the ISS and NASA is right to mention that. It's literally part of their job to mitigate risk to the ISS. But they are also complicit in American ASAT developments, so their statements are a tinged with irony too. The Americans today are focused less on kinetic anti-satellite measures, but SM-3 and GBI could easily serve that purpose. They're more interested in satellite-based countermeasures like "inspection" satellites or reusable space planes.
And the DailyStar is known for sensationalist headlines. I doubt NASA is really "furious". While the Americans may or may not have been notified, they likely still had advanced notice simply because of their vast monitoring capabilities in the region.